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经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)
经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释

CHAPTER 1

Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources.

Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources.

Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.

Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item.

Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.

Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.

Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.

Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.

Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.

Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.

Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.

CHAPTER 2

Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.

Microeconomics : the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.

Macroeconomics : the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.

Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.

Normative statements: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be. CHAPTER 3

Absolute Advantage : the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.

Opportunity Cost: whatever must be given to obtain some item.

Comparative Advantage : the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.

Imports : goods produced abroad and sold domestically.

Exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroad.

CHAPTER 4

Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.

Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.

Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.

Law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when

the price of the good rises.

Demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.

Demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.

Normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.

Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.

Substitutes : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.

Complements : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.

quantity supplied : the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.

Law of supply : the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.

Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.

Supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.

Equilibrium : a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.

Equilibrium price : the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. Equilibrium quantit y : the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium

price.

Surplus : a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.

Shortage : a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.

Law of supply and demand : the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.

CHAPTER 5

Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.

Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.

Income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.

Cross-price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good.

Price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.

CHAPTER 6

Price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.

Price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.

Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.

CHAPTER 7

Welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.

Consumer surplus: a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Cost:the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.

Producer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost.

Efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society.

Equity :fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society. CHAPTER 8

Deadweight loss: the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax. CHAPTER 9

World price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good.

Tariff: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically.

Import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically.

CHAPTER 10

Externality :the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.

Internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external

effects of their actions.

Coase theorem: the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own. Transaction costs: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.

Pigovian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.

CHAPTER11

Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it. Rivalry: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use. Private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival.

Public goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival.

Common resources: goods that are rival but not excludable.

Free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.

Cost-benefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good.

Tragedy of the commons: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.

CHAPTER 12

Total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.

Total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.

profit :total revenue minus total cost.

explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.

Implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.

Economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.

Accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost.

Production function: the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.

Marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input. Diminishing marginal product: the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.

Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.

Variable costs: costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.

Average total cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output.

Average fixed cost: fixed costs divided by the quantity of output.

Average variable cost: variable costs divided by the quantity of output.

Marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.

Efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.

Economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases.

Diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.

Constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.

CHAPTER 13

Competitive market: a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker.

Average revenue: total revenue divided by the quantity sold.

Marginal revenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.

Sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.

CHAPTER 14

Monopoly:a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes.

Natural monopoly: a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.

Price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章

144 WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new In the News box on ―The Tax Debate ‖ has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus. the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. In the previous section on supply and demand, Chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. Chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. Chapter 7 developed welfare economics —the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in Chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. Chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. The purpose of Chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in Chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in Chapter 6. Students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. Students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government. 8 APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

独家整理,外国新闻史名词解释

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一、名词解释 1供给:卖者愿意且能够出售的一种物品。 2 需求:买者愿意且能够购买的一种物品。 3 均衡价格:.均衡价格是需求曲线与供给曲线相交时的价格。 4需求价格弹性:需求价格弹性是衡量一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的指标。 5供给价格弹性:供给价格弹性是衡量一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的指标。 6最高限价:出售一种物品或服务的法定最高价格比如:租金控制。 7最低限价:出售一种物品或服务的法定最低价格比如:最低工资。 8效用:是指商品满足人的欲望的能力,或者说效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。 9边际效用:即每一单位新增的商品或服务带来的效用量的增量。 10消费者剩余:买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量。 11机会成本:是指当经济资源有多种用途时,把资源投入到某一特定用途以后,在所放弃的其他用途中,可能给选择者带来的最大收益。 12比较优势:一个生产者以低于另一个生产者的机会成本生产一种物品的能力 13生产者剩余:卖者出售一种物品得到的量减去其生产成本。 14生产函数:表示在一定时期内,在技术水平不变的情况下,生产中所使用的各种要素的数量与所能生产的最大产量之间的关系。 15完全竞争市场:交换和竞争没有任何阻力和干扰的理想化市场。 16公共产品:是指具有非竞争性、非分排他性,不能依靠市场机制实现有效配置的产品。17外部性:生产或消费一个物品影响到旁观者的福利(比如:污染) 18需求定理:认为在其他条件不变时,一种物品的价格上升,对该物品的需求量减少的观点。 二、简答题 1、解释市场失灵的两个主要原因,并各举出一个例子。 外部性:污染市场势力:垄断 2、画出并解释一个生产牛奶与点心的经济的生产可能性边界。如果一场瘟疫造成该经济一半奶牛死亡,这条生产可能性边界会发生什么变动? 答:假设在正常情况下,将可能得到的所有资源用于生产点心,可以生产300千克,如果全用于生产牛奶,可以生产1 000升。L1表示正常情况下该经济的生产可能性边界。如果一场疾病造成该经济一半的奶牛死亡,生产可能性边界会向内移,即L2线。因为在生产率不变的情况下,可用于生产点心和牛奶的经济资源减少了。 3.画一张循环流向图,确认模型中对应于下列每种活动的物品与劳务流向和货币流向的部分。

经济数学2020年秋华南理工网络教育平时作业答案(供参考)

2017年秋《经济数学》平时作业 第一部分 单项选择题 1.某产品每日的产量是x 件,产品的总售价是21 7011002 x x ++元,每一件的成 本为1 (30)3x +元,则每天的利润为多少?( A ) A .214011006x x ++元 B .21 3011006x x ++元 C .254011006x x ++元 D .25 3011006 x x ++元 2.已知()f x 的定义域是[0,1],求()f x a ++ ()f x a -,1 02 a <<的定义域是? (C ) A .[,1]a a -- B .[,1]a a + C .[,1]a a - D .[,1]a a -+ 3.计算0sin lim x kx x →=?( B ) A .0 B .k C .1 k D .∞ 4.计算2 lim(1)x x x →∞+=?( C ) A .e B .1e C .2e D .21 e 5.求,a b 的取值,使得函数2,2 ()1,23,2ax b x f x x bx x ?+ ? 在2x =处连续。( A ) A .1,12a b = =- B .3 ,12a b == C .1,22a b == D .3 ,22 a b == 6.试求3 2 y x =+x 在1x =的导数值为( B ) A .32 B .52 C .12 D .12- 7.设某产品的总成本函数为:2 1()40032C x x x =++ ,需求函数P =,其中x 为产量(假定等于需求量),P 为价格,则边际成本为?( B ) A .3 B .3x + C .23x + D .1 32 x +

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案22章

WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new Case Study on Left-Digit Bias has been added and a new In the News feature on "Can Brain Science Improve Economics" has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to examine problems caused by asymmetric information. the market solutions to asymmetric information. why democratic voting systems may not represent the preferences of society. why people may not always behave as rational maximizers. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 22 is the last chapter in the microeconomics portion of the text. It is the second of two unrelated chapters that introduce students to advanced topics in microeconomics. These two chapters are intended to whet their appetites for further study in economics. The purpose of Chapter 22 is to give students a taste of three topics on the frontier of microeconomic research. The first topic addressed is asymmetric information , a situation when one person in an economic relationship has more relevant knowledge than the other person does. The second topic is political economy , the application of economic tools to the understanding of the functioning of government. The third topic addressed is behavioral economics , the introduction of psychology into the study of economic issues. 22 FRONTIERS OF MICROECONOMICS

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2019年经济学原理平时作业学习资料.doc

2019年经济学原理作业 1.什么是财富?财富的五种资本形态是什么? 答:财富是指物品按价值计算的富裕程度,或对这些物品的控制和处理的状况。财富有五种形态,分别是人力资本、社会资本、自然资本、人造资本以及金融资本,其中自然资本、人力资本、社会资本这三者又构成生命资本。 2.个人幸福的途径是什么?国民幸福指数的四层含义是什么? 答:个人欲望最小化。感恩的心,以自己拥有为足,是个人幸福的一个途径。 国民幸福指数的四个含义是:1.社会经济可持续地均衡地发展2.保持良好的自然环境 3.文化的保护和推广 4.良好的政府是为人民谋福利的政府 3.什么是机会成本?什么是沉没成本? 答:机会成本:是指在面临多方案择一决策时,被舍弃的选项中的最高价值者是本次决策的机会成本。沉没成本:是指由于过去的决策已经发生了的,而不能由现在或将来的任何决策改变的成本 4. 什么是商品的价值或性价比?提高产品价值有哪些途径? 答:(一)1、商品的价值,是反映物品的可买程度的一种量化的计量方式。所谓性价比,全称是性能价格比,是一个性能与价格之间的比例关系,具体公式:性价比=性能/价格。 认识性价比2、在购买某个商品过程中或多或少都需要了解,商品品质好、价格低,性价比高。所以,许多顾客都把性价比看成是选购商品的重要指标。 (二)提高产品价值的途径有:1、在提高产品功能的同时,又降低产品成本,这是提高价值最理想的途径;2、在产品成本不变的条件下,通过提高产品功能,达到提高产品价值的目的;3、保持产品功能不变的前提下,通过降低成本达到提高产品价值的目的;4、产品功能有较大辐度的提高,产品成本有较少提高;5、在产品功能略有下降、产品成本大幅度降低的情况下,也可达到提高产品价值的目的。 5.影响利息率的因素有哪些? (20分) 答:影响利息率因素很多,包括:①平均利润率。它一定是高于利率的,只有当平均利润率大于利率的时候才会借贷。②借贷资金的供求关系。这是影响利率的非常广泛的因素。当社会上资金多的时候,企业需求少,贷款就少,存款多,利润低,利率就低;反过来,银行没有钱,但是企业大量贷款,这时候利率就高了。③国家经济政策影响。国家要采取两个政策,一个是放松银根,一个是紧缩银根。当经济繁荣时期为了防止过热而紧缩银根,提高利率;当经济萧条的时候放松银根,下调利率。④国际利率水平。利率就是货币的价格,国际资金的流动受到利率的影响,资金会流向利率相对较高的国家。 6.影响汇率波动的基本因素主要有哪些? 答:影响汇率的因素:(1)国际收支。(2)通货膨胀率。任何一个国家都有通货膨胀,如果本国通货膨胀率相对于外国高,则本国货币对外贬值,外汇汇率上升。(3)利率。利率

曼昆《经济学原理》名词解释(整理版)

曼昆《经济学原理》(上)名词解释 1、稀缺性:社会资源的有限性。 2、经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 3、效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 4、平等:经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 5、机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 6、边际变动:对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 7、市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时,通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 8、市场失灵:市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 9、外部性:一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 10、市场势力:一个经济活动者(或经济活动者的一个小集团)对市场价格有显著影响的能力。 11、生产率:一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 12、通货膨胀:经济中物价总水平的上升。 13、菲利普斯曲线:通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 14、经济周期:就业和生产等经济活动的波动(就是生产这类经济活动的波动。) 15、循环流向图:一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 16、生产可能性边界:表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的 图形。 17、微观经济学:研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 18、宏观经济学:研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 19、实证表述:企图描述世界是什么的观点。 20、规范描述:企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 21、绝对优势:根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。 22、比较优势:根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。 23、进口:国外生产而在国内销售的物品。 24、出口:国内生产而在国外销售的物品。 25、市场:由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 26、竞争市场:有许多买者与卖者,以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 27、需求量:买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。 28、需求定理:认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品需求量减少的观点。 29、需求表:表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。 30、需求曲线:一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。 31、正常物品:在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。 32、低档物品:在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。 33、替代品:一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品。 34、互补品:一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品。 35、供给量:卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量。 36、供给定理:认为在其他条件相同时,一种物品价格上升,该物品供给量增加的观点。 37、供给表:表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格。 38、供给曲线:一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。 39、均衡:供给与需求达到了平衡的状态。 40、均衡价格:使供给与需求平衡的价格。

经济学原理作业及答案

1. 经济学原理的假定前提有哪些? 西方经济学有两个基本假定:第一,经济人的假定。经济人假定也称为理性人假定。“经济人”被规定为经济生活中的一般的人的抽象,基本性被假设为是利己的。 第二,完全信息的假设条件。这一假设条件的主要含义是市场上每一个从事经济活动的个体(即买者和卖者)都对有关的经济情况具有完全的信息。 上述两个假设条件未必完全合乎事实,它们是为了理论分析的方便而设立的。 2.假设某学生有10小时的时间用于准备即将到来的经济学与英语的考试。在给定该学生时间资源的条件下,试画出其分数的生产可能性边界。如果该学生没有认真复习,而是去玩电脑游戏了,那么,相对于他的生产可能性边界而言,他的分数“产量”在何处?如果该学生将学习时间从10小时增加到15小时,那么,他的分数可能性边界会发生何种变化? 给定10小时学习时间的条件下,该学生的分数的生产可能性边界如下图所示。缺乏效率的学习时间会导致其分数“产量”位于先前勤奋学习的生产可能性边界的下方。如果学习时间增加,分数的生产可能性边界将沿东北方向向外移动。

3.假定下表是供给曲线Qs= -3+2p 在一定价格范围内的供给表: (1)求出价格3元和5元之间的供给的价格弧弹性。 (2)根据给出的供给函数,求P =4元时的供给的价格点弹性。 (1)供给价格弧弹性的公式: 2)21(2)21(Q Q P P P Q Q P P Q P P Q Q E ++???=???=??= 6.12)37(2 )35(3537=++?--=E (2)供给价格的点弹性公式 1.6 5 4 2)'23(E 5 423Q 4P P ]P Q )[('=?=?+-==?+-==? =?==Q P P Q P Q Q P dP dQ P dP Q dQ E 时,当求导对表示 4.已知某商品的需求方程和供给方程分别为:Qd=14-3P ;Qs=2+6P 。求该商品的均衡价格,以及均衡时的需求价格弹性和供给价格弹性。 =Qd s Q 时市场处于均衡状态,此时14-3P=2+6P ,得出 10,34 == Qe Pe 此时需求价格弹性为: 4 .01034 31034 )'314()('=??=?--=?-=?-=P Q P P Qd Q P dP dQ Ed 供给价格弹性为:=?=Q P dP dQ Es 8.010******* )'62()('=?? =?+=?P Q P P Qs 5.运用供求图,说明下列事件对运动衫市场的影响。 (1)皮夹克价格下降。 (2)发明了新织布机。 a.皮夹克价格下降。

曼昆经济学原理英文版第11章

Examine why people tend to use common r esour ces too much Consider some of the impor tant common r esour ces in our economy Consider some of the impor tant public goods in our economy Lear n t he def ini ng characteristics of public goods and common r esour ces Examine why private markets fail to pr ovide public goods See why the cost-benefit analysis of public goods is both necessar y and dif ficult An old song lyric maintains that “the best things in life are free.” A moment’s thought reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind. Na-ture provides some of them, such as rivers, mountains, beaches, lakes, and oceans.The government provides others, such as playgrounds, parks, and parades. In each case, people do not pay a fee when they choose to enjoy the benefit of the good.Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis. Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets, where buyers pay for what they receive and sellers are paid for what they provide. For these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. When goods are available free of charge,however, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. In this chapter we examine the problems that arise for goods without market prices. Our analysis will shed light on one of the Ten Principles of Economics P U B L I C G O O D S A N D C O M M O N R E S O U R C E S 225

外国新闻史中的名词解释

名词解释: 多种声音,一个世界:在国际新闻传播领域,发达国家和发展中国家之间存在严重的发展不平衡,流向不合理,内容不公正的现象.为此发展中国家进行了一系列斗争.1976年,联合国教科文组织责成教科文总干事审查当代社 会在传播过程中存在的全部问题.为此成立了国际交流问题研究委员会,1980年,该委员会提交报告<< 多种声音,一个世界>>该报告以大量材料论证了世界新闻传播确实存在不均衡不合理的状况,支持建立 新的传播秩序,并且提出82条具体建议.教科文组织通过了决议,并设立指导机构以促其实现.这些遭到 了以美国为首的少数西方国家的不满,反对改变现存的状况,于是历次教科文组织会议总是存在着斗 争. 香港卫星电视台:这是亚太本地区最早的国际电视台,原为李嘉诚的和记黄埔集团创办,1991年4月开播,设立新闻,音乐,体育,综艺和中文频道,分别用英语,华语日夜开播.1993年观众约1.7亿.后来默多克集团买下该台,增加 频道,语种.1996年3月,香港卫视同两家公司合办凤凰卫视中文台,以中国大陆,港台地区和华人为对象, 集新闻,娱乐,服务为一体,24小时播送. 特莱维萨电视公司:组建于1973年,目前是墨西哥,西班牙语系影响最大的广播电视机构,拥有电视台约300座,广播电台17座,节目制作公司3家,墨西哥最大的有线电视系统一家,报刊若干家,它的电视网都是以娱乐性节目为 主的综合频道,节目”回声”日夜报道世界各地新闻,该公司参与拉美空中台的创办,向西班牙开拓业务, 它还是节目制作和销售商,公司股份大部分属于阿斯卡拉加家族. 互联网:指计算机互联网络,它是由许多台地理位置不同并具有独立功能的计算机,通过特定的通讯设备和技术协议相互联结起来,以实现信息传输和资源共享的网络系统.目前最大的国际性互联网是因特网,已覆盖大多数国家和地区,成为公用的计算机信息系统.互联网是一种信息传输媒介,更是传播和交易信息的平台. 三社四边协定:从19世纪50年代起,欧洲三大通讯社哈瓦斯社,路透社,沃尔夫社就有一些交换股票行情协定,1850年达成协定,相互交换新闻,大致规定以本国为发行新闻的范围,互不侵犯,后来他们业务日益越过国界,同殖 民扩张相联系.经过争夺,世界新闻市场基本分割完毕.为确认既成事实和各自垄断范围,1870年1月7日 签订”联环同盟”协定,该协定以三大通讯社为主,美国的纽约联合社虽参与,但不能插足美国以外的地 区.称为”三社四边协定” 媒体寡头:寡头是指俄罗斯社会转型期的产物,指在私有化过程中聚敛了大量财富的金融资本家,这些人为了制造有利于自身发展的舆论环境,通过融资投资等方式掌握了大量传播媒介,形成王国,操纵舆论. 发展新闻学:发展中国家政府对报业管理宽严不一,总的开说发展中国家重视并提倡报刊的社会责任,强调报纸应该根据国家利益引导舆论,强调报纸在保持社会稳定,维护民族利益,推动经济发展的积极作用,反对不受约束的无 限制的新闻自由,这种被称为发展新闻学,指导新闻业的理论,在发展中国家新闻界有广泛代表性和重大影 响.

曼昆经济学原理第四版名词解释

Chap1 Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs scarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources. economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources. efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Principle #2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item. marginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Principle #4: People Respond to Incentives Principle #5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off Principle #6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Principle #7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes market failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. externality: the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Principle #8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services productivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Principle #9: Prices Rise When the Government Prints Too Much Money

《经济学原理》

中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲 课程属性:公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能,课程性质:必修、选修 一、课程介绍 1.课程描述: 经济学原理是讲授经济学基本概念、基本理论的基础性课程,是学习更高级经济学的入门级课程。其教学对象为公共管理系的行政管理和公共事业管理两个专业的本科生。本课程的教学目的是向本科生较为完整地讲授西方经济学的基本知识体系和分析方法。使本科生能够能够运用价格理论、边际效用理论、生产最优组合理论、规模经济理论、成本理论等简单分析现实中的微观经济现象。能运用国民收入理论、经济增长理论、经济周期理论、失业理论等理论,简单分析宏观经济现象。 经济学原理是讲授经济学基本概念、基本理论的基础性课程,是学习更高级经济学的入门级课程。其教学对象为公共管理系的行政管理和公共事业管理两个专业的本科生。本课程的教学目的是向本科生较为完整地讲授西方经济学的基本知识体系和分析方法。使本科生能够能够运用价格理论、边际效用理论、生产最优组合理论、规模经济理论、成本理论等简单分析现实中的微观经济现象。能运用国民收入理论、经济增长理论、经济周期理论、失业理论等理论,简单分析宏观经济现象。 Principles of Economics is a basic course to teach the basic concepts and theories of economics.and It’s an introductory course to learn more advanced - 2 -

economics.The teaching object are students who study in public administration department and the public administration.The teaching purpose of this course is teaching the basic knowledge system and analytical methods of Western economics to undergraduates.Enable undergraduates to use price theory, marginal utility theory, optimal combination of production theory, scale economy theory, cost theory and so on to analysis the microeconomic phenomena in reality. And also can use national income theory, economic growth theory, business cycle theory, unemployment theory and other theories to analysis the macroeconomic phenomenon. 2.设计思路: 本课程能够使学生在知识层面上了解微观经济学和宏观经济学中的基本概念,基本理论和基本分析方法,同时了解市场经济体制下经济运行的基本规律。课程内容包括两大部分:宏观经济学和微观经济学。宏观经济学主要研究的是一个国家整体的经济运行情况以及政府所采用的经济政策如何影响整体经济的运行;微观经济学主要是以单个经济单位为研究对象,说明市场价格机制怎样解决社会的资源配置问题。二者互为补充,共同构成了西方经济学的整体。 经济学原理主要讲授经济学的一些基本概念和基本理论:宏观经济学方面,主要涵盖了国民收入的衡量和决定(简单收入模型),经济增长和经济周期理论,失业与通胀,货币与财政政策等;微观经济学方面,主要涵盖了供需理论、消费者行为理论,生产者行为理论(利润最大化,成本最小化),厂商理论(竞争,垄断,垄断竞争)等。 二、课程目标 通过本课程的教学,使学生在知识层面上了解微观经济学和宏观经济学中的基本概念,基本理论和基本分析方法,同时了解市场经济体制下经济运行的基本规律。 - 2 -

(完整word版)外国新闻史期末重点 简答题等题型归纳

填空题——外国新闻史 1.口语传播的特征:以口语为主,以标记、声光、图式为辅传播音讯。 2.近代报纸产生标志是17世纪初(1609—1650)每周定期印刷出版物的出现,背景是信息需求量的增加,邮路改进,手抄小报改印刷,不定期改定期。 现存世界最早的周报1609年《通告—报道或新闻报》;世界第一份日报——1650年《新到新闻》;663年《莱比锡新闻》也是较早的日报。 3.《每日纪闻》是公告式的官方公报,内容多为政府要事,具有很强的政治性。凯撒创设《每日纪闻》的目的是通过公布元老院和公民大会议事内容,争取舆论支持,扩大政治影响。传播已成为政治斗争工具。公元前6年,屋大维恢复《每日纪闻》。从此该手写公报时断时续刊布回忆纪录、帝国政事、宗教祭祀、贵族的婚丧嫁娶、战争消息等等,一直到公元330年前度君士坦丁堡为止。(沿革、内容) 4.廉价报纸兴起的背景:总的来讲是工业革命的推进。 5.黄色新闻的起源于普利策《世界报》与赫斯特《纽约新闻报》之间的竞争“黄孩子双胞案”。两大报业巨头在激烈竞争中发展起来的黄色新闻,以及这种新闻报道方式所带来的巨大利润,引起了全美国报纸的效仿。1899年至1900年,是美国黄色新闻发展的高峰。当时全国的主要报纸中约有三分之一是纯粹的黄色报纸。黄色新闻到20世纪以后由于庄重报纸的兴起,人们对黄色新闻负面影响的厌恶而逐渐衰落。 6.报团的出现标志新闻事业出现兼并与集中、走向垄断的趋势,这是20世纪新闻事业最重要的发展(垄断化)。 7.法国现代报团形成于20世纪30年代。最初几个报团是:普鲁沃斯特报团、温德报团、帕特诺特报团。英国19世纪末20世纪初(1908年)出现第一个现代报团北岩报团。美国19世纪80年代初的斯克里普斯报团是世界第一个报团。 8.报业垄断的两个标志:(1)发行量增加,报纸种类减少(2)“一城一报”现象普遍。 9.世界四大通讯社哈瓦斯通讯社(法国1835年,二战结束后,参加地下抵抗运动的通讯社在原哈瓦斯社基础上建立了法国新闻社。);沃尔夫通讯社(德国1849年1933年被德国纳粹政府接管并改组为德国通讯社。);路透社(英国1851年);美联社(美国1848年开端1892年正式改组) 十月革命胜利后,苏俄1918年成立了罗斯塔通讯社,1925年改组为塔斯社。二战后发展成为世界性通讯社。1958年合众社和国际社合并,组成合众国际社,实力日增,成为世界性的新闻通讯社。 10.广播电视业的体制类型 国有国营、国有公营、社会公营、私有私营、公私合营 国有国营、国有公营、社会公营是公共广播电视,重视社会效益,注重节目的教化功能和文化品位,弊端是经营管理缺乏活力,财源不旺。私有私营、公私合营是商业广播电视,常谋求商业利润,追求节目制作成本最低化,追求收听率、收视率,以娱乐节目为主,品位不高,庸俗内容较多。 11.法国三家官方报刊 《公报》《学者报》《文雅信使报》 三家报刊在新闻、科学、文学方面垄断了法国的思想传播。 12.《新莱茵报》世界上第一份马克思主义日报。是共产主义者同盟的机关报马克思领导编委会的工作有两大特点:一是器重编辑们的才华,科学分工,用其所长;二是要求编辑们既做报纸工作,又参加社会活动,把办报和实际斗争结合起来。马克思、恩格斯的新闻思想以

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