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2017考研备考英语阅读题源经济学人文章:提升公务员工作动力

2017考研备考英语阅读题源经济学人文章:提升公务员工作动力

每年考研备考英语阅读篇章很多都取材于经济学人,因此2017年考研备考复习之初,一定要从基础打好,稳扎稳打。下面分享《经济学人》文章,希望大家能够多看、多练,提升阅读能力!

2017考研备考英语阅读题源经济学人文章:提升公务员工作动力

Reforming Leviathan

处于改革浪潮中的庞大机构

Mandarin lessons

政府官员的经验之谈

Governments need to rethink how they reward andmotivate civil servants

政府需要重新思考如何去奖励和提升公务员的工作动力。

THE French call them hauts fonctionnaires, theGermans Beamte im h?heren Dienst and the British, somewhat more economically, know themas “mandarins”. The senior echelons of civil services are a powerful arm of the state. Theyimplement the reforms dreamed up by politicians, and design public services ranging fromwelfare systems to prisons. Compared with private-sector bosses, the bureaucrats who managethe public sector tend to be less well paid but have more cushioned lives, with more securejobs and far less pressure to improve productivity. Now the mandarins face change.

法语中称呼他们为官方人员,德语叫做高级公务员,英国则各位简短称呼公务员为政界要员。公务员的高层人员是国家的一个强大的臂膀。他们实现政客对于改革的设想,并构思计划公共服务,涵盖面从福利制度到监狱。与私营部门的老板相比,负责管理公共部门的官员往往不太高薪,但拥有更多的缓冲生活,更安全的工作,对于提高工作效率方面,其承受的压力远不如私营老板。现在的政府高级官员们面临着改变。

There has long been taxpayer fury when big projects go awry. Berlin's new airport is threeyears overdue and predicted to cost 6 billion (8.1 billion), three times the original estimate.But voters, and thus politicians, are especially intolerant of civil-service inefficiency nowadays.One prompt is austerity. Another is technology, which is changing not only how public servicesare delivered—think of “massively open online courses” in education—but also the way they canbe measured. Social networks enable users to grumble about hospital waiting-times andmathematics results. Perhaps the biggest pressure is the passing of time: private-sectorworkers are incredulous as to why civil servants should escape the creative destruction thathas changed other offices around the world.

长期以来,大项目出差错时纳税人会因而感到十分愤怒。柏林新机场建设已有三年逾期,并且预计耗资60亿欧元(81亿人民币),三倍于原来的预算。但在现今,选民和政客尤其无法忍受公务员服务效率低下。其中一个提示便是紧缩政策。另一个则是技术,这不仅正在改

变公共服务的提供方式—思考“大规模开放式在线课程”的教育—但同时也是在思考他们可以被评估的方式。社交网络让用户有机会抱怨医院候诊室漫长的等待时间和自己的数学成绩。或许最大的压力是时间的流逝:私营部门的工作人员对于为何公务员要逃避已经改变了全球政府各部的创造性破坏表示质疑。

The reform of the public sector is a huge project, but people are at the centre of https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a17436137.html,ernment is a service industry, and there is a basic talent problem. A few civil services—Singapore's is the obvious example—compete with the private sector for the bestgraduates. But elsewhere even elite departments, such as the US Treasury and Britain'sForeign Office, struggle (or lose high-flyers quickly). The mandarins and their political mastersneed to change tack.

公共部门的改革是一项庞大的工程,需要以人民为中心。政府是一个服务行业,并且存在一个基本的人才问题。一些民事部门—如新加坡的民事部门就是一个明显的例子—他们能够与私营部门竞争优秀人才。但在其他地方,即使是精英部门,如美国财政部和英国外交部,也同样存在斗争(或很快失去极高报负者)。政府官员和他们的政治领导者需要改变策略。

Too many civil servants, especially in continental Europe, swirl around a bureaucraticGormenghast but rarely leave it. Nearly four-fifths of German senior public servants have beenin public administration for more than two decades. The French state under Franois Hollande isgoverned by a caste of unsackable functionaries, resistant to reform. One reason manyofficials become stuck is their generous pension deals: making pensions portable should be apriority. But career structures also must adapt.

太多的公务员,尤其是在欧洲大陆的公务员,他们漩涡在具有官僚政治的古老王国歌门鬼城身旁,但很少会选择离开它。近五分之四的德国高级公务员已经在公共管理中工作超过二十年。整个法国处于奥朗德状态,由固若金汤的社会团体所管辖,他们抵制改革。其中一个原因是,很多官员被慷慨的养老金交易卡住:使得养老金可携带成为一个必须考虑的优先事项。但是,职业结构也必须作出适当改变。

Most civil services still tend to be gerontocracies, where age and seniority are synonymous.New Zealand has dismantled the system of rigid hierarchies and pay-grades that spawned thelikes of the phlegmatic Sir Humphrey in the BBC comedy “Yes Minister”. Instead, it appointsdepartmental chief executives in its ministries, who sign contracts to meet specific targets andcan be dismissed if they fail. Singapore's civil servants are frequently sent out to private-sectorjobs. Britain has appointed a senior figure from the oil business to run the agency that dealswith large-scale state projects. The idea is that private-sector experience in areas such ascontract management and negotiation can help avoid disasters like Berlin's airport.

大部分公务员还是倾向于老人统治,这一词是年龄和资历的同义词。新西兰已经剔除了坚硬的等级和付费等级制度,这两种等级产生了类似于冷漠的汉弗莱爵士在BBC喜剧中的台词中“是,首相”这种制度方面的喜好。相反,它任命在其各部委部门的行政首长,负责签订契约,以达到特定的目标,并在他们失败时可以予以取消。新加坡的公务员被频繁地派遣到私营部门就业。英国已任命来自石油行业的资深人物来运行国家大型项目所涉及的机构。我们的想法是,在诸如合同管理和谈判领域私营部门的经验,可以帮助避免像柏林机场所发生的灾难。

All this appeals to right-wing politicians. But the corollary of better performance is higher pay.The British government's chief operating officer announced this week that he is leaving for alucrative commercial job. Singapore, which runs a far leaner government than America, pays itsbest people 2m a year. No Republican congressman would tolerate that, which is foolish.

Thecost of higher salaries is offset by saving money on costly consultants to mop up failingprojects.

这一切都吸引了右翼政客。但更好成绩的必然结果是更高的薪水。英国政府的首席营运官在这个星期宣布,他将要胜任一份利润丰厚的商务工作。新加坡,其运行比美国更为精简的政府,付给其最佳胜任者200万美元一年的薪酬。没有共和党议员能够容忍这一点,他们认为这是愚蠢的想法。更高的工资成本是由节约资金成本聘请高昂费用的顾问以扫荡失败的项目而抵消的。

There is one area where less change would be useful. To plan careers, you need a long-termstrategy—and democracy throws up change every election. In Britain health-care officials talkabout successive “re-disorganisations”. One reason for authoritarian Singapore's success isthat its voters have miraculously always chosen the party founded by Lee Kuan Yew since hetook control in 1959. V oters elsewhere are less obliging. New Zealand has tried to counter thisby boosting the powers of a state-services commissioner, whose duties include one of lasting“stewardship”. That could be a useful model for elsewhere—especially America, where too manysenior positions are filled by political appointees (who then take months to get confirmed byCongress). Mandarinates have their faults, but somebody needs to keep Leviathan working.

在有的地方发生更少的变化是有用的。要规划职业生涯,你需要一个长期的战略—民主党在每一次选举中都抛出改变的承诺。在英国,其卫生保健官员谈相继出现的计划混乱。独裁新加坡的成功原因之一是在于它的选民已经奇迹般地始终选择由李光耀在1959年掌权开始创办的一党。其他地方的投票人则没有表现如此殷勤。新西兰一直试图通过提高一个国家的服务专员的权力而抵制这种情况,这些服务专员的职责包括其中之一的持久的“管家”权力。这可能是在其他地方是十分有用的模式—尤其对于美国,在那里太多的高级职位由政治性任命的官员填补了有益的模式(他们需要数月才能通过国会得到证实)。官职有其缺点,但需要有人来维持庞大体系的运作。

1.need to 需要

例句:Do not wait for good things to happen to you.You need to walk towards happiness.

不要等待好事降临,你要向幸福进发。

2.tend to 倾向于;趋向

例句:We tend to meet up for lunch once a week.

我们往往每周共进一次午餐。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/0a17436137.html,pete with 竞赛;与竞争

例句:Schools should not compete with each other or attempt to poach pupils.

学校之间不应该相互竞争,也不应该企图挖走彼此的学生。

4.such as 例如;诸如

例句:Issues such as these were not really his concern.

他其实并不关心诸如此类的问题。

凯程教育:

凯程考研备考成立于2005年,国内首家全日制集训机构考研备考,一直从事高端全日制辅导,由李海洋教授、张鑫教授、卢营教授、王洋教授、杨武金教授、张释然教授、索玉柱教授、方浩教授等一批高级考研备考教研队伍组成,为学员全程高质量授课、答疑、测试、督导、报考指导、方法指导、联系导师、复试等全方位的考研备考服务。

凯程考研备考的宗旨:让学习成为一种习惯;

凯程考研备考的价值观口号:凯旋归来,前程万里;

信念:让每个学员都有好最好的归宿;

使命:完善全新的教育模式,做中国最专业的考研备考辅导机构;

激情:永不言弃,乐观向上;

敬业:以专业的态度做非凡的事业;

服务:以学员的前途为已任,为学员提供高效、专业的服务,团队合作,为学员服务,为学员引路。

如何选择考研备考辅导班:

在考研备考准备的过程中,会遇到不少困难,尤其对于跨专业考生的专业课来说,通过报辅导班来弥补自己复习的不足,可以大大提高复习效率,节省复习时间,大家可以通过以下几个方面来考察辅导班,或许能帮你找到适合你的辅导班。

师资力量:师资力量是考察辅导班的首要因素,考生可以针对辅导名师的辅导年限、辅导经验、历年辅导效果、学员评价等因素进行综合评价,询问往届学长然后选择。判断师资力量关键在于综合实力,因为任何一门课程,都不是由一、两个教师包到底的,是一批教师配合的结果。还要深入了解教师的学术背景、资料著述成就、辅导成就等。凯程考研备考名师云集,李海洋、张鑫教授、方浩教授、卢营教授、孙浩教授等一大批名师在凯程授课。而有的机构只是很普通的老师授课,对知识点把握和命题方向,欠缺火候。

对该专业有辅导历史:必须对该专业深刻理解,才能深入辅导学员考取该校。在考研备考辅导班中,从来见过如此辉煌的成绩:凯程教育拿下2017五道口金融学院状元,考取五道口15人,清华经管金融硕士10人,人大金融硕士15个,中财和贸大金融硕士合计20人,北师大教育学7人,会计硕士保录班考取30人,翻译硕士接近20人,中传状元王园璐、郑家威都是来自凯程,法学方面,凯程在人大、北大、贸大、政法、武汉大学、公安大学等院校斩获多个法学和法硕状元,更多专业成绩请查看凯程网站。在凯程官方网站的光荣榜,成功学员经验谈视频特别多,都是凯程战绩的最好证明。对于如此高的成绩,凯程集训营班主任邢老师说,凯程如此优异的成绩,是与我们凯程严格的管理,全方位的辅导是分不开的,很多学生本科都不是名校,某些学生来自二本三本甚至不知名的院校,还有很多是工作了多年才回来考的,大多数是跨专业考研备考,他们的难度大,竞争激烈,没有严格的训练和同学们的刻苦学习,是很难达到优异的成绩。最好的办法是直接和凯程老师详细沟通一下就清楚了。

建校历史:机构成立的历史也是一个参考因素,历史越久,积累的人脉资源更多。例如,凯程教育已经成立10年(2005年),一直以来专注于考研备考,成功率一直遥遥领先,同学们有兴趣可以联系一下他们在线老师或者电话。

有没有实体学校校区:有些机构比较小,就是一个在写字楼里上课,自习,这种环境是不太好的,一个优秀的机构必须是在教学环境,大学校园这样环境。凯程有自己的学习校区,有吃住学一体化教学环境,独立卫浴、空调、暖气齐全,这也是一个考研备考机构实力的体现。此外,最好还要看一下他们的营业执照。

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