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翻译题型特点及类型(3)----英译汉中的词义确定和引申

翻译题型特点及类型(3)----英译汉中的词义确定和引申
翻译题型特点及类型(3)----英译汉中的词义确定和引申

翻译题型特点及类型(3)----英译汉中的词义确定和引申

英语单词在不同的场合和搭配中,词义有时差别很大。如果把某些英语单词或词组按词典上的意义直译过来,就会使译文晦涩生硬,不易理解,甚至还可能引起误解。因此在翻译时,要在弄清原文意思的基础上按照汉语习惯选择适当词义加以引申,以求更确切地表达原文意思。进行英译汉时,词义的选择和引申应注意从以下几个方面入手:

1.词义确定

1)根据词性选词义

英语单词具有多义性。词类不同,词义常有差异。词汇的多种词性和多个含义往往造成词义理解和翻译的困难。英译汉选择词义时,最好先确定该词在句中的词性,或者所起的作用,然后根据词性选取适当的词义。

(1)On his way home he bought some apples at a fruit stand.(名词,“摊位”)

(2)The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer.(动词,“忍受”)

(3)Half of the membes took a stand against the proposal.(名词,“立场”)

(4)I saw one man in the whole long line pull out a paper pocket book and begin to read,standing up.(现在分词,“站立”)

(5)Sound travels at 1,100ft per second.(名词,“声音”)

(6)Your idea sounds like a good one.(不及物动词,“听起来”)

(7)Old as Cara is ,she still enjoys sound health.(形容词,“健全的”)

(8)I don't like to ask my parents for money.(动词,“喜欢,愿意”)

(9)Things which seem to be like may be different.(形容词,“相同的”)

(10)It was just like him to think of himself first.(介词,“像”)

2)根据使用场合确定词义

同一个词用于不同场合、不同学科或专业,具有不同的词义。因此,必须充分考虑词汇的使用场合及上下文的联系来确定词义。有的词在不同语境使用时,同属一个词性,意义也大不相同。因此,英语上下文和词汇搭配对词义影响极大。进行英译汉时,要切忌简单地照搬词典中的对等词,应注意通过语法分析和上下文语境,掌握其确切含义,用适当的汉语加以表述。

(1)The automobile industry is thriving in Japan.汽车工业在日本很兴旺。

(2)Poverty is a stranger to industry.勤劳的人不会穷。

(3)Does the teacher ever include catch question in examination papers?老师在试卷中出过令人迷惑的问题吗?

(4)The house is for sale very cheap;there must be a catch in it somewhere.这房子买卖很便宜,其中必有文章。

(5)That was a difficult catch.那是个难接的球(但已接住。)

(6)The catch was now being hauled in.捕获的鱼现在已被拖进来了。

(7)The catch on the door is broken.门上的门扣坏了。

(8)He unfastened the lock catch of a box.他打开箱子的锁扣。

3)根据习语确定词义

英汉两种语言各自具有自己的习惯搭配关系,主要表现在形容词、副词、名词和动词短语和词组上。同一个词用于不同习语,意思迥然不同。在英译汉时,要根据汉语的搭配习惯处理英语的习语或搭配,确定正确的译法。

(1)In developing a design,we must take account of many factors.

在进行设计的时候,我们必须要考虑许多因素。

(2)Such metals as copper and aluminum,are widely used in power industry on account of their good electrical conductivity.

像铜、铝这样的金属之所以能在电力工业中得到广泛应用,是因为它们的导电性好。

(3)I'm afraid that you'll have to account for every penny of the money that has entrusted you.恐怕你得把交给你的每一分钱都要报帐。

(4)We asked him to account for his conduct.我们要求他对他的行为加以解释。

(5)The hilly area accounts for a third of the country's cultivated land.丘陵地占该县耕地面积的三分之一。

(6)They accounted for twenty enemy soldiers.他们打死了二十个敌军士兵。

(7)After receiving high praise from the audience,the actress has her head turned.那女演员受到观众称赞后,得意忘形。(误译:那女演员……回过头来。)

(8)He is dead as I live.他的确是死了。(误译:他死了,我还活着。)

(9)I'm now a little under the weather.我现在有点不舒服。(误译:我现在在露天之下。)(10)I wish peace could be saved at the eleventh hour.我希望在最后一刻挽救和平。(误译:我希望在11点钟时,和平可以挽救。)

4)根据名词语法特征选词义

英语中有些名词意义很活跃,许多语法特征,比如:名词的单复数形式、可数或不可数、前面有无冠词等等,都能影响词义,译法大不相同。

(1)名词的单复数词义不同,译法也有区别。例:

main(单)主线,干线mains(复)电源

mean(单)项,平均值means(复)手段,方法;财富

development(单)发展,研制developments(复)情况,现象

good(单)利益,好处goods(复)货物,商品

spirit(单)精神,气概spirits(复)酒精,心情(情绪)

proportion(单)比例,部分proportions(复)面积,大小

(2)名词前面的冠词有时影响词义。例:

a.The match was put on the airs last night.那场比赛于昨晚播出。

b.He put on airs at the meeting yesterday morning.他昨天上午在会上装腔作势。

(3)名词的可数与不可数对词义也有影响。例:

a.Executives must be able to handle a change in broad segments of industry,society,and government.管理人员必须有能力驾驭企业、社会和管理诸多方面的变化。(句中的government为不可数名词,意为“政治”、“管理”。)

b.The government strongly wish(es)the bill passed.政府强烈希望该议案能通过。(该句government为可数名词,前面有定冠词,意思是“政府”,视为单数,亦有单数形式视为复数的情况。)

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The significance of a man is not in what he attained but rather in what he longs to attain. 人生的意义不在于已经获取的,而在于渴望得到什么样的东西。 2.省略作宾语的代词 The more he tried to hide his mistakes, the more he revealed them. 他越是想要掩盖他的错误,就越是容易暴露。 Please take off the old picture and throw it away. 请把那张旧画取下来扔掉。 3.省略物主代词 I put my hand into my pocket. 我把手放进口袋。 She listened to me with her rounded eyes. 她睁大双眼,听我说话。 (二)代词it的省略 Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.

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2012商务英语1班 自主实践商务英语翻译竞赛——————词义选择、引申与褒贬 12010401003厉雪 12010401004付思宇

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英语翻译中词义的选择与引申 【摘要】在翻译过程中,要把英语准确,通顺地译成汉语,正确选择词义此意,注重词义的引申至关重要。 【关键词】引申;翻译;选择 在英汉翻译过程中,正确选择词义是保证译文质量的中心问题。英语单词所表达的意义并不完全可以在汉语里找到其完全对应的词来表达的,许多英语单词与汉语中有些词只是部分对应,而英语中一词多义、一词多用、一词多类的现象很多,这就要求我们在将英语多义词译成汉语时,必须根据上下文和全句的意思确认其中一个正确的含义,而不能不求甚解,望词生义,想当然地进行翻译。下面从几个方面来分析英语翻译中词义的选择与引申。 一、词义的选择 1. 文化背景知识与词义的理解及翻译 英汉两种语言分属两大不同语系,英语国家的文化背景、风俗习惯与我国有很大的不同,有时候对英语某些词汇的理解涉及英语国家的文化背景知识,包括历史、地理、风土人情等各方面,如果这方面的知识匮乏,翻译出的句子就会出错,甚至闹出笑话。 例(1): Franz Boas was a specialist in American Indian languages. 弗兰兹·博厄斯是一位美洲的印第安人语言专家。 这句中的American Indian不能译为“美国印第安人”,因为不仅美国有印第安人,而且加拿大、南美洲和中美洲各国也有,这里涉及普通历史、地理常识。事实上,America和American严格地来说应作“美洲”和“美洲的”解,当然有时也用来指“美国”,但在一定的上下文中应注意区分。 例(2): South African leopard-spot policy came under fierce black fire… 南非实行的“豹斑式”的种族隔离政策受到了黑人的猛烈抨击… 这句中的leopard-spot是一个专门术语。如译者不了解它的背景知识,就很难把它准确地翻译出来。“豹斑”这一概念形成于20世纪60年代中期,当时南越人民武装力量在战区后方建立了许多小块根据地,美方军事地图上就此标有“豹斑”状异色标示区。以后“豹斑”这一军事术语又被转用为政治术语,指白人种族主义者把黑人强行驱入若干小块地区居住的种族隔离政策。 2. 从词的联立关系及上下文确定词义 所谓“词的联立关系”是指词在行文中的搭配组合关系。一般来说,一个孤立的英语单词,其词义是游移不定的,具有该词可能具有的一切含义。但当词出于特定的联立关系中时,它的词义受到上下文的制约就稳定化了,因此根据词的上下文关系确定词义是词义解析中非常重要而又切实可行的手段。如英语单词“wet”的意思是“湿的”,但它在不同的句子中所表达的意义就差别很大。 例(1): Wet Paint! 油漆未干! 例(2): He was wet to the skin. 他全身都湿透了。 例(3): If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 如果你认为我支持他,那你就大错特错了。 “last”这一形容词,它的一般意义为“最后的”,但在翻译中我们应注意它在不同的句中所表达的含义。 例(1): He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。

英译汉篇章翻译2

英译汉篇章翻译练习(2) Proverbs are the popular sayings that brighten so much Latin American talk, the boiled-down wisdom that you are as apt to hear from professors as from peasants, from beggars as from elegances. Brief and colorful, they more often than not carry a sting. When a neighbor?s dismally unattractive daughter announced her engagement, Imelda remarked, “You know what they say, Senora: …There?s no pot so ugly it can?t find a lid.?” And when her son-in-law blustered about how he was going to get even with the boss who had docked his pay, Imelda fixed him with a cold eye and said, “Little fish does not eat big fish.” One afternoon, I heard Imelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarreled with her husband?s parents, and Imelda was in sisting that she apologized to them. Her daughter objected. “But, Mama, I just can?t swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they?re too poor. So today when they wouldn?t even lend us enough to pay for a new bed, a ll I did was say something that I?ve heard you say a hundred times: …If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?” “Impertinent!” snorted Imelda. “Have I not also taught you, …What the tongue says, the neck pays for?? I will not have it said that I could never teach my daughter proper respect for her elders. And before you go to beg their pardon, change those trousers for a dress. You know how your mother-in-law feels about pants on a woman. She always says, …What was hatched a hen must not try to be a rooster!” Her daughter made one more try. “But Mama, you often say, …If the saint is annoyed, don?t pray to him until he gets over it.? Can?t I leave it for tomorrow?” “No, no and no! Remember: …If the dose is nasty, swallow it fast.? You know, my child, you did wrong. But, …A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.? I have a cake in the oven that I was making for the Senora?s dinner, I will explain to the Senora. Now, dear, hurry home and make yourself pretty in your pink dress. By the time you get back, I will have the cake ready for you to take to your mother-in-law. She will be so pleased that she may make your father-in-law pay for the bed. Remember: …One hand washes the other, but together they wash the face.?”

英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项

英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事 项

英语翻译技巧之英译汉的八处注意事项 ~从细节处把握翻译~ 要真正掌握英译汉的技巧并非易事。这是因为英译汉时会遇到各种各样的困难;首先是英文理解难,这是学习、使用英文的人的共同感觉,由于两国历史、文化、风俗习惯的不同,因此一句英文在英美人看来顺理成章,而在中国人看来却是颠颠倒倒、断断续续,极为别扭。二是中文表示难,英译汉有时为了要找到一个合适的对等词汇,往往被弄得头昏眼花,好象在脑子里摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙,却没有。另外,英译汉时对掌握各种文化知识的要求很高,因为我们所翻译的文章,其内容可能涉及到极为广博的知识领域,而这些知识领域多半是我们不大熟悉的外国的事情,如果不具备相应的文化知识难免不出现一些翻译中的差错或笑话。正是因为英译汉时会遇到这么多的困难,因此,我们必须经过翻译实践,对英汉两种不同语言的特点加以对比、概况和总结,以找出一般的表示规律来,避免出现一些不该出现的翻译错误,而这些表示的规律就是我们所说的翻译技巧。 一、词义的选择和引伸技巧 英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指

一个词往往属于几个词类,具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中,我们在弄清原句结构后,就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧,以使所译语句自然流畅,完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义一般能够从两方面着手: 1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 They are as like as two peas .她们相似极了。(形容词)He likes mathematics more than physics .她喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。(动词) Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。(名词) 2、根据上下文联系以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。He is the last man to come .她是最后来的。 He is the last person for such a job .她最不配干这个工作。 He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪她。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 词义引伸是我们英译汉时常见的技巧之一。翻译时,有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义,如果任意硬套或逐词死

《翻译英译汉》word版

翻译——英译汉 英译汉部分要求翻译单句, 而不是段落或篇章。考生首先要读懂句子,了解句子的语法结构、使用的固定词组、习惯用法及词与词之间的语义关系, 然后, 再正确分析原文的语言现象和逻辑关系,进行透彻的理解, 最后, 力图用简洁明了的汉语表达出原文的意思。因此, 考生有必要掌握一些基本的翻译技巧。 一、翻译技巧一 一般的英译汉考题不会只是简单句。我们在做题时, 首先要从语法入手, 找寻和确定句子大的框架结构, 通过分析把句中的从句和插入部分先排除掉, 明确句子结构有助于我们正确理解整句话的意思。 (一)重点分析句子结构 其实, 就英语的句子结构而言, 是有规律可循的。除去省略句、倒装句、感叹句和 一些特殊句子外, 英语句子的结构可归纳为三类: 1. to be句型: 主语 + be + 表语 Miss Jones is a manager. 琼斯小姐是位经理。 2. to do句型: 主语 + do + (宾语) + (状语) He teaches English in this school. 他在这所学校教英语。 3. there be句型: There be + 主语 + 状语 There are beautiful wildflowers in the hills. 山中有美丽的野花。 (二)确定语法现象和惯用结构 英译汉考题中常见的重点语法有: 时态、语态、主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、 同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句、动词不定式、动名词、分词、虚拟语气、倒装句、强调句等。考生要非常熟悉这些语法现象, 才不至于对句子产生误解。例如: ?Anyone who is interested in it can go with us. 对这事感兴趣的人可以跟我们去。(who引导定语从句修饰主语anyone) ?The problem discussed at yesterday’s meeting is very important. 昨天会上讨论过的那个问题非常重要。(过去分词短语作后置定语修饰主语the problem) ?You could have done better if you had been more careful. 要是细心一点的话,你就会做得更好。(if 引导虚拟语气的条件状语从句) ?Hardly had I said that when she entered the room. 我刚说完,她就进来了。(倒装句, 否定词hardly位于句首, 助动词had 放在主语I之前 ) ?It was not until last night that I noticed this matter. 直到昨晚我才注意到这件事。(强调句: It was not until+强调成分+that句子其 余成分)

经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇

1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州:“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市,它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国,也流传着这样的话:“上有天堂,下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收,宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州,您可以饱览西湖的秀色,也不妨漫步街头闹市,品尝一下杭州的名菜名点,还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间,雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验,同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造,承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸,技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要,未经雇主同意,承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。 承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责,除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s drawings shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility under this Sub-Clause.

翻译中词义的选择

Run的词义选择 1.run across 2.run away 3.run back over 4.run counter to 5.run down 6.run in 7.run into 8.run into debt 9.run off 10.run out 11.run over 12.run through 13.run up 14.run to seed 15.run a race 16.run for presidency 17.run to sb’s aid 18.run agroun 19.run wild 20.run to extremes 21.run the streets 22.run a car 23.run a factory 24.run message 25.run the water off 26.run oil 27.run on 28.run sb. into difficulties 29.run the risk of 30.run one’s eyes down a list 31.run a simile too far 32.run a fever 33.run a sword through sb. 34.run a thread through an eyelet 35.run one’s head into wall 36. The idea runs in his mind. 37.The street runs north. 38.The news runs rapidly in the town. 39.The machine runs well. 40.The river runs east. “上”的不同含义 1.上班 2.上学 3.上岗 4.上报 5.上场 6.上当 7.上冻 8.上访 9.上纲 10.上钩 11.上光 12.上轨道 13.上火 14.上进 15.上课 16.上口 17.上路 18.上门 19.上马 20.上年纪 21.上任 22.上台 23.上膛 24.上相 25.上刑 26.上演 27.上账 28.上阵 29.上瘾 30.上街 31.上朝 32.上书 33.干部要能上能下 34.随函复上1元钱邮票一张。 35.这一局你上。 36.一连上了好几道菜。 37.行李还没上架。 38.他正在给门上漆。 39.这事已经上了电视。 40.表该上了。 1

英语统考英译汉

在线自测题-英译汉 请把下列英语句子翻译成汉语 1.John and his brother differ in personality even if their differences in age are not significant. 2. We are getting ready for our English examination. 3. We must take some measures to control the pollution. 4. You'll find in English some words can be remembered more easily than the others. 5. People use science knowledge to understand and change nature. 6. The doctor told me to have more water. 7. There's a party at my house this Friday. 8. I need to buy some 50-cent stamps. 9. All that glitters is not gold. 10. I can't go with you today because I'm too busy. 11. You and your team can discover the answers to problems together. 12. I'll write to you as soon as I get there. 13. Stay here before I get back. 14. I've been so busy lately,I haven't had time to call anybody. 15. We have made little progress. 16. Transistors are small in size and light in weight. 17. It is certain that we shall produce this kind of engine. 18. Please call me back when you are free. 19.The more money I make, the happier I will be. 20. Ted and William have lived under the same roof for five years. 21. I'm thinking about a visit to Paris. 22. I'm certain he'll go to see the film, because he's bought a ticket. 23.He is thinking about moving to a new place. 24. In Foreign Language Department, a checking machine is used to correct the student’s test pape rs. 25. They sold the old house yesterday. 26. Hi. What can I get for your dinner, sir? 27. Without water, there is no life on the earth. 28.When I was young, I’d listen to the radio, waiting for my favorite songs. 29.I came here at least once a month. 30. She looks lovely when she is happy. 31. He keeps looking at himself in the mirror. 32. I do want to know what really happened. 33. You are clever enough to pass the exam. 34. Once all the information is completed, you sign here. 35. Okay,and I need a pen to fill out the address. 36.It’s always a pleasure to see many friends here in London. 37. The polluted air becomes poisonous and dangerous to health.

unit-5-词义的选择与引申-(1)

实用翻译策略与常用技巧 Unit5 词义的选择和引申 词义的选择和词义引申是翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。也是英语翻译中最基础的工作,准确把握词义,并在必要时加以适度的引申,是保证译文质量的前提和基础。一方面,英语和汉语各自都有丰富的词汇,各自的词义又极其繁复;另一方面,这两种语言差异巨大,其词义关系错综复杂,往往难以找到词义完全对应的词。 因此,在翻译中绝不能拘泥于自己所记忆的词典提供的基本释义,机械地用固定的汉语词替换对应的英语词。正确的做法应当是,在掌握每一个单词基本释义的基础上,根据这个单词所处的语境,根据上下文提供的各种线索,判定其确切含义;同时,还需要按照汉语的表达习惯和汉语的搭配方式,选用恰当的词语表达这一意义。 一、词义的选择(the choice of word meanings) 英语与世界上任何一种语言一样,都存在着一词多义的现象。所谓一词多义,即是指同一个词在同一种词类中,具有几个不同的词义。在英语与汉语中,很难找到一词一义的对应情况。这就需要我们在翻译过程中理解英语原文中单词的意思,然后努力地寻找在汉语中与这个英语单词具有相同意义的常用表达方法。就home这个词而言,大多数人都知道有“家”的意思。但是,上下文不一样,home的翻译就完全不一样,如: I’ll see her home tonight India is the home of elephants. He’s at home with the classics. New homes are for sale. She’s at home where she is. Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply. Much is produced here for home market. He looks on London as his home. 由此可见,一词多义的现象在英语中十分普遍。在翻译时,词义的选择应从以下几个方面着手。 (一)根据词性确定词义 许多英语单词具有不同词性,亦即分属几种不同的词类,有时候当名词用,有时候当动词用;有时候作形容词,有时候作副词等等。其中,有些单词用于不同词性时意思并无多大差异,翻译时一般不能导致理解上的错误。如:forecast有“预报,预测”的意思,用作动词和用作名词时意思相同;increase作动词时,表示“增加,增长,增进”的意思,用作名词时主要还是表达这些意思。 但是,翻译中,大量的单词并非如此。它们在用作不同词性时,其意义存在不同程度的差异。如:book这个单词,在作名词时,意思是“书,书籍”;用作动词却常表示“预订,预约”的意思。又如:while作连词时,有“当...的时候,而,虽然”等意思;作名词时,却指“片刻,一会儿”;作动词,又有“消磨”的意思。遇到这种情况,如果不弄清楚词性,常常就会将词义搞错,进而影响原文的正确理解和准确翻译。因此在翻译中,我们可以根据语法关系来辨别关键词的词性,以便能准确的判断词义。如: light: This light is too poor to read by. Aluminum is a light metal. Will you light the fire for me? (二)根据上下文确定词义 除了根据词性来判断词义之外,词义选择一个更为重要的方法就是根据上文来判断词义

词义引申对比英汉互译

从词义引申比较英汉互译 英语词汇和汉语词汇各有其特征,存在很大差异。因此,在英汉翻译中,为了达到忠实原文的目的,真正实现两种文化的沟通与移植,应该对在译语中所选择的词语进行仔细斟酌和揣摩。引申是英汉翻译的常用手法之一。英语和汉语在长期发展和使用中形成了富有各自特点的修辞方法、搭配习惯和行文规范。所谓的引申法,就是根据上下文的内在联系,通过句中词或词组乃至整句的字面意义由表及里,进行恰如其分的引申,运用一些符合各自语言习惯的表现法,选用确切的词句,将原文内容的实质准确地表达出来。 面对同样的事物,由于文化的异同,我们可能有不同或相同的主观想象和理解。同望一轮明月,美国人想到的可能是“月亮钻石”,阿波罗登月,中国人想到的可能是阴晴圆缺、嫦娥奔月,或者是苏轼的“明月几时有,把酒问青天”。联想不同,生发的情感、思绪和文化想象也就不同,因此,对词语的引申义的理解就有差异。 汉译英时,我们习惯以汉语思维方式翻译中国文化中特有的表达式,这样往往容易产生错误的翻译。对“十五个吊桶打水,七上八下”,我们最经常见到的翻译是“One’s heart is like a well in which seven buckets are drawn up and eight dropped down.”对于这个翻译,也许很多人觉得没有错,还自以为翻译得非常到位。但是,看一下两位完全不懂中文的美国人对这句英文的理解。1、“I think the well represents love and no matter how many buckets of love and caring are drawn out, there is always more.(我觉得这里把井深比做人心,水井代表爱。不管从中抽出了多少桶的爱和关怀,井里的爱和关怀照样充足。)”2、“It seems to me the idiom talks about giving and receiving.(我觉得这句谚语在谈给予和接受。)”这两个美国人的理解和汉语本意相差甚远。 同样的,英译汉时,如果按照表面的意思翻译,虽然翻译没有错,但是同样不能传达信息或者是正确的信息。1、Bacchus has drowned more than Neptune and has killed more than Mars. 被巴克斯淹死的人比尼普顿要多;被巴克斯杀死的人比玛尔斯还多。相信很多人看完这句后会丈二和尚摸不着头脑,巴克斯、尼普顿和玛尔斯是什么意思,代表什么啊?这种情况属于直译完大家不能理解。另外一种情况是直译不能表达了正确的意思,就像上面提到的“十五个吊桶打水,七上八下”翻译成英语一样。如community service, 按照词语表面意思可以翻译成“社区服务”,但是它的正确解释是:Community service is unpaid work that criminals sometimes do as a punishment instead of being sent to prison.( community service 指的是犯罪分子被罚从事无偿劳动以代替入狱服刑。) 把community service翻译成社区服务与英语原意差别很大,如果在前面加个修饰,翻译成“惩罚性社区服务”,会比较恰当。 词义引申现象在英汉中经常出现。英语中solomon(指代智慧),hercules(指代大力士),fire(指代热情、欲望),wolf(指代贪婪、残忍)等的引申义,早已成为西方人心中联想的固定意象。汉语中经常被引申词义的词汇或者说法如“铁公鸡”、“戴绿帽”、“周瑜打黄盖”等,也是如此。 含词义引申的句子之间的翻译有两种:直译原义,或者取其引申义。直译原义有时候会出现上面所提到的错误的情形,但是有时候直译也能正确传达,甚至有时候还能起到不言自明的效果。如:1、Don’t try to play ostrich.(别耍鸵鸟花招。) 2、He has, by this very act, opened Pandora’s box.(他这种做法,打开了潘多拉的盒子。) 上面例子中的“鸵鸟花招”、“潘多拉的盒子”都不是中国本土文化的产物,但是它们已经被中国人所认同和接受,成为比较普遍的意象,因此也能像汉语“他是个啊Q”、“黄鼠狼给鸡拜年”中的“啊Q”、“黄鼠狼”一样,有了自己在汉语中约定俗成的意义,说话者无须解释,该引申义不言之明,听话者自然心领神会。“鸵鸟花招”、“潘多拉的盒子”等外国特定文化的意象之所以能通过直译为中国人所理解,主要在于国家之间文化的交流和融合。随着我国越来越多地引进和学习外国的文化,

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