英美概况-希腊罗马神话教案

《英美概况》教案

The Greek and Roman Mythology

Teaching Objectives:

The students should get to know the stories in the Greek and Roman mythology

Teaching Methods:

Presentation, Question-answering

Difficult/Focal Points:

The Main Gods and Goddess in the mythology

The heroes and their stories

Teaching Procedure:

Part I Greece& Rome

Greece is a country in southeastern Europe. Situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula, Greece has land borders with Albania阿尔巴尼亚, the Republic of Macedonia 马其顿and Bulgaria保加利亚to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea爱琴海lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea 爱奥尼亚海to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea 地中海to the south.

Modern Greece traces its roots to the civilisation of ancient Greece, generally considered the cradle of western civilization. As such, it is the birthplace of democracy,[7] Western philosophy,[8] the Olympic Games, Western literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, and Western drama,[9] including both tragedy and comedy.

Ancient Greece is the civilization belonging to the period of Greek history lasting from the Archaic period of the 8th to 6th centuries BC to 146 BC and the Roman conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth. At the center of this time period is Classical Greece, which flourished during the 5th to 4th centuries BC, at first under Athenian leadership successfully repelling the military threat of Persian invasion. The Athenian Golden Age ends with the defeat of Athens at the hands of Sparta in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC.

Classical Greek culture had a powerful influence on the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of the Mediterranean region and Europe, for which reason Classical Greece is generally considered to be the seminal culture which provided the foundation of Western civilization

Part II Survey of the mythic history

The mythological "history of the world" may be divided into three or four broader periods:

A.The myths of origin or age of gods ("births of gods"): myths about the origins of the world, the

gods, and the human race.

B.The age when gods and mortals mingled freely: stories of the early interactions between gods,

demigods, and mortals.

C.The age of heroes (heroic age), where divine activity was more limited. The last and greatest of the

heroic legends is the story of the Trojan War and after.

A. The myths of origin or age of gods ("births of gods"): myths about the origins of the world, the gods, and the human race.

"Myths of origin" or "creation myths" represent an attempt to render the universe comprehensible in human terms and explain the origin of the world.

( First Dynasty ) He begins with Chaos, a yawning nothingness. Out of the void emerged Gaia Gaea(the Earth). (Second Dynasty) Without male assistance, Gaia gave birth to Oranos Uranus (the Sky) who then fertilized her. From that union were born first the Titans—six males: Coeusk, Crius, Cronus, Hyperion, iapetus, and Oceanus; and six females: Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Rhea, Theia, Themis,

and Tethys. After Cronus was born, Gaia and Oranos decreed no more Titans were to be born.. Cronus castrated his father and became the ruler of the gods with his sister-wife Rhea as his consort, and the other Titans became his court.

(Third Dynasty) A motif of father-against-son conflict was repeated when Kronos was confronted by his son, Zeus. Because Kronos had betrayed his father, he feared that his offspring would do the same, and so each time Rhea gave birth, he snatched up the child and ate it. Rhea hated this and tricked him by hiding Zeus and wrapping a stone in a baby's blanket, which Kronus ate. When Zeus was grown, he fed his father a drugged drink which caused Kronos to vomit, throwing up Rhea's other children and the stone, which had been sitting in Kronos' stomach all along. Zeus then challenged Kronos to war for the kingship of the gods. At last, with the help of the Cyclopes (whom Zeus freed from Tartarus), Zeus and his siblings were victorious, while Kronos and the Titans were hurled down to imprisonment in Tartarus.

Zeus was plagued by the same concern and, after a prophecy that the offspring of his first wife, Metis, would give birth to a god "greater than he"—Zeus swallowed her. She was already pregnant with Athena, however, and they made him miserable until Athena burst forth from his head—fully-grown and dressed for war.

The Olympian Gods

Greek Name Roman Name Image God or Goddess of... Generation

Zeus Jupiter

King of the gods and ruler of Mount

Olympus; god of the sky and thunder.

Youngest child of the Titans Cronus

and Rhea. Symbols include the

thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree, scepter

and scales. Brother and husband of

Hera, although he had many lovers.

First

Hera Juno

Queen of the gods and the goddess of

marriage and motherhood. Symbols

include the peacock, pomegranate,

crown, cuckoo, lion and cow.

Youngest daughter of Cronus and

Rhea. Wife and sister of Zeus. Being

the goddess of marriage, she

frequently tried to get revenge on

Zeus' lovers and their children.

First

Poseidon Neptune

Lord of the seas, earthquakes and

horses. Symbols include the horse,

bull, dolphin and trident. Middle son

of Cronus and Rhea. Brother of Zeus

and Hades. Married to the Nereid

Amphitrite, although, like his brother

Zeus, he had many lovers.

First

Hestia Vesta

Goddess of the hearth and of the right

ordering of domesticity and the

family; she was born into the first

Olympian generation and was one of

the original twelve Olympians, but

stories suggest that when Dionysus

had arrived at Mount Olympus she

gave him her spot in the twelve to

prevent discord

First

Apollo

Apollo

God of light, music, poetry, prophecy

and archery. Symbols include the sun,

lyre, bow and arrow, raven, dolphin,

wolf, swan and mouse. Twin brother

of Artemis. Youngest child of Zeus

and Leto.

Second

Artemis Diana

Virgin goddess of the hunt, virginity,

archery and all animals. Symbols

include the moon, deer, hound,

she-bear, snake, cypress tree and bow

and arrow. Twin sister of Apollo.

Eldest child of Zeus and Leto.

Second

Hermes Mercury

Messenger of the Gods; god of

commerce and thieves. Symbols

include the caduceus (staff entwined

with two snakes), winged sandals and

cap, stork and tortoise (whose shell

he used to invent the lyre). Son of

Zeus and the nymph Maia. The

second-youngest Olympian, older

only than Dionysus. He married

Dryope, the daughter of Dryops, and

their son Pan became the god of

nature, lord of the satyrs, inventor of

the panpipes and comrade of

Dionysus.

Second

Athena Minerva

Virgin goddess of wisdom,

handicrafts, defence and strategic

warfare. Symbols include the aegis,

owl, olive tree, snake and spider.

Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid

Metis, she rose from her father's head

fully grown and in full battle armor

after he swallowed her mother.

Second

Ares Mars

God of war, violence and bloodshed.

Symbols include the boar, serpent,

dog, vulture, spear and shield. Son of

Zeus and Hera, all the other gods

(excluding Aphrodite) despised him.

His Latin name, Mars, gave us the

word 'Martial'.

Second

Aphrodite Venus

Goddess of love, beauty, and desire .

Symbols include the dove, apple, bee,

swan, myrtle, rose and seashell.

Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid

Dione, or perhaps born from the sea

foam after Uranus' blood dripped

onto the earth and into the sea after

being defeated by his youngest son

Cronus. Married to Hephaestus,

although she cheated on him

frequently, most notably with his

brother Ares. Her name gave us the

word 'Aphrodisiac'.

either

Second

or from the

Titan

generation

Hephaestus Vulcan

Master blacksmith and craftsman of

the gods; god of fire and the forge.

Symbols include the fire, anvil, ax,

donkey, hammer, tongs and quail.

Son of Hera, either by Zeus or alone.

After he was born, his parents threw

him off Mount Olympus, and he

landed on the island of Lemnos.

Married to Aphrodite. Unlike most

mythical husbands, it is never stated

that he cheated on her. His Latin

name, Vulcan, gave us the word

'Volcano'.

Second

Demeter Ceres

Goddess of fertility, agriculture,

nature, and the seasons. Symbols

include the poppy, wheat, torch, pig

and serpent. Middle daughter of

Cronus and Rhea. Her Latin name,

Ceres, gave us the word 'cereal'. One

of her surnames is Sitos as the giver

of food, ('corn').

First|-

B. Age of gods and mortals

Bridging the age when gods lived alone and the age when divine interference in human affairs was limited was a transitional age in which gods and mortals moved together. These were the early days of the world when the groups mingled more freely than they did later. Most of these tales were later told by Ovid's Metamorphoses变形记they are often divided into two thematic groups: tales of love, and tales of punishment.

Tales of love often involve incest, or the seduction or rape of a mortal woman by a male god, resulting in heroic offspring. The stories generally suggest that relationships between gods and mortals are something to avoid; even consenting relationships rarely have happy endings.

The second type (tales of punishment) involves the appropriation or invention of some important cultural artifact, as when Prometheus steals fire from the gods, when Tantalus steals nectar from Zeus' table and gives it to his own subjects—revealing to them the secrets of the gods, when Prometheus invents sacrifice, when Demeter teaches agriculture and the Mysteries to Triptolemus.

Zeus’ consorts and children 配偶及子女

By divine mothers Mortal/nymph/other mother

C. Heroic age

The age in which the heroes lived is known as the heroic age.[45] The epic and genealogical poetry created cycles of stories clustered around particular heroes or events and established the family relationships between the heroes of different stories; they thus arranged the stories in sequence.

The Trojan War

The Trojan War cycle, a collection of epic poems, starts with the events leading up to the war: Eris and the golden apple of Kallisti, the Judgement of Paris, the abduction of Helen, the sacrifice of Iphigenia at Aulis. To recover Helen, the Greeks launched a great expedition under the overall command of Menelaus' brother, Agamemnon, king of Argos or Mycenae, but the Trojans refused to return Helen. The Iliad, which is set in the tenth year of the war, tells of the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles, who was the finest Greek warrior, and the consequent deaths in battle of Achilles' cousin Patroclus and Priam's eldest son, Hector. After Hector's death the Trojans were joined by two exotic allies, Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, and Memnon, king of the Ethiopians and son of the dawn-goddess Eos.[63] Achilles killed both of these, but Paris then managed to kill Achilles with an arrow in the heel. Achilles'

heel was the only part of his body which was not invulnerable to damage by human weaponry. Before they could take Troy, the Greeks had to steal from the citadel the wooden image of Pallas Athena (the Palladium). Finally, with Athena's help, they built the Trojan Horse. Despite the warnings of Priam's daughter Cassandra, the Trojans were persuaded by Sinon, a Greek who feigned desertion, to take the horse inside the walls of Troy as an offering to Athena; the priest Laocoon, who tried to have the horse destroyed, was killed by sea-serpents. At night the Greek fleet returned, and the Greeks from the horse opened the gates of Troy. In the total sack that followed, Priam and his remaining sons were slaughtered; the Trojan women passed into slavery in various cities of Greece. The adventurous homeward voyages of the Greek leaders (including the wanderings of Odysseus and Aeneas (the Aeneid), and the murder of Agamemnon) were told in two epics, the Returns (the lost Nostoi) and Homer's Odyssey.[64] The Trojan cycle also includes the adventures of the children of the Trojan generation (e.g. Orestes and Telemachus).

Part III Influence to western art and literature

The widespread adoption of Christianity did not curb the popularity of the myths. With the rediscovery of classical antiquity in the Renaissance, the poetry of Ovid became a major influence on the imagination of poets, dramatists, musicians and artists.[104] From the early years of Renaissance, artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, portrayed the Pagan subjects of Greek mythology alongside more conventional Christian themes.[104] Through the medium of Latin and the works of Ovid, Greek myth influenced medieval and Renaissance poets such as Petrarch, Boccaccio and Dante in Italy.[2]

In Northern Europe, Greek mythology never took the same hold of the visual arts, but its effect was very obvious on literature. The English imagination was fired by Greek mythology starting with Chaucer and John Milton and continuing through Shakespeare to Robert Bridges in the 20th century. Racine in France and Goethe in Germany revived Greek drama, reworking the ancient myths.[104] Although during the Enlightenment of the 18th century reaction against Greek myth spread throughout Europe, the myths continued to provide an important source of raw material for dramatists, including those who wrote the libretti for many of Handel's and Mozart's operas.[105] By the end of the 18th century, Romanticism initiated a surge of enthusiasm for all things Greek, including Greek mythology. In Britain, new translations of Greek tragedies and Homer inspired contemporary poets (such as Alfred Lord Tennyson, Keats, Byron and Shelley) and painters (such as Lord Leighton and Lawrence

Alma-Tadema).[106] Christoph Gluck, Richard Strauss, Jacques Offenbach and many others set Greek mythological themes to music.[2] American authors of the 19th century, such as Thomas Bulfinch and Nathaniel Hawthorne, held that the study of the classical myths was essential to the understanding of English and American literature.[107] In more recent times, classical themes have been reinterpreted by dramatists Jean Anouilh, Jean Cocteau, and Jean Giraudoux in France, Eugene O'Neill in America, and T. S. Eliot in Britain and by novelists such as James Joyce and André Gide.[

希腊罗马神话之Hera简介英文版

HERA (JUNO). Hera, the eldest daughter of Cronus and Rhea, was born at Samos, or, according to some accounts, at Argos, and was reared by the sea-divinities Oceanus and Tethys, who were models of conjugal fidelity. She was the principal wife of Zeus, and, as queen of heaven, participated in the honours paid to him, but her dominion only extended over the air (the lower aerial regions). Hera appears to be the sublime embodiment of strict matronly virtue, and is on that account the protectress of purity and married women. Faultless herself in her fidelity as a wife, she is essentially the type of the sanctity of the marriage tie, and holds in abhorrence any violation of its obligations. So strongly was she imbued with this hatred of any immorality, that, finding herself so often called upon to punish the failings of both gods and men in this respect, she became jealous, harsh, and vindictive. Her exalted position as the wife of the supreme deity, combined with her extreme beauty, caused her to become exceedingly vain, and she consequently resented with great severity any infringement on her rights as queen of heaven, or any apparent slight on her personal appearance. The following story will signally illustrate how ready she was to resent any slight offered to her. At the marriage of the sea-nymph Thetis with a mortal called Peleus, all the gods and goddesses were present, except Eris (the goddess of Discord). Indignant at not being invited, she determined to cause dissension in the assembly, and for this purpose threw into the midst of the guests a golden apple with the inscription on it "For the Fairest." Now, as all the goddesses were extremely beautiful, each claimed the apple; but at length, the rest having relinquished their pretensions, the number of candidates was reduced to three, Hera, Athene, and Aphrodite, who agreed to appeal to Paris for a settlement of this delicate question, he being noted for the wisdom he had displayed in his judgment upon several occasions. Paris was the son of Priam, king of Troy, who, ignorant of his noble birth, was at this time feeding his flocks on Mount Ida, in Phrygia. Hermes, as messenger of the gods, conducted the three rival beauties to the young shepherd, and with breathless anxiety they awaited his decision. Each fair candidate endeavoured to secure his favour by the most tempting offers. Hera promised him extensive dominions; Athene, martial fame and glory; and Aphrodite, the loveliest woman in the world. But whether he really considered Aphrodite the fairest of the three, or preferred a beautiful wife to fame and power, we cannot tell; all we know is that to her he awarded the golden apple, and she became ever after universally acknowledged as the goddess of beauty. Hera, having fully expected that Paris would give her the preference, was so indignant that she never forgave him, and not only persecuted him, but all the family of Priam, whose dreadful sufferings and misfortunes during the Trojan war were attributed to her influence. In fact, she carried her animosity to such an extent that it was often the cause of domestic disagreements between herself and Zeus, who espoused the cause of the Trojans. Among the many stories of these frequent quarrels there is one connected with Heracles, the favourite son of Zeus, which is as follows:--Hera having raised a storm at sea in order to drive him out of his course, Zeus became so angry that he hung her in the clouds by a golden chain, and attached heavy anvils to her feet. Her son Hephaestus tried to release his mother from her humiliating position, for which Zeus threw him out of heaven, and his leg was broken by the fall.

希腊罗马神话人物

God and Goddess众神 Gaea The goddess of the earth who bore and married Uranus and was the mother of the Titans and the Cyclopes. 大地女神盖亚，嫁给了天神乌拉诺斯，是泰坦诸神和独眼巨人库克罗普斯的母亲。 Uranus The eariest supreme god, a personification of the sky who was the son and consort of Gaea and the father of the Cyclopes and Titans. 乌拉诺斯，最早的主神，是天的化身，大地女神的儿子和配偶，泰坦诸神和库克罗普斯的父亲。 Cyclops Any of the three one-eyed Titans who forged thunderbolts for Zeus. 库克罗普斯：帮助宙斯制造雷电的三个独眼泰坦神之一。 Titan Any of a family of giants, the children of Uranus and Gaea who sought to rule heaven and were overthrown and supplanted by the family of Zeus. 泰坦：巨人家庭成员，是乌拉诺斯和盖亚的子女，他们试图统治天国，但被宙斯家庭推翻并取代。 Hyperion A Titan, the son of Gaea and Uranus and the fathter of Helios,Selene,Eos. 许珀里翁：泰坦神，盖亚和乌拉诺斯之子，是太阳神赫利俄斯、月之神塞勒涅和黎明女神厄俄斯的父亲。 Metis A Titan, the mother of Athena. 墨提斯：泰坦神，雅典娜的母亲。 Mnemosyne A Titan, the goddess of memory, the mother of the Muses. 摩涅莫绪涅：泰坦神，记忆女神，缪斯的母亲。 Rhea A Titan, the sister and wife of Cronus and the mother of Demeter, Hades, Hera, Hestia, Poseidon and Zeus. 瑞亚：克洛诺斯的妹妹和妻子，是收获女神得墨忒耳、冥神哈德斯、女主神赫拉、女灶神赫斯提、海神波塞冬和宙斯的母亲。 Cronus A Titan who ruled the universe until dethroned by his son Zeus. 克洛诺斯：泰坦神，在被他独生子宙斯废黜前一直统治着宇宙。 Oceanus A Titan god of the outer sea encircling the earth and the father of the Oceanides and the river gods. 俄刻阿诺斯：泰坦神，所有海洋女神和河神之父。海洋之神 Zeus

古希腊罗马神话赏析论文

古 希 腊 罗 马 神 话 赏 析 论 文 院系：电气信息工程学院

专业：电气工程及其自动化班级： 学号： 姓名：

论奥德修斯人物形象特征 希腊神话中有个名叫奥德修斯的战将，用木马计大破特洛伊，一剑刺瞎独目巨人波吕斐摩斯。他的神勇，引来众女神妖的倾慕。他战胜魔女基尔克，挡住海妖塞壬美妙歌声的诱惑，摆脱神女卡吕普索的追求，历经磨难，最终回到了自己的皇宫。那他究竟是个什么性格特征的英雄呢？ 《伊利亚特》中描述了一个善用言辞、计谋、夜袭、埋伏的奥德修斯。奥德修斯刚一亮相, 荷马特别强调他外表不起眼, 但是在他从胸中发出宏亮的声音时, 他的言词却像冬日的雪花纷纷落飘下, 没有凡人能同奥德修斯相比。如此推崇奥德修斯的言辞, 乃因为言辞与智慧相关。到了《奥德赛》奥德修斯直接凭借智慧和言辞(主要是谎言)完成了另一类型英雄的塑造。面对战后的新世界, 奥德修斯并不以勇力取胜。与《伊利亚特》的尚武相比, 《奥德赛》更重智。 奥德修斯的追寻——《奥德赛》的环境比《伊利亚特》复杂得多, 同样是十年的时间, 《伊利亚特》发生的事件定格在特洛亚, 而《奥德赛》里奥德修斯跑遍地中海四处漫游。《伊利亚特》里的英雄只需在战场格杀, 赢取战斗的胜利; 奥德修斯在战争结束后却面对复杂的人和事, 其处境和际遇几乎涵盖了古代社会的所有模式: 独目巨人波吕斐摩斯的野蛮粗暴, 有教养且愿意送客返乡的费埃克斯人; 助人为乐的友好主人(如赐奥德修斯风袋的风王艾奥洛斯), 吃人的生番巨人族莱斯特律戈涅斯人; 让人遗忘过去的洛托法戈伊人, 歌声迷人却异常危险的女妖塞壬; 善用药草的魔力把人变成猪猡的魔女基尔克, 清纯可爱的少女瑙西卡亚和亲切感性的神女卡吕普索, 等等。经过这些经历的磨砺, 奥德修斯成为一个阅历丰富, 理解一切事物的人。荷马让奥德修斯的旅程和返乡成为人生战场, 其残酷激烈丝毫不亚于血肉搏杀的真实战场, 其诡谲奇幻又非真实战场可比。 和奥德修斯同住了七年的神女卡吕普索曾经问他, 为什么不要神女的眷爱和长生不死, 这些不就是凡人追逐的东西吗? 奥德修斯答曰, 他怀念故土, 渴望返回家园对奥德修斯的话不能只作字面的理解。表面上看, 奥德修斯的旅程一直在追寻, 旅程的方向是返乡。奥德修斯舍弃神女和仙岛, 选择返乡, 实质上意味着他选择的是他的过去, 他的记忆。故乡家园对奥德修斯的人生而言并非实义,

古希腊罗马神话读后感

古希腊罗马神话读后感 本文是关于读后感的，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 古希腊罗马神话读后感（一） 《古希腊罗马神话故事》是一本很好看的书，也是一本很有意思的书。这本书主要讲述了很久很久以前众神的故事以及一些古希腊罗马的着名战役和引人入胜的精彩事件，既有趣又可以增长知识，对以后学历史会有非常大的帮助。 这本书中最引人注目的当然是众神录啦！众神录主要描写了所有神的来历和相关的着名故事；其次就是英雄篇，如赫拉克拉斯、帕尔修斯、伊阿宋、特修斯、俄狄浦斯……这些英雄们都很令我敬佩，他们的故事也都让人提心吊胆。 我先来讲讲赫拉克拉斯的故事吧。赫拉克拉斯因为发了疯，把自己的妻子给杀害了，他为了洗清罪孽，答应为欧律斯透斯国王做12件苦差，国王将其专门取名为赫拉克拉斯的苦差。这12件苦差件件都难如登天，第一件是扒掉墨亚狮子的毛皮；第二件工作是斩杀许德拉；第三件工作则是生擒克律涅亚山上的赤牝鹿；紧接着的第四件工作是毫发无损地为国王捕捉、蹂躏厄律曼托斯山的大野猪……过了一年又一年，赫拉克拉斯历尽千辛万苦，终于完成了这12件苦差，他也洗清了自己身上的种种罪孽。这位洗心革面的英雄终于获得了自由！ 这本书融合了西方文化的起源，告诉我一个真理——人不要过于贪婪，要时时刻刻保持谦虚和冷静。这是一本值得看的好书。

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《古希腊、罗马神话》课程教学大纲 课程编码：30615022 学分： 2 总学时：36 说明 【课程性质】 《古希腊、罗马神话》是全日制大学本科教育英语专业高年级开设的专业选修课。 【教学目的】 使学生了解西方文化渊源，从文化的角度学习英语词汇，培养和提高其文化素养、鉴赏能力和对异域文化的敏感度。 【教学任务】 以古希腊、罗马神话的重要神祗、英雄的轶事为主线，分析现代英语中源于神话的词语与典故及以古希腊、罗马神话为题材的英美文学作品、雕塑、绘画、建筑等艺术作品，提高学生的文化能力和鉴赏水平。 【教学内容】 古希腊、罗马神话简介，旧神谱系与天地的起源，奥林匹斯山新神，普罗米修斯与人类，次神的故事，英雄的故事 【教学原则和方法】 教学原则：以培养具有文化能力和鉴赏水平的学生为原则 教学方法：采用多媒体课件教学，辅以影视欣赏和学生讨论促进教学 【先修课程要求】 本课程是在学生完成了精读、泛读、英美文学、影视欣赏、英美文化概况等课程，并掌握了一定的专业知识和技能基础上开设的专业选修课。 【教材与主要参考书】 教材：常耀信《希腊罗马神话》外语教学与研究出版社，1981年。 参考书：廖光蓉《英语词汇与希腊罗马神话》湖南师范大学出版社，1999年。

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