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单片机_英文参考文献

Structure and function of the MCS-51 series

Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers .

An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation

device ACC, register B and procedure state register PSW, etc. Person who accumulate ACC count by 2 input ends entered of checking etc. temporarily as one operation often, come from person who store 1 operation is it is it make operation to go on to count temporarily , operation result and loopback ACC with another one. In addition, ACC is often regarded as the transfer station of data transmission on 8051 inside . The same as general microprocessor, it is the busiest register. Help remembering that agreeing with A expresses in the order. The controller includes the procedure counter , the order is depositted, the order decipher, the oscillator and timing circuit, etc. The procedure counter is made up of counter of 8 for two, amounts to 16. It is a byte address counter of the procedure in fact, the content is the next IA that will carried out in PC. The content which changes it can change the direction that the procedure carries out . Shake the circuit in 8051 one-chip computers, only need outer quartz crystal and frequency to finely tune the electric capacity, its frequency range is its 12MHZ of 1.2MHZ. This pulse signal, as 8051 basic beats of working, namely the minimum unit of time. 8051 is the same as other computers, the work in harmony under the control of the basic beat, just like an orchestra according to the beat play that is commanded.

There are ROM (procedure memory , can only read ) and RAM in 8051 slices (data memory, can is it can write ) two to read, they have each independent memory address space, dispose way to be the same with general memory of computer. Procedure 8051 memory and 8751 slice procedure memory capacity 4KB, address begin from 0000H, used for preserving the procedure and form constant. Data 8051- 8751 8031 of memory data memory 128B, address false 00FH, use for middle result to deposit operation, the data are stored temporarily and the data are buffered etc.. In RAM of this 128B, there is unit of 32 byteses that can be appointed as the job register, this and general microprocessor is different, 8051 slice RAM and job register rank one formation the same to arrange the location. It is not very the same that the memory of MCS-51 series one-chip computer and general computer disposes the way in addition. General computer for first address space, ROM and RAM can arrange in different space within the range of this address at will, namely the addresses of ROM

and RAM, with distributing different address space in a formation. While visiting the memory, corresponding and only an address Memory unit, can ROM, it can be RAM too, and by visiting the order similarly. This kind of memory structure is called the structure of Princeton. 8051 memories are divided into procedure memory space and data memory space on the physics structure, there are four memory spaces in all: The procedure stores in one and data memory space outside data memory and one in procedure memory space and one outside one, the structure forms of this kind of procedure device and data memory separated form data memory, called Harvard structure. But use the angle from users, 8051 memory address space is divided into three kinds: (1) In the slice, arrange blocks of FFFFH , 0000H of location , in unison outside the slice (use 16 addresses). (2) The data memory address space outside one of 64KB, the address is arranged from 0000H 64KB FFFFH (with 16 addresses ) too to the location. (3) Data memory address space of 256B (use 8 addresses). Three above-mentioned memory space addresses overlap, for distinguishing and designing the order symbol of different data transmission in the instruction system of 8051: CPU visit slice, ROM order spend MOVC , visit block RAM order uses MOVX outside the slice, RAM order uses MOV to visit in slice.

8051 one-chip computer have four 8 walk abreast I/O port, call P0, P1, P2 and P3. Each port is 8 accurate two-way mouths, accounts for 32 pins altogether. Every one I/O line can be used as introduction and exported independently. Each port includes a latch (namely special function register ), one exports the driver and a introduction buffer . Make data can latch when outputting, data can buffer when making introduction , but four function of passway these self-same. four port these may serve as accurate two-way mouth of I/O in common use. Expand among the system of memory outside having slice, P2 mouth see high 8 address off; P0 mouth is a two-way bus, send the introduction of 8 low addresses and data / export in timesharing Output grade , P3 of mouth , P1 of mouth , connect with inside have load resistance of drawing , every one of they can drive 4 Model LS TTL load to output. As while inputting the mouth, any TTL or NMOS circuit can drive P1 of 8051 one-chip computers as P3 mouth in a normal way . Because draw resistance on output

grade of them have, can open a way collector too or drain-source resistance is it urge to open a way, do not need to have the resistance of drawing outerly . Mouths are all accurate two-way mouths too. When the conduct is input, must write the corresponding port latch with 1 first . As to 80C51 one-chip computer, port can only offer milliampere of output electric currents, is it output mouth go when urging one ordinary basing of transistor to regard as, should contact a resistance among the port and transistor base , in order to the electricity while restraining the high level from exporting P1~P3 Being restored to the throne is the operation of initializing of an one-chip computer. Its main function is to turn PC into 0000H initially , make the one-chip computer begin to hold the conduct procedure from unit 0000H. Except that the ones that enter the system are initialized normally,as because procedure operate it make mistakes or operate there aren't mistake, in order to extricate oneself from a predicament , need to be pressed and restored to the throne the key restarting too. It is an input end which is restored to the throne the signal in 8051 China RST pin. Restore to the throne signal high level effective , should sustain 24 shake cycle (namely 2 machine cycles ) the above its effective times. If 6 of frequency of utilization brilliant to shake, restore to the throne signal duration should exceed 4 delicate to finish restoring to the throne and operating. Produce the logic picture of circuit which is restored to the throne the signal:

Restore to the throne the circuit and include two parts outside in the chip entirely. Outside that circuit produce to restore to the throne signal (RST ) hand over to Schmitt's trigger, restore to the throne circuit sample to output , Schmitt of trigger constantly in each S5P2 , machine of cycle in having one more , then just got and restored to the throne and operated the necessary signal insidly. Restore to the throne resistance of circuit generally, electric capacity parameter suitable for 6 brilliant to shake, can is it restore to the throne signal high level duration greater than 2 machine cycles to guarantee. Being restored to the throne in the circuit is simple, its function is very important. Pieces of one-chip computer system could normal running,should first check it can restore to the throne not succeeding. Checking and can pop one's head and monitor the pin with the oscillograph tentatively, push and is restored to the

throne the key, the wave form that observes and has enough range is exported (instantaneous), can also through is it restore to the throne circuit group holding value carry on the experiment to change.

译文

51系列单片机的功能和结构

MCS51电脑芯片的结构和功能。MSC51是因特尔公司生产的一系列电脑芯片的名称。这家公司在1976年推出了一款8级的电脑芯片MCS48之后，又在1080年推出了一个8级的电脑芯片MCS51。它属于一个种类繁多的电脑芯片家族，都如8051、8031、8751、80c51bh,80c31bh等,其基本组成、性能和基本指令系统,都是一样的。51电脑芯片的代表产品是8051。一个电脑芯片是由以下几个方面组成的: (1)8微处理器(CPU). (2)片上数据存储(128B/256B),不可读的数据写入存储,就像结果而不能中途操作改变的，最后结果要和数据显示等. (3)存储器存储程序/可擦写可编程只读存储器(4KB/8KB),用于保存程序和片内的初始数据，而且并不需要片内的存储器/可擦写可编程只读存储器,如8031、8032、80c等. （4)并行的4*8的I/O P0 4 P3接口,每个接口都可作为一个输入口,也可以用作输出口。(5)两个计时/计数,每个计时/计数器可设定而且可以在线上进行计数,用来计算的外部事件,也可以建立成一个计数方式，并能根据数或结果时间实现控制的计算机。(六)五钟切断源头上控制系统. (七)一个全通的串行双工I/O口UART(通用异步接收机/发送(UART)),它实现了一个计算机芯片或一个计算机芯片和电脑的通讯. (8)弹性振荡器和时钟生产电路、水晶石英细调需要外部电容.现在允许的最大震荡频率是12HZ, 每个上述地区内的数据都加入到了数据总线上.其中,CPU是基于单片机为核心的,这就是它的控制电脑及指挥中心,由算术装置等部件和控

制器,等。算术单位可以进行8位的算术运算而单位ALU的同时包括逻辑运算,其中包括1个8位的临时寄存器1、暂时贮存器2、8的积累装置ACC、寄存器B和程序PSW国家登记等. 积累ACC的数字的人检查了2输入结束等. 暂存作为一个频繁的操作,来自一个存储了一个是否进行宁外一个暂存操作数的"人"；操作结果在回馈给ACC. 此外,在8051年的内部，ACC通常被视为数据中转站. 和一般微处理器一样,他是最繁忙的. 帮助记住在队列中同意了的程序. 该控制器包括程序计数器,订货,命令存储解读,振荡器电路和时间等. 程序计数器是由2个8进制的数组成，即16进制.事实上这只是一个字节计数器程序的地址，电脑运行的内容将是下一个.改变这一程序执行的内容就可以改变这一程序执行的方向. 调整8051电子芯片的数字电路,只需要将其外部的石英晶体和频率与电子电容相协调，其范围是12mhz的频率1.2mhz. 这一脉冲信号,作为8051年工作的基本节拍,即最低时间单位. 8051和是计算机一样,在和谐节拍的基本控制下工作得以正常进行，就像一个管弦乐团在指挥的要求下演奏一样.

8051年在片内有只读存储器(程序存储器,只能读),存储器(存储数据,是可以写也可以读取),他们每个有独立的内存地址空间,处理方式是一样的,都是电脑存储的一个方式. 8051程序寄存器和8751片程序寄存器的容量是4kb,从0000h地址开始,用于保存程序和方式不变. 8051-8751 8031 的数据存储空间是128b,00fh假地址,用于存放中间操作结果,暂时储存数据和数据缓冲等。在这128b的内存中,有32个单位字节可以起到登记功能,这是与一般微处理器不一样的、8051内

存和工作寄存器形成队列，安排位置时也是这样. MCS51系列电脑芯片在添加寄存器的方法上和其他普通芯片是不一样的. 一般的电脑再为第一个地址分配存储空间的时候,只读存储器和随机存储器可以在不同的空间的人为它分配空间,即只读存储器和随机存储器的地址,形成不同的地址空间分布.在访问寄存器时只能访问一个，可能是只读存储器，也可能是随机存储器. 这种记忆结构称为普林斯顿结构. 8051记忆分为程序存储空间和数据存储空间在物理结构上,有四个存储空间:我们的程序储存在一个数据存储空间之外，数据存储和一个程序存储空间、这种结构形式的程序分离设备和数据存储器的数据格式的记忆,称为哈佛结构. 但从用户的角度,8051的记忆空间分为三类:(1)在片内安排块的地址为ffffh，0000h为位置，与外部保持一致（使用16位地址）. (二)处理数据存储空间地址在64kb内,地址从0000h到Ffffh64kb(使用16位地址),存储单元也是一样的.（三)256B 数据存储空间(使用8位地址). 上述三个存储空间地址重叠,鉴别设计,象征不同的数据传输的语言系统8051:片内CPU访问,以MOVC控制只读存储器,使用片外的MOVX访问随机存储器，使用MOV访问片内的随机存储器

8051有4个8位并行的I/O口,叫P0、P1、P2和P3. 每个端口都是8准确双向口,共使用32个插脚. 每一个I/O口都可以独立的输入与输出. 每一个端口包括门闩(即特殊功能注册)、一个出口驱动，以及一个入门缓冲区. 当门闩打开时数据可以输入,数据可以从缓冲区进入,但这通道的四个功能是完全一样的.这四个I/O端口常用来进行

准确双向通信。在扩大对外开放记忆系统具有时代意义,P2管脚代表高8位地址. P0口是一个双向数据通信通道，在输出时把进程的数据和地址分开.

输出阶段，P3口，P1口，与负载端电路图有关.他们的每一个都可以以4模式LS TTL方式输出。当作为输入口的时候，任何TTL或NMOS都可以以一种通常使用P3口的方式使用P1口.因为电阻对输出品质有很大的影响，能不能开发一种集电极电阻或漏源极电阻来实现它，使得画电路而产生的额外电阻不存在.端口都是精确的双向端口.当有输入操作时，必须给对应的端脚输入1 .像8053一类的单片机，端口只能以毫安级别输出电流，输出口是以普通晶体管为基础输出的，应该与晶体管管脚和基座的阻抗联系起来，在单片机初始化的时候，P1-P3口高频率的运作时节约电能。它的主要功能是把计算机变成0000H最初,使单片机开始从0000H标号程序。除了那些在初始化时经常进入系统的程序，由于程序操作而产生的错误，或操作没有错误，为了从某种状态中回复过来，就需要重新启动。他是一种输入信号被转换到数字信号的RST中国密码。为了保证高频信号的效率，应维持24摇周期(即2机周期）上述它的有效时间。如果6的频率多型变换,4信号完成恢复的宝贵时间就有了。产生逻辑电路的信号：恢复的保护电路，在片内包含2部分：外部的电路产生恢复信号(RST）,交给史密斯触发器，由恢复电路输出，史密斯触发器不断的由S5P2输出，机器的循环有一个,那就得到并恢复到初始化所必须的信号。恢复电路的电阻、电容参数电路通常用6频率驱动,可保证恢

复信号的高频的持续时间大于2个机器周期。恢复电路的结构简单,它的功能是很重要的。一个单片机系统能够正常运行,应该先检查初始化有没有成功。检查和运行就像一个人的“头”和用示波器检测的问题,推动是初始化的关键问题,观察和波形,有足够的范围是出口(瞬间),也可以通过它恢复电路的变化来实现调整。

AT89C51单片机外文翻译

AT89C51外文翻译 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51? instruction-set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. Features ? Compatible with MCS-51? Products ? 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles ? Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz ? Three-Level Program Memory Lock ? 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM ? 32 Programmable I/O Lines ? Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters ? Six Interrupt Sources ? Programmable Serial Channel ? Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

单片机-英文参考文献1

数据库外文参考文献及翻译.

数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库，只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身，保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循，以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据，这把一切必要的完整性约束，安全权限，业务规则编码成每个应用，是非常繁琐的。如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码，那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序，其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的，只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者，并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能，如存储过程，声明引用完整性（DRI），数据类型，限制，规则，默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合，可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理，而且还安全。声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1014153016.html, 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。这就是所谓的主键约束。SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。有时，在一个表中一个以上的列（或列的组合）可以唯一标志一行，例如，雇员表可能有员工编号（ emp_id ）列和社会安全号码（ soc_sec_num ）列，两者的值都被认为是唯一的。这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。这些项也必须是唯一的。虽然一个表只能有一个主键，但是它可以有多个候选键。 SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。当一列或列的组合被声明是唯一的， SQL Server 会阻止任何行因为违反这个唯一性而进行的添加或更新操作。在没有故指的或者合适的键存在时，指定一个任意的唯一的数字作为主键，往往是最有效的。例如，企业普遍使用的客户号码或账户号码作为唯一识别码或主键。通过允许一个表中的一个列拥有身份属性，SQL Server可以更容易有效地产生唯一数字。您使用的身份属性可以确保每个列中的值是唯一的，并且值将从你指定的起点开始，以你指定的数量进行递增（或递减）。（拥有特定属性的列通常也有一个主键或唯一约束，但这不是必需的。）第二种类型的数据完整性是参照完整性。 SQL Server实现了表和外键约束之间的逻辑关系。外键是一个表中的列或列的组合，连接着另一个表的主键（或着也可能是替代键）。这两个表之间的逻辑关系是关系模型的基础;参照完整性意味着这种关系是从来没有被违反的。例如，一个包括出版商表和标题表的简单的select例子。在标题表中，列title_id （标题编号）是主键。在出版商表，列pub_id （出版者ID ）是主键。 titles表还包括一个pub_id列，这不是主键，因为出版商可以发布多个标题。相反， pub_id是一个外键，它对应着出版商表的主键。如果你在定义表的时候声明了这个关系， SQL Server由双方执行它。首先，它确保标题不能进入titles表，或在titles表中现有的pub_id无法被修改，除非有效的出版商ID作为新pub_id出现在出版商表中。其次，它确保在不考虑titles表中对应值的情况下，出版商表中的pub_id的值不做任何改变。以下两种方法可

英文参考文献标准格式

英文参考文献标准格式:论文参考文献格式规范也可以在标点.之后加上一个空格，但一定要保证所有的项目空格个数一致一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》 [N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)

[J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. 【举例】 [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3．报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). 【举例】 [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).

51单片机毕设参考文献

基于单片机的大棚温湿度控制系统设计发布: 2011-9-1 | 作者: —— | 来源:caiminghao| 查看: 530次| 用户关注：摘要：针对研究蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制，设计了一种基于计算机自动控制的智能蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统。详细阐述了该系统的温湿度采集、温湿度显示、控制系统等系统软硬件的设计思想，以DS18B20和HM1500LF作为温湿度传感器，以AT89S52单片机为系统核心，最后利用DELPHI软件进行系统仿真。该研究设计的蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制系统人机界面良好，操作简单方便，自动化程度高，造价低廉，具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。关键词：温度采摘要：针对研究蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制，设计了一种基于计算机自动控制的智能蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统。详细阐述了该系统的温湿度采集、温湿度显示、控制系统等系统软硬件的设计思想，以DS18B20和HM1500LF作为温湿度传感器，以AT89S52单片机为系统核心，最后利用DELPHI软件进行系统仿真。该研究设计的蔬菜大棚智能温湿度控制系统人机界面良好，操作简单方便，自动化程度高，造价低廉，具有良好的应用前景和推广价值。关键词：温度采集；湿度采集；LCD显示；单片机 0 引言植物的生长都是在一定的环境中进行的，在生长过程中受到环境中各种因素的影响，其中影响最大的是温度和湿度。若昼夜的温度和湿度变化很大，其对植物生长极为不利。因此必须对温度和湿度进行监测和控制，使其适合植物的生长，以提高其产量和质量。本系统就是针对大棚内温度、湿度，研究单片机控制的温室大棚自动控制，综合考虑系统的精度、效率以及经济性要求多方面因素之后，设计一种基于计算机自动控制的大棚温湿度控制系统。本系统实现的蔬菜大棚温湿度控制系统的目标功能如下： (1)系统能对大棚环境温湿度进行采集和显示(现场观温、湿度，软件记录)。 (2)能通过上位机端远程设定蔬菜的生长期适宜温湿度。由主控机统一设置系统时间和温度湿度修正值。 (3)当大棚的环境温湿度参数超过设定的上下限值时控制相应的系统启动。 (4)可实时显示当前温度、时间、报警阈值等信息，并可查询各时间段的温湿度情况，并加以控制。 1 系统各组成模块

英文参考文献翻译完结

基于反馈神经网络肘关节力矩的动态预测 R.Song K.Y.Tong 健康技术与信息学系，香港理工大学 KowIoon，香港

摘要肌肉模型是身体部分运动分析的一个重要组成部分。尽管许多研究已经集中在静态条件下,但是肌电信号（EMG）和关节转矩在自愿动态情况下之间的关系并没有被很好的研究。本研究的目的是调查的一个反馈人工神经网络的性能（RANN）自愿动态情况下的复杂肘扭矩估计。肌电信号和运动数据，其中包括角度和角速度，被用来作为估计在运动过程中预期的扭矩输入。此外，角度和角速度的预测精度的作用进行了研究，并比较两个模型。一个模型的肌电图和关节运动的投入和其他的模型只使用肌电图无运动数据输入。六例健康体检者，和两个平均角速度（60°S 7和90°S 7）三种不同负荷（0公斤，1公斤，2公斤）在手的位置被选择来训练和测试90°屈肘、全伸肘之间的递归神经网络（0 ~）。训练结束后，根平均平方误差（RMSE）预期的扭矩和扭矩之间的模型预测，在训练数据集的肌电图和关节运动的投入和测试数据集，分别为0.17±0.03 nm和0.35 + 0.06 nm。预期的扭矩和预测模型的RMSE值之间的扭矩，在训练数据集只有肌电输入和测试集，分别为0.57 t - 0.07 nm和0.73 T 0.11 nm。结果表明，肌电信号一起运动的数据提供了更好的性能预测的关节力矩；关节角度和角速度提供了重要信息的关节力矩的估计在自愿的运动。关键词:肌肉骨骼模型，自愿的运动，反馈人工神经网络，逆动力学模型

第一章绪论由于希尔提出了1938肌肉的经典论文，神经生理学和神经肌肉骨骼系统的生物力学已被广泛研究，使人体运动生成的原理可以发现（希尔，1938）。探讨中枢神经系统（CNS）激发肌肉和其后的发展力和产生不同的人体运动，许多模型来描述和定性的肌肉骨骼系统的不同层次的性能（温特斯，1990；扎杰克和温特斯，1990）。一个被普遍接受的山为基础的神经肌肉骨骼系统由以下子模型，一步一步：肌肉兴奋-收缩模型；肌腱骨骼模型；动态模型（扎耶克，1989）。图1 肌肉骨骼模型框图图1显示了基于hillbased模型的运动生成。图1，肌肉兴奋收缩模型是用来估计中枢神经系统指挥肌肉活动的状态。肌腱模型产生的肌肉力量不仅基于肌肉激活状态，而且基于肌腱式长度和肌腱式收缩速度，这与关节角速度和角速度（温特斯和斯塔克，1988）。前项状态的肌肉力量，它决定了肌腱的依从性，还负责肌肉力在后一阶段（扎耶克，1989）。一旦所有负责的关节运动的肌肉力量已经发现，肌肉的力量与各自的肌肉力臂和的结果求和乘法可以产生关节力矩。所有子模型的数学积分可以用来描述关节运动是中枢神经系统的命令产生哪些参数斧负责关节力矩。肌电信号反映肌肉的活动，和许多类似的肌电力矩的关系已经在静态和动态情况的研究（张等人，1997；麦森纳和莫润，1995）。肌肉的肌电信号也常被认

中英文参考文献格式

中文参考文献格式参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为：（一）专著示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。（三）报纸文章示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3）（四）期刊文章示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。参考文献的类型根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告

51单片机英文翻译

Single chip brief introduction The monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice. The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, SCM basic component is a central processing unit (CPU in the computing device and controller), read-only memory (usually expressed as a ROM), read-write memory (also known as Random Access Memory MRAM is usually expressed as a RAM) , input / output port (also divided into parallel port and serial port, expressed as I / O port), and so composed. In fact there is also a clock circuit microcontroller, so that during operation and control of the microcontroller, can rhythmic manner. In addition, there are so-called "break system", the system is a "janitor" role, when the microcontroller control object parameters that need to be intervention to reach a particular state, can after this "janitor" communicated to the CPU, so that CPU priorities of the external events to take appropriate counter-measures. what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then ......Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! ......It is mainly takes the control section the core part It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability, the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use PC,) main difference The monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliability The CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most

单片机传感器参考文献

[1] 王青云. 基于单片机的温度测量系统[J] 2010，(05). [2] 彭立，张建洲，王少华. 自适应温度控制系统的研制[J]东北师大学报(自然科学版), 1994,(01) . [3] Jack Shandle. 即将来临的32位浪潮——ARM构架在32位微控制器领域的应用[J]单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2004,(03) . [4] 刘侃,张永泰,刘洛琨. ARM程序设计优化策略与技术[J]单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2004,(04) . [5] 何立民．从Cygnal 80C51F看8位单片机发展之路．单片机与嵌入式系统应用[M]，2002年，第5期：P5~8 [6] 夏继强. 单片机实验与实践教程. 北京：北京航空航天大学出版社, 2001 [7] 徐惠民、安德宁．单片微型计算机原理接口与应用．第1版[M]．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，1996 [8] 张媛媛,何怡刚,徐雪松. 基于C8051F020的温湿度控制箱设计[J]国外电子元器件, 2004,(10) . [9] 江孝国,王婉丽,祁双喜. 高精度PID温度控制器[J]电子与自动化, 2000,(05) . [10] 于洋. 高低温试验箱微机自动控制系统的设计[J]工业仪表与自动化装置, 2003,(02) . [11] 沈聿农.传感器及应用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2001. [12] 范晶彦.传感器与检测技术应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005. [13] 王俊峰,孟令启.现代传感器应用技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007. [14] 金发庆.传感器技术与应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006. [15] Goldman JM, Petterson MT, Kopotic RJ, Barker SJ.Masimosignal extraction pulse oximetry[J].J Clin Monit Comput.2000;16(7):7 5-83. [16] D. Tulone. On the feasibility of global time estimation under isolation conditions in wireless sensor networks. [17] 王春晖. 环境试验箱中制冷系统的原理分析及优化概述[J]电子质量, 2003,(12) [18] 李建中. 单片机原理及应用[M]西安电子科技大学出版社,2010.(02) [19] 周航慈.单片机应用程序设计技术[M].北京：北京航空航大大学出版社，2005. [20] 何立民.单片机高级教程[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2001. [21] 夏继强.单片机实验与实践教程[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社, 2001. [22] 徐惠民,安德宁.单片微型计算机原理接口与应用[M]．北京：北京邮电大学出版社，1996. [23] 李广第．单片机基础[M]．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999. [24] 赵晓安. MCS-51单片机原理及应用[M]. 天津：天津大学出版社，2001. [25] 杨清梅,孙建民.传感器与测试技术[M].哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2005. [26] 范晶彦.传感器与检测技术应用[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2005. [27] 王俊峰,孟令启.现代传感器应用技术[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007. [28] 宋文绪,杨帆.自动检测技术[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000. [1] 王青云. 基于单片机的温度测量系统[J] 2010，(05). [2] 彭立，张建洲，王少华. 自适应温度控制系统的研制[J]东北师大学报(自然科学版), 1994, [3] YD. Tulone. Is it possible to ensure strong data guarantees in highly mobile [4] Jack Shandle. 即将来临的32位浪潮——ARM构架在32位微控制器领域的应用[J]单片机与嵌入式系统应用, 2004,(03) .

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Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Basic Security Practices for Web Applications Even if you have limited experience with and knowledge of application security, there are basic measures that you should take to help protect your Web applications. The following sections in this topic provide minimum-security guidelines that apply to all Web applications.General Web Application Security Recommendations;Run Applications with Minimum Privileges ;Know Your Users; Guard Against Malicious User Input;Access Databases Securely;Create Safe Error Messages;Keep Sensitive Information Safely;Use Cookies Securely;Guard Against Denial-of-Service Threats. 1. General Web Application Security Recommendations

中英文论文参考文献标准格式超详细

超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。（参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类

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原文： The Introduction of AT89C51 Description The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. Function characteristic The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, one 5 vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, one-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. Pin Description VCC：Supply voltage. GND：Ground.

单片机_英文参考文献

Structure and function of the MCS-51 series Structure and function of the MCS-51 series one-chip computer MCS-51 is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces. This company introduced 8 top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51 series in 1980 after introducing 8 one-chip computers of MCS-48 series in 1976. It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as 8051, 8031, 8751, 80C51BH, 80C31BH,etc., their basic composition, basic performance and instruction system are all the same. 8051 daily representatives- 51 serial one-chip computers . An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts: ( 1) One microprocessor of 8 (CPU). ( 2) At slice data memory RAM (128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading /data that write, such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show, etc. ( 3) Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB ), is used to preserve the procedure , some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers, such as 8031 , 8032, 80C ,etc.. ( 4) Four 8 run side by side I/O interface P0 four P3, each mouth can use as introduction , may use as exporting too. ( 5) Two timer / counter, each timer / counter may set up and count in the way, used to count to the external incident, can set up into a timing way too, and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer. ( 6) Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source . ( 7) One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART) ), is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for. ( 8) Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit, quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer. Allow oscillation frequency as 12 megahertas now at most. Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus .Among them, CPU is a core of the one-chip computer, it is the control of the computer and command centre, made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller , etc.. The arithmetic unit can carry on 8 persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one, the 1 storing device temporarilies of 8, storing device 2 temporarily, 8's accumulation

单片机_英文参考文献

AT89C51单片机外文翻译

单片机-英文参考文献1

数据库外文参考文献及翻译.

英文参考文献标准格式

51单片机毕设参考文献

英文参考文献翻译完结

中英文参考文献格式

51单片机英文翻译

单片机传感器参考文献

Web应用程序安全外文翻译参考文献

中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细

外文翻译--AT89C51单片机的介绍

单片机_英文参考文献

中英文论文参考文献标准格式超详细