模联培训资料_英文(英文文件汇总)

Model United Nations International Collaboration on Natural Disasters

Nanjing University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics 2010-11-3

I. Welcome Letter

Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors:

Welcome to the General Assembly in the Model United Nations held in Nanjing University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics.

We are the Dias of the General Assembly and we will be your loyalist companions during the

two-day conference. We assure you that we will try every effort to offer you an excellent platform to for you to solve a global problem—International Collaboration on Natural Disasters.

There is no denying that natural disasters damage the social and economic infrastructure of all countries. This severe hazard has already been a very dangerous obstacle to the development of human social and economy and also the insurance of human rights. Earthquakes, tsunamis, tornados, famine and so on, these names has taken away millions lives of human beings in the history. How to avoid such tragedies repeating themselves is a question for all of you to answer in this conference.

We hope that every one of you will fully enjoy being a delegate who represents a nation and try to protect the national interest while managing to solve the issue. You will give speeches, debate with other delegates, and wring papers—doing all the work of a real delegate in the United Nations. We hope you will enjoy being a Muner!

Good luck and see you in November!

General Assembly Dias Members

2010 Nanjing University Of Aeronautics And Astronautics Of Aeronautics And Astronautics

Model United Nations Conference

Ⅱ.Brief Introduction and Conference Agenda

南京航空航天大学外国语学院模拟联合国参会指南

一、活动主题：南航外院2010年模拟联合国大会

二、活动简介：模拟联合国是一个具有全球性视角的学生活动。以拓宽学生视野,锻炼学生综合性能力为宗旨,以培养国际性人才为目标，是一项健康积极、极富教育意义的学生活动。模拟联合国中所探讨的涉及裁军、环保和社会发展等诸多方面的国际议题多具有跨学科的性质，这有助于加强跨学科的交流。

三．活动目的：为了给同学们创造一个平台，让同学们能释放自己对模拟联合国活动的热情，提高英语及汉语表达能力，组织、策划、管理的能力，研究和写作的能力，公开发言和辩论的能力，解决冲突、求同存异的能力，与人沟通交往等多方面能力，全面提高自身修养，培养世界眼光。

四、主办单位：学生处，南航外国语学院学生会

五、活动时间：英文场：2010.11.3 13：00

六、活动地点：艺术中心多功能厅

七、活动对象：全体在校学生（要求：关心时事，有一定的政治见解、良好的交流能力、口才和临场应变能力）

八、活动流程：

第一部分：开始，介绍主席团和代表队

第二部分：正式活动开始（流程详见模联具体流程介绍）

第三部分：评委点评

第四部分：新闻发布会（宣布投票结果及评委评出的最佳团队奖和最佳表现奖）

第五部分：颁奖仪式，活动结束

南京航空航天大学

外院团委学生会

2010年10月

Ⅲ. Statement of the Problem

1.委员会：联合国大会United Nations General Assembly

2.议题：自然灾害的全球互助International Collaboration on Natural Disasters

3.国家：

英文场：中国，美国，英国，法国，俄罗斯，智利，海地，澳大利亚，德国，伊朗，印度，沙特阿拉伯，南非，苏丹（14个国家）

After the devastating earthquake hit China in 12th of May 2008, the humanitarian assistance of the international society soon arrived in China, along with great sympathy from all over the globe. However, if we look back into recent years, we will be astounded to see a list of event which relating to natural disasters ravaging countries of the international society. Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar, typhoon Fengshen in Philippines, Tropical Storm Arthur in Latin America & The Caribbean, flash floods in Afghanistan, volcano eruption in Colombia, earthquake in Kyrgyzstan, and of course the new-arrival Haiti earthquake, the list goes on and on.

Facing these severe disasters, every single country is fragile, but countries will be much stronger if united. With the coming of the globalization era, we live in a shared risk society. Since global environmental security has been seen as a global public good, how to act for global crisis management under the logic of collective action has become a primary subject for the global actors.

Thanks to much effort given by lots of people , the regional cooperation has already been on its way. For instance, according to the tremendous damage resulted from the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004 and the engagement of disaster recovered and reduction from global society, above issues will be discussed through the case of Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System. It is a useful system to prohibit such huge damage caused by tsunami from happening again.

In conclusion, it is highly possible and necessary to establish an analytically framework to explore the relationships between international organizations on the issue of reduce the effect of natural disaster and about how to improve the global cooperation in disaster reduction.

Ⅳ. Background Materials

Haiti Earthquake

Time: 16:53:10, 12 January 2010 Countries and regions affected: Haiti

Death toll of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, according to RNW findings: Buried Unrecovered bodies Total Government

estimates

Léogane 3,364 1,636 5,000 20,000-30,000 Petit-Goave,

Grand-Goave

andGressier

1,347 20 1,367 ?

Jacmel ? ? 400 4,000

main cemetery 18,000 18,000 ?

other cemeteries 7,000 7,000 ?

mass graves in

Titanyen

13,000-20,000 13,000-20,000 ?

Total buried victims ~ 62,000 ?

Bodies still under the

rubble

30,000 30,000 ?

Total death toll estimate ~ 91,767 ~ 230,000

Description:

Haiti is the poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, and is ranked 149th of 182 countries on the Human Development Index. The Australian government's travel advisory site had previously expressed concerns that Haitian emergency services would be unable to cope in the event of a major disaster, and the country is considered "economically vulnerable" by the Food and Agriculture Organization. It is no stranger to natural disasters; in addition to earthquakes, it has been struck frequently by cyclones, which have caused flooding and widespread damage. The most recent cyclones to hit the island before the earthquake were Tropical Storm Fay and Hurricanes Gustav, Hanna and Ike, all in the summer of 2008, causing nearly 800 deaths.

The damage to infrastructure in the 2010 Haiti earthquake was extensive and affected areas included Port-au-Prince, Petit-Goave, Léogane, Jacmel and other settlements in southwestern Haiti. 250,000 residences and 30,000commercial buildings had collapsed or were severely damaged. 90% percent of the buildings in Léogane had been destroyed andLéogane had "to be totally rebuilt." Many notable landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail. Half the nation's 15,000 primary schools and 1,500 secondary schools were severely damaged or destroyed. In addition, the three main universities in Port-au-Prince were also severely damaged. It would take half a day to make a trip of a few miles. The roads would also crisscross haphazardly due to disorganized construction.

Humanitarian responses:

From the UN:

The World Bank provided extra funding of $100 million to support recovery and reconstruction in Haiti.

The Security Council authorized an increase of 3,500 troops and police of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti in Resolution 1908.

Wo rld Health Organization - Sent a "12-member team of health and logistics experts."

World Food Programme - Over 200 staff members on the ground, and their rapid-response team is currently supporting the entire humanitarian effort."

International Atomi c Energy Agency - Sent eight mobile medical X-ray machines to Haiti.

The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs has established a coordination office in Haiti to coordinate the international relief effort in support of the Government of Haiti.

From the EU:

The EU is providing €122 million in humanitarian assistance: Emergency relief aid package = € 30 million. Commission funds are distributed via UN agencies, international NGOs and the Red Cross. € 92 million from member countries.

T he European Commission will provide € 100 million for short-term recovery and rehabilitation.

The European Commission will provide € 200 million from the 10th and 9th EDF funds for Haiti. This will be in addition to bilateral contributions from EU Member States' budgets.

The European Union pledged at least EUR 429 million to Haiti in both emergency humanitarian aid to help medium and long term work of rebuilding the country devastated by the earthquake.

In addition, the 27 countries decided to send some 150 troops from the European Gendarmerie to ensure humanitarian aid reaches the people affected by the earthquake.

From China:

T he People's Republic of China sent a 60-member rescue team (National Earthquake Disaster Emergency Rescue Team) following the quake, as well as US$1M.

China donated additional US$4.41 million in humanitarian aid. On January 21, China announced that it was donating an additional $2.6 million in cash to quake-hit Haiti and it would send a 40-member medical care and epidemic prevention team to the Caribbean country.

A medical assistance station has been set up by the Chinese rescue team in Port-au-Prince. From the US:

President Barack Obama pledged an initial US$100 million in aid. The aid amount was later raised to $379 million. The aid is distributed through the military and through the U.S. Agency for International DevelopmentThe expected breakdown of aid was:

42% for direct disaster assistance

33% for U.S. military aid

9% for food

9% to transport the food

5% for paying Haitian survivors employed in recovery efforts

less than 1% directly to the Haitian government

about 0.5% to the Dominican Republic for dealing with Haitian refugees.

From NGOs:

O xfam International - International relief and development agency Oxfam International swung into action to raise emergency funds to assist relief and rehabilitation efforts on the ground. Oxfam is committed to assisting in the rebuilding efforts in Haiti, and the agency will be on the ground for the long haul. This along with the immediate response of providing clean water, shelter, and sanitation means that the level of need continues to be great.

I nternational Red Cross - sent tons of supplies, hundreds of personnel, and field hospitals. The number of emergency teams sent to Haiti equals the total sent to all 14 countries affect by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.

S OS Children delivered 21 tons of aid to Haiti by road as of 21 January. They also brought supplies to Haiti by cargo plane and have around 60 staff present there. In support of their work, they received a ￡1 million donation from HSBC, and Swedish businessman Roger Hakelius donated US $14 million to support and educate approximately 400 orphan children in Haiti over a 25-year period.

H umanity First particularly from Canada, USA and UK set out teams of doctors to Haiti.

10,000 patients have been seen so far by the team of doctors. The Humanity First team has also shipped 5 tons of aid to Haiti. It has also deployed water infrastructure at a camp to provide daily water to 7,000 people and is in the process of installing 2 more filtration units elsewhere.

Indian Ocean Tsunami

Time：December 26, 2004

Place: Indian Ocean

Damage: On December 26, 2004, a magnitude 9.0 undersea earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, unleashed a tsunami that affected more than 12 countries throughout south and southeast Asia and stretched as far as the northeastern African coast. Current official estimates indicate that more than 250,000 people are dead or missing and millions of others are affected, including those injured or displaced, making this the deadliest tsunami on record. The world?s largest insurance company Munich Re estimated the economic impact of the Tsunami to be 10 billion euros (A$17 billion)

Description:

At 07.58 Aceh time on 26 December 2004, the biggest earthquake for 40 years struck off the west coast of Northern Sumatra. The earthquake led to the most destructive series of tsunamis in recorded history. Sections of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand have suffered the worst devastation. The waves, while not very big in deep water, slowed down and grew in size as they reached shallower water near land. The tsunamis killed people in 14 counties around the Indian Ocean. In terms of lives lost and people missing, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand were the hardest hit. Experts have said this is the most powerful earthquake in 40 years and the fourth (and perhaps the second) most deadly in the last century. Estimates of the dead make it the worst tsunami disaster on record

Humanitarian responses:

1. Society

People were mostly dominated by the government. As an immediate response Swiss Red Cross supported a comprehensive relief operation by distributing food items, cooking sets and temporary shelters in Karaikal district of Pondicherry. Actions including emergency evacuation had been put into practice and nations all over the world provided over US$7 billion in aid for damaged regions. However, the destruction of transportation infrastructure has made it difficult to extend assistance to all of the affected areas.

2. Government

As news of this natural disaster broke, it sparked an extraordinary mobilization of resources for humanitarian relief and assistance by private citizens, corporations and governments in the affected countries and beyond. In the days following the tsunami, the government tookinitial quick response. 696,392 people were rescued and evacuated while 783 relief camps were set up. Surviving doctors, nurses and paramedics rendered first aid in makeshift or remaining health facilities. Significant effort was spent in undertaking debris removal and disposal of dead bodies. Gratuitous relief and restoring essential services like power, water supply was provided as soon as possible.

3. Media

In late December, many factors combined to make the tsunami a key news story that generated enormous media coverage: the lack of other news stories; the time of year; the involvement of Western tourists; the geographical range of the tsunami; the daily climbing death toll; the availability of dramatic amateur footage of the waves hitting shore; and the celebrities who perished or survived. The tsunami was probably the most reported disaster up to that date.

The tsunami dominated the internet as well. All of this media attention, together with the time of year, the level of association with those affected and familiarity with some of the affected countries, prompted an unprecedented flood of both official and private funding and of material assistance.

4. UN

Less than two weeks since tsunamis struck on 26 December, the support of the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme and presence of UN Volunteers continues to mount in the devastated countries in the Indian Ocean region. In the affected areas of India, Indonesia, the Maldives and Sri Lanka, several teams of UN Volunteers are assisting in relief efforts in collaboration with a number of UN organizations, including the UN refugee agency (UNHCR), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). They are also supporting local and national governments in disaster information collection and damage and relief need assessments.

5. NGO

The NGOs including the Red Cross and other organizations, all reacted in an admirably fast response before the government took measure; the NGOs had organized small-ranged search and rescue, soon they cooperate with other relief forces. However, it was the affected communities themselves who generally provided the initial emergency response. Some NGOs gave very low priority to integrating their activities into larger programmes and coordinating them with other actors.

Reconstruction:

Reconstruction of affected areas has been addressed in the Emergency Tsunami Reconstruction

Project. This report will support in: a) reconstruction of housing and public buildings, and revival of livelihoods in fisheries, agriculture and animal husbandry; bcapacity building in housing reconstruction and coastal zone management, along with technical assistance to implement the program.

Meanwhile A&D has undertaken reconstruction project in India as a post-tsunami response. This project mainly considers the people who have been affected by the December 2004 Tsunami but were left out by the government lists as well as the other NGOs working in the area. The project mainly focuses on: 1) Construction of houses in villages 2) Construction of Community Centers in several villages 3) A series of participatory micro-projects 4) A series of capacity building programmes in different villages 5) Empowerment of traditional fisher folk through introducing them into a collective process of Co-operatives.

Sichuan Earthquake

Time: 14:28:01.42 CST (06:28:01.42 UTC) on May 12, 2008

Location: Wenchuan, Sichuan province of China

Damage: 68,000 people killed, 374,176 injured, 18,222 listed as missing at least; cost to rebuild disaster areas will be more than 845.1 billion yuan(about $120 billion).

Description:

The 2008 Sichuan earthquake or the Great Sichuan Earthquake was a deadly earthquake that measured at 8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw. It is also known as the Wenchuan earthquake, after the location of the earthquake's epicenter, Wenchuan County in Sichuan province. The epicenter was 80 kilometers (50 mi) west-northwest of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, with a depth of 19 kilometers (12 mi). The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries and as far away as both Beijing and Shanghai—1,500 kilometers (932 mi) and 1,700 kilometers (1,056 mi) away—where office buildings swayed with the tremor.

Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) state that 69,197 are confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people and the strongest since the 1950 Chayu earthquake in the country, which registered at 8.5 on Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time.

Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.

Humanitarian responses:) 1. Society

At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, a week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence. People stood silent for three minutes while air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded. Cars on Beijing's roads came to a halt. People spontaneously burst into cheering "China jiayou" and "Sichuan jiayou" afterwards.

2. Government:

The State Council declared a three-day period of national mourning for the quake victims starting from May 19, 2008; the PRC's National Flag and Regional Flags of Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR were raised at half mast.

3. Media:

Many websites converted their front page to black and white. All Mainland Chinese television

stations, along with some Hong Kong stations, displayed their logo in grayscale, while broadcasting non-stop earthquake footage from CCTV-1.

4. The United Nations

As a first step in the planning of rehabilitation support to the Chinese Government, the UN agencies in China have designed the UN China Appeal for Early Recovery Support in close cooperation with Government counterparts. This Appeal is only the first step in the United Nations? medium to longer term assistance plan for the earthquake-affected areas. The current Appeal includes proposals from partner agencies in meeting sector-specific needs from July to December 2008.

5. NGOs

More than 100 NGOs took part in the rescue, while a couple of new ones were built to improve the lives of those affected by the 12 May 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Governmental organizations were supposed to be the ma in power during the disaster relief, but there are many ―tiny things‖ that need people to participate in, such as spiritual comfort the victims. In that way, NGOs and GOs can cooperate with each other to complete the aid system.

Ⅴ. Assessing Community Impacts of Natural Disasters

Michael K. Lindell

Introduction

A natural disaster occurs when an extreme geological, meteorological, or hydrological event exceeds the ability of a community to cope with that event. Assessing the community impacts of natural disasters is important for three reasons. First, such information is useful to community leaders after a disaster strikes so they can determine if there is a need for external assistance and, if so, how much. Second, information about disaster impacts can be used to identify specific segments of the community that have been affected disproportionately or might be affected in the future. Third, planners can develop disaster impact projections before disasters strike to assess potential consequences of alternative hazard adjustments.

Physical Impacts of Disasters

The physical impacts of disasters include casualties (deaths and injuries) and property damage, and both vary substantially across hazard agents.

There often are difficult ies in determining how many of the deaths and injuries are ……due to?? a disaster. In some cases it is impossible to determine how many persons are missing and, if so, whether this is due to death or unrecorded relocation. Even when bodies can be counted, there are problems because disaster impact may be only a contributing factor to casualties with preexisting health conditions.

Losses of structures, animals, and crops also are important measures of physical impacts. Such losses usually result from physical damage or destruction, but they also can be caused by other losses of use such as chemical or radiological contamination, or loss of the land Itself to subsidence or erosion.

Other important physical impacts include damage or contamination to crop land, range land, and woodlands. Such impacts may be well understood for some hazard agents but not others.

One way to reduce the physical impacts of disasters is to adopt hazard mitigation practices. These can be defined as preimpact actions that protect passively against casualties and damage at the time of hazard impact. Another way to reduce a disaster?s physical impacts is to adopt emergency preparedness practices, which can be defined as preimpact actions that provide the human and material resources needed to support active responses at the time of hazard impact.

Social Impacts of Disaster

Social impacts, which include psychosocial, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical impacts, can develop over a long period and can be difficult to assess when they occur. Despite the difficulty in measuring these social impacts, it is nonetheless important to monitor them because they can cause significant problems for the long-term functioning of specific types of households and businesses in an affected community.

Psychosocial Impacts

One type of social impact not measured by census data consists of psychosocial impacts and, indeed, research reviews conducted over a period of 25 years have concluded that disasters can cause a wide range of negative psychosocial responses. These include psychophysiological effects such as fatigue, gastrointestinal upset, and tics, as well as cognitive signs such as confusion, impaired concentration, and attention deficits. Psychosocial impacts include emotional signs such as anxiety, depression, and grief, as well as behavioral effects such as sleep and appetite changes,

ritualistic behavior, and substance abuse.

There also are psychosocial impacts with long-term adaptive consequences, such as changes in risk perception and increased hazard intrusiveness. In turn, these beliefs can affect risk area residents? adoption of household hazard adjustments that reduce their vulnerability to future disasters.

Sociodemographic Impacts

Perhaps the most significant sociodemographic impact of a disaster on a stricken community is the destruction of households? dwellings.

Socioeconomic Impacts

The property damage caused by disaster impact causes direct economic losses that can be thought of as a loss in asset value and this can be measured by the cost of repair or replacement. Unfortunately, these losses are difficult to determine precisely because there is no organization that tracks all of the relevant data and some data are not recorded at all.

In addition to direct economic losses, there are indirect losses that arise from the interdependence of community subunits.

It also is important to recognize the financial impacts of recovery on local government. Costs must be incurred for damage assessment, emergency demolition, debris removal, infrastructure restoration, and replanning stricken areas. In addition to these additional costs, there are decreased revenues due to loss or deferral of sales taxes, business taxes, property taxes, personal income taxes, and user fees.

Political Impacts

There is substantial evidence that disaster impacts can cause social activism resulting in political disruption, especially during the seemingly interminable period of disaster recovery.

The disaster recovery period is the source of many victim grievances and this creates many opportunities for community conflict. Victims often experience a decrease in the quality of life associated with their housing, with the following complaints being most frequent, namely availability of housing units, site characteristics, building characteristics and conditions of allocation. Another source of conflict is the contrast between a personalistic culture in many victim communities based upon bonds of affection and the universalistic culture of the alien relief bureaucracy, which values rationality and efficiency over personal loyalty even when engaged in humanitarian activity.

However, attempts to change prevailing patterns of civil governance can arise when individuals sharing a grievance about the handling of the recovery process seek to redress that grievance through collective action.

Community Recovery Resources

Community recovery resources can come from a variety of individuals and organizations as well as victims? financial and tangible assets undamaged by hazard impact. Alternatively, the victims can promote their recovery by bringing in additional funds through overtime employment or by freeing up the needed funds by reducing their consumption below preimpact levels.

The impact of a disaster on the housing recovery of affected households depends upon a number of community characteristics, mainly are the availability of housing vacancies and the nature of a community?s private and public housing support programs.

Recovery resources can be administrative as well as financial. Meanwhile some of the needed financial resources come from the households themselves, but kin networks are another major

source of assistance.

Extra-Community Assistance

Extra-community assistance can be obtained from a variety of sources. Nongovernmental organizations? in-kind contributions of goods and services consists the major part while regional governments, and national governments also provide financial assistance. Another important factor is the degree to which a community is vertically integrated with higher levels of government and horizontally integrated with other jurisdictions at the same level of government. Discussion and Conclusions

The magnitude of the physical impacts can be reduced by investments in hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness practices have become a basic premise of FEMA?s National Mitigation Plan. Natural disasters have been found to have no measurable long-term impacts on the overall viability of communities. Recovery resources flow to affected communities that are strongly linked vertically and horizontally to resources in the remainder of the country.

One goal of hazard mitigation, which should be supplemented by emergency preparedness practices, is to promote the adoption of land use practices that minimize unnecessary exposures of population and structures in high-risk areas. In places where the economic advantages of the location outweigh its potential losses due to disaster impact, building construction practices should be adopted that minimize the danger to the contents and occupants of structures.

A major challenge for future research is to identify ways in which hazard-prone communities can be induced to reduce their vulnerability. An ideal pattern of socioeconomic development would be one in which risk area occupants purchase property on the basis of adequate information about hazard vulnerability and risk area occupants would adopt hazard adjustments to limit their losses if a disaster were to strike.

These adjustments would include hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness practices to avoid casualties and property damage.

Actual patterns of development are significantly different from the ideal. In many cases, there is migration to hazard-prone areas because of beneficial land uses for agriculture, transportation, and recreation. Even when there is local knowledge about hazards, there often is a lack of hazard intrusiveness because events that are not recent or frequent tend not to be thought about or discussed.

There also are problems in the adoption of effective hazard adjustments. One of these arises from households? and businesses? concentration of hazard exposure. Moreover, externalities arise when system dynamics cause the actions of one party to increase the vulnerability of another. One of the most important practical lessons to be learned about disaster impact assessment is that local planners should know their communities? economic base and types of employment within areas prone to major hazards while another lesson for local planners is that low-income workers are likely to have a more difficult time finding temporary and permanent housing. Besides, another important implication of the research on disaster impacts is that the reduction of hazard vulnerability must be a community effort, not an individual one. As for local governments, they should expect a continuation of demands for routine services and provision of disaster-related services even if they also have suffered damage to their facilities and casualties to their employees.

In summary, it is clear that there has been significant progress over that past 25 years in developing an understanding of the complexities involved in avoiding and recovering from the

community impacts of disasters. In addition to developing greater integration among areas of research, future research must also address some other deficiencies. First, this article addressed only natural hazards, but technological hazards also should be addressed because contamination by some toxic chemicals or radiological materials can produce impacts that are more persistent than physical destruction. Second, there is only a limited understanding of the ways in which conclusions based upon research apply to other countries. Other important factors include similarity in the levels of hazard mitigation, emergency preparedness, community recovery resources, and access to extra-community assistance. So It will be particularly important to examine the ways in which these variables influence the dynamics of hazard vulnerability, as well as the processes of adopting and implementing effective hazard mitigation, emergency preparedness, and recovery assistance practices.

Ⅵ. Bloc Positions

Africa

Africa has experienced the fastest rate of increase in the incidence of natural disasters over the last three decades. The number of major natural disasters in the world increased from 100 to more than 400 per year, from 1975 to 2005. The growth rate has been highest for Africa, where a threefold increase in such disasters has been experienced in the last decade alone. The region?s vulnerability is further aggravated by poverty, conflict, chronic disease and weak governance. Flooding is the most frequent natural disaster type in Africa, resulting in the highest mortality. Earthquakes, floods and storms cause the greatest economic loss on the continent, and droughts and famine affect an estimated 174 million people.

Economic loss to disasters, estimated at US$ 10 billion, is low compared to other world regions, but is high as a proportion of Africa?s GDP.

Poverty and vulnerability make Africa highly susceptible to the local impacts of global environmental change. While cities remain vulnerable to the effects of climate change, they are also key contributors to global warming.

More people were killed or affected by volcanic eruptions in Africa than in any other region between 1996 and 2005, despite there only being five eruptions. The continent?s low resilience was demonstrated in the 2002 volcanic eruption of Mount Nyiragongo, which destroyed 40 percent of buildings and displaced 250,000 persons in Goma (Democratic Republic of Congo). Sub-Saharan Africa is the continent?s hotspot of mortality caused by natural disasters but is less prominent as a hotspot for absolute economic loss. Climate change and extreme climatic variations are also forcing thesubregion?s rural populations to migrate to urban areas, thereby exacerbating other disaster risk factors such as the spread of settlements into easily accessible yet hazardous locations and unsafe building practices.

Americas

Windstorms are the most frequent type of disaster in Americas, affecting the most people and causing the highest total economic loss. Windstorms can also trigger flooding and landslides. Hurricane Mitch devastated Honduras and Nicaragua in 1998, killing some 20,000 people, many of whom lost their lives to landslides. A disproportionate number of victims were street children. Many losses in small regional towns smothered by mudslides or flash floods were caused by deforestation in adjacent agricultural areas.

The 2005 Hurricane Katrina alone caused US$ 81.2 billion in economic damage in the United States of America, making it the costliest natural disaster in the country?s history.

Cuba has developed effective procedures for quick evacuation of Havana and other urban areas in the face of repeated hurricanes.

Flooding and landslides in Venezuela in 1999 caused about US$1.9 billion in damages and killed some 30,000 people.

If sea levels rise by just one meter, many coastal megacities with populations over 10 million, such as Rio de Janeiro or New York, will be under threat.

About half of all hospitals in Latin America and the Caribbean are located in high-risk areas. Over the 1980s and 1990s, 100 hospitals and 650 health centres, equating to approximately 5 percent of all such structures in this region, were destroyed in disasters.

Asia

Compared to other regions, Asia has the highest incidence of disasters associated with avalanches, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, windstorms and industrial accidents. Over the last three decades, Asia, along with Africa, has had the fastest increase in the incidence of natural disasters. Flooding is the most frequent natural hazard affecting the largest number of people and causing the greatest economic losses. The periodic floods affecting Bangladesh continue to wipe out infrastructure and destroy the agricultural capacity in one of the world?s poorest countries. The 1991 cyclone in Bangladesh killed 138,000 people and mortality among females over ten years old was over three times that of males of the same age group. Mortality rates for those under 14 and over 50 years of age were more than three times that for those aged 15 to 49.

Earthquakes and tsunamis cause the greatest mortality, with the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami accounting for around 230,000 deaths. On top of its huge impact on life, the Indian Ocean Tsunami made 1.5 million homeless. While the Indian Ocean Tsunami reduced Indonesia?s GDP growth only marginally, by 0.1 to 0.4 per cent, the hardest hit province of Aceh lost capital stock equivalent to 97 per cent of its GDP.

Central Asia is considered an earthquake-risk hotspot. The 2005 Pakistan earthquake destroyed 4,844 educational buildings; 18,000 children were killed by the collapse of school buildings; and 300,000 children were still unable to attend school six months after the event. The collapse of schools was presumed to have resulted from poor-quality construction and construction materials, a lack of monitoring in the building processes, and a general lack of awareness of seismic risk and appropriate standards.

If sea levels rise by just one metre, many coastal megacities with populations of more than 10 million, such as Mumbai, Dhaka and Tokyo will be under threat. In Manila, Philippines, informal settlements at risk to coastal flooding make up 35 per cent of the population whilst in Calcutta, India, 66 per cent of the population live in squatter settlements at risk from flooding and cyclones. Europe

Europe is most affected by economic loss, which at over US$10 billion is greater than the economic loss suffered by any other world region. This stems from the high level of capital investment in Europe, with disasters typically resulting in low mortality but substantial monetary implications.

Vulnerability and human loss is highest, compared to other world regions, for extreme temperature events. Between 1996 and 2005, Europe experienced 47 per cent of all extreme temperature events, but 81 per cent of all mortalities. The 2003 heat wave alone caused around 35,000 premature deaths.

Between 1996 and 2005, floods were the most common disaster. In 1953, flood in Netherlands killed 1,835 people. Almost 200,000 hectares of land was swamped, 3,000 homes and 300 farms destroyed, and 47,000 heads of cattle drowned. Since these floods, the Netherlands have built dikes and invested in institutional and societal learning so as to anticipate future floods.

In the UK, around 15 per cent of urban land, containing 1.85 million homes and 185,000 commercial properties, is built on land known to be at risk from flooding. Such priority given to local economic development over flood risk management had disastrous consequences demonstrated by widespread flooding in 1998, 2000 and 2007.

Marmara, Turkey, was hit by a 7.4 Richter magnitude earthquake in 1999. The quake claimed 18,000 lives and caused direct economic losses estimated at US$ 8.4 billion. However, only seven months after the disaster, a downturn in the rate of inflation and declining interest rates for

government borrowing indicated that the Turkish economy made a recovery.

Oceania

With the exception of volcanic eruption, Oceania records the lowest incidence of disasters for any region and hazard type. Overall, the region has the lowest economic losses and absolute number of people killed and affected by all disaster types. Oceania is the only region not to record any industrial accidents from 1996 to 2005.

Within the region disasters are most commonly associated with windstorms which result in the greatest economic loses.

In Australia, extreme temperature and drought could also affect a large percentage of the total population.

Sea-level rise due to climate change will have catastrophic implications for low-lying small island states in the region.

Ⅶ. Questions a Resolution must Answer

1. Are international standards and norms necessary for the action of natural disaster? Which one should be chosen?

2. Are the humanitarian problems of refugees national or international issues?

3. How can foreign aid be monitored to ensure that the aid benefits the intended recipient.

4. Funds play an important role during the search, secure, and reconstruction procedure. Where and how can funds be gathered?

5. As the block of information exchange between governments and NGOs leads to a great waste of secure resources, what measures can UN take to guarantee the efficient and effective communication?

6. How to launch the multilateral cooperation between a number of countries after the proliferation of natural disasters.

7. Is it necessary to set a distributive framework to keep efficiency among NGOs during the process of aid and reconstruction?

8. What measures (for instance, media) can the government take to pacify the masses after the hurricane disaster?

9. Are the current measures to contain natural disaster effective? If not, how may they be refined and improved upon?

Annex1:英语会场专用词中英对照

一、单词、词组

模拟联合国——Modle United Nations

联合国大会——General Assembly

联合国发展计划署——UNDP

主席团成员——Menbers of the Dias

主席——the Chair

会议指导——Director

主席助理——Rapporteur

点名——Roll Call

国家牌——Placard

到——Present

确定议题——Setting the Agenda

产生发言名单——Open the Speaker’s List

意向条——Page

让渡时间——Yield time

让渡给其他国代表——Yield time to another delegate

让渡给问题——Yield time to questions

让渡给评论——Yield time to comments

让渡给主席——Yield time to the chair

问题和动议——Points and Motions

动议更改发言时间——Motions to change the speaking time 动议暂时中止正式辩论——Motions to suspend the meeting 动议中止发言——Motions to close the speaking list

动议结束辩论——Motions to close debate

组织性问题(程序问题)——Point of order

咨询性问题——Point of inquiry

个人特权问题——Point of personal privilege

投票表决——Voting

点名表决——Roll Call V ote

赞成——yes 反对——no 弃权——abstain

简单多数——simple majority

三分之二多数——Two-thirds majority

正式辩论——formal debate

非正式辩论——informal debate

有主持核心磋商——moderated caucus

自由磋商——unmoderated caucus

立场文件——position paper

危机指令——Draft Pirative

工作文件——working papers

决议草案——draft resolution

起草国——sponsors 附议国——signatories

决议resolution

决议草案Draft Resolution

行动性条款——operative clauses

序言条款——preambulatory clauses

修正案——amendments

友好修正案——friendly amendments

非友好修正案——unfriendly amendments

游说与商讨——lobbyand negotiation

国家集团——Blok

指令——directive

辩论流程——flow of debate

成员国——member state

代表，delegate

会场上——on the floor

当一项文件被主席批准以后，就可以提交到会场上讨论。此时文件就是on the floor

意向条，传意向条的人——Page

C：Good evening everyone. I am the chair of this meeting.

Now let us start with the roll call part.

Those countries who are called please raise your postcard and voice “present”.

America

“present”

C：Australia

“present”

China

“present”

……

“present”

C:We have nine countries present today. So the simple majority would be five. That’s all for our roll call part.

Ok, since we have two topics areas. We are going to set the agenda first. Those countries in favor of talking about topic area A please raise your postcards. Those countries in favor of talking about topic area B please raise your postcards.

OK, now delegate of ( ) you have 60 seconds to address your reason why you choose topic area A.

Now delegate of ( ) you have 60 seconds to address your reason why you choose topic area B. We are going to set the agenda again.

Those countries in favor of talking about topic area A please raise your postcards. Thanks. Those countries in favor of talking about topic area B please raise your postcards.

Ok. Topic area ( ) has the simple majority. So today’s topic will be （）

Now let us start our formal debate. Those countries who wish to speak please raise your postcards. Please put down your hands when your country is called. Now the delegate of （）,you have 2 minutes to address your position paper and 1 minute to yield to questions or comments. The delegate of （）, to which would you like to yield time to?

The delegate of （）, would like to yield time to( )?

Now the delegate of （）would like to yield his time to questions. Are there any questions on the floor?

Country（）asks question……

常用英语单词大全

一、学习用品(school things) pen钢笔pencil铅笔pencil-case铅笔盒ruler尺子book书bag包comic book漫画书post card明信片newspaper报纸schoolbag书包eraser橡皮crayon蜡笔sharpener卷笔刀story-book故事书notebook笔记本Chinese book语文书English book英语书math book数学书magazine杂志dictionary词典 二、身体（body） foot脚head头face脸hair头发nose鼻子mouth嘴eye眼睛ear耳朵arm手臂hand手finger手指leg腿tail尾巴 三、颜色（colours） red红blue蓝yellow黄green绿white白black黑pink粉红purple紫orange橙brown棕 四、动物（animals） cat猫dog狗pig猪duck鸭rabbit兔horse马elephant大象ant蚂蚁fish 鱼bird鸟eagle鹰beaver海狸snake蛇mouse老鼠squirrel松鼠kangaroo袋鼠monkey猴panda熊猫bear熊lion狮子tiger老虎fox狐狸zebra斑马deer鹿giraffe长颈鹿goose鹅hen母鸡turkey火鸡lamb小羊sheep绵羊goat山羊cow奶牛donkey驴squid鱿鱼lobster龙虾shark鲨鱼seal海豹sperm whale抹香鲸killer whale虎鲸 五、人物（people） friend朋友boy男孩girl女孩mother母亲father父亲sister姐妹brother 兄弟uncle叔叔；舅舅man男人woman女人Mr.先生Miss小姐lady女士；小姐mom妈妈dad爸爸parents父母grandparents祖父母robot机器人grandma/grandmother（外）祖母grandpa/grandfather（外）祖父aunt姑姑

IT行业常用网络英语词汇

IT 行业常用网络英语词汇 导语：网络是人类发展史来最重要的发明，提高了科技和人类社会 的发展。下面是YJBYS 小编收集整理的IT 行业常用网络英语词汇，欢 迎参考! Internet: 为International Net 的简写，因特网，又称国际互联网。它最早产生于美国国防部的高级研究规划署，那是1969 年的事 了，最初的目的也只是远程计算机的数据共享，后来发展成将世界各地 的计算机及计算机网络相互连接起来，形成了一个无边无际的超级大 网。 Internet 的主要服务项目有：电子邮件(E-mail)，远程登录(Telnet)，查询服务(Finger)，文件传输(FTP)，文档服务器(Archive)，新 闻论坛(Usenet)，电子公告牌(BBS)，新闻群组(News Group)，全球网(World Wide Web，缩写为WWW，又称万维网)等。 BBS：Bulletin Board System，公告牌系统或电子公告板，又称Public Access Message System,公共访问信息系统。它是普通公告的电子版本，用户可以通过公告牌发布消息，任何用户都可以读取公告牌上的 消息，也可以给某一特定的人或一组用户发送信息。公告牌系统被广泛 地用于传播信息，咨询一个电子公告牌往往比使用交互信箱或公共邮政 系统发送公告更加快捷、有效。 E-mail: 电子邮件，这是一种利用Internet 网交换文字信息的交互 式服务，全世界Internet 用户可以互相发送和接收电子邮件。 WWW: World Wide Web 的缩写，全球网，又称万维网。它是一 个基于超文本方式的信息检索工具，提供一种友好的信息查询接口，是 目前最受欢迎同时也是最先进的Internet 检索工具之一。 Remote Login: 远程登录(注册)，它是在网络环境下实现资源共

模联立场文件——法国

Country: France Delegates: Wei, Ya Dong; Zhang, Xiao Topic: Territorial disputes and underwater resources Through the discovery and the high-expectancy potential, the demand of the well-accepted distribution of seabed resources grows increasingly. Related to state’s right of ocean, the issue on the oceanic territory gradually becomes diplomatic disputes between rational states. In 1982, by the significance of United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the United Nations made constructive contributions to dissolve conflicts that has possibility to be stimulated. The Convention also supports the feasibility to the common platform for human beings to explore the seabed resources. France holds the view that the disputes needs to be solved under the framework of The Convention based on the current economic and politic situations. Rational states are supposed to discuss the issue on the negotiations. The framework should be shared by human beings. In order to seek these destinations, France has gained adequate progress. In addition to the significance of The Convention, French has successfully dissolved the disputations on the Arctic border between Canada. We have strong feelings that the naval oceanic issues has the possibility to be solved in peace. France also took the measure on the domestic aspects. In 1980s, France government has established the IFREMER (Inst itut Franξais de Recherches pour l'Exploitation des Mers) (French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Seas) to statistically analyze the biology situation and open data to the public. It is also the domestic and diplomatic authorized sponsor about the scientific research and naval defense of oceanic environmental resources. On the other hand, France plays an important role in the ISA (International Seabed Associations)and gained experience in technology to exploit the seabed resources more rational and more eco-friendly. We have signed several bargains with developing countries providing technology to improve the situation and the health level of the coast. We are trying to assure that every investment to not only technology, but also other measures available had gained positive effect alleviating the probable crisis. In conclusion, we France take the following statements seriously: Any investment and technology France exports be only used on the purpose of peace and welfare of people. Any form of negotiations should be contained beneath the framework of current system of the international oceanic management. In the Security Council this year, France has the strong willing to make benefits to the peace and stability to the seas and oceans on the earth.

写作范例指导模联决议草案及修正案

决议草案及修正案写作指导 一．决议草案 Draft Resolution 决议草案是按照联合国决议文件形式起草的对该议题的解决办法，是会议中提出的工作文件的加工和完善。一份决议草案可以由一个国家起草，也可以由多国起草，这些国家即被称为“起草国”（ Sponsors），他们完全赞成该项决议草案。某决议草案的起草国不能再成为另一决议草案的起草国或附议国。一份决议草案需要得到与会代表国的20%的签署才可以提交大会审议通过，这些国家被称作“附议国”（ Signatories），这些国家不一定赞成该决议草案，但是认为这份决议草案很值得讨论，一个国家可以成为多份决议草案的附议国。当一份决议草案拥有足够多的附议国时，在主席团许可时，起草国才可以提出动议停止辩论，转而进行介绍和讨论决议草案。 决议草案格式： 1、草案标题 包括委员会、议题、决议草案编号（所在委员会的主席团给出）以及起草国和附议国的名单。 2、草案正文 草案正文是一个长句，中间的若干内容都是用逗号或者分号隔开，在草案结束时才出现句号。 草案正文包括序言性条款和行动性条款两部分。 ●序言性条款 在这个部分中，主要回顾该议题的历史以及过去已经形成的关于此议题的决议和条约，讨论该议题的必要性。此外还可以包括联合国宪章、联合国秘书长或其他联合国机构领导人在此问题上的发言等内容。 每一款内容都以动词开头，并用斜体标注出来。 ●行动性条款 行动性条款是真正涉及到会议实质部分的内容，在这一部分中，列举本次会议的讨论成果、措施以及建议。每一款内容都以动词开头，以分号结尾。 这些条款都按照一定的逻辑顺序排列，用阿拉伯数字标注其顺序。每一款内容之包括一个建议或措施，每一款内容还可以包括逐条说明，用英文小写字母或者罗马数字标注。 一份理想的决议草案一定要解决议题里头的所有（或大多数）的争端，条款必须是现实的、有技巧性的、实质性的。运用专业术语，语法完整、精简、厚实理想的草案还必须能在不同阵营的国家中找出最佳平衡点。 二．修正案 Amendment 修正案分为友好修正案( Friendly Amendment )和非友好修正案( Unfriendly Amendment )两种。修正案必须指明针对的决议草案。 友好修正案 ( Friendly Amendment ): 原决议草案的全部起草国都赞成该修改意见，该修正案就成为友好修正案，直接被添加到原决议草案的最后。 非友好修正案 ( Unfriendly Amendment ): 没有使得原起草国都赞成该修改意见，该修正案称为非友好修正案。非友好修正案的提交需要征集到与会代表20％作为附议国签名。原决议草案的起草国不能成为非友好修正案的起草国或附议国，原决议草案的附议国则可以签署修正案。修正案表决时需逐条表决。（需

英文常用词汇表

accredited 官方认可的；鉴定合格的 advantage 优势； agency 代理处；行销处；经售店 agenda 议事日程；事项 analog 模拟 APEC ( = Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum) Appetize r 开胃食品 Appliances 家用）电器 常用词汇表 (the) Americas 北美洲、中美洲和南美洲的总称 a la carte 照菜单点 菜 abstrac t 摘要， 概 要 academic conference 学术研讨 会 accessory 附属 附 件 accident report 事故报 告 Apparel 衣服；服 装 acknowledge 承认；感谢 ad hoc committee 临时成立的工作委员会 advance funds 预支货款 amplifier 扩音器 animation 动画 亚太经合组织

Application service provider (ASP) 应用软件服务商 Arc light 弧光 Arrival pattern 团队抵达时间 Arrogan t 自大的，傲慢的 Artic le 物品：商品 Artist ic 艺术的；美术的 Assemble 集合，聚集；装 配 Assimilat e 同化；消化；吸收；彻底了解 Assistant stage manager 助理展台经 理 Associated firm 联号 Associatio n 协会 Attendance 观众；出席者，出席人 数 Attendee 参加会议或展览的人；出席 者 Attracti on 景点；引人注意之物 Au lait 加牛奶 Auction 拍卖 Audio conference 电话会议 Audiovisual (AV) 视听设备 Audiovisual aids 视听辅助设备 Authorized signature 授权签字 Automaker 汽车制造 商 Automation 自动化，自动 机

模拟联合国立场文件范文

立场文件 立场文件的英文是Position Paper，可定义为“表明一国在某一个问题上的基本观点和立场的文件”。立场文件反映了一个国家对特定话题的立场和解决建议，许多代表也会用立场文件作为大会中第一次发言的发言稿，由此可见其重要性。一篇立场文件只阐述对于一个议题的国家立场观点，如果一个委员会的议题有两个，那么就需要提交两份立场文件。一份立场文件的篇幅应尽量控制在一到两页。立场文件作用其他国家可以通过一国的立场文件来了解该国在这一议题上的基本立场，确定该国是否与自己的国家具有共同的目标和利益等等，这样便于各国协会协商和合作。也可以提醒本国代表自己的底线。立场文件同时也是会议开始阶段各国陈述观点的主要参照发言材料，但它并不是发言稿。立场文件的 格式和要点1）开头立场文件的开头应该包括以下部分：代表姓名（delegates） 代表来自的学校（schools）国家（country）委员会（committee）议题（topic）2）正文正文的内容一般安排如下：背景介绍：简要陈述议题。这一部分所占篇幅最小，只需简单概括该问题的历史，并提出讨论解决该问题的重要性即可。 过去的行动：这部分包括联合国在该问题上的决议或行动及本国在该问题上已经作出的 行动和决议等。本国的立场/政策/解决措施：这部分主要表明本国的立场，提供本国对于该问题的解决办法和措施，并提供理由等。3）篇幅书写语言为中文，字体用宋体，5号字，单倍行距。篇幅尽量控制在一到两页左右。4）充实内容前面介绍的正文内容安排只是一种参考。立场文件不是考试作文的八股文，其内容的安排顺序和文章结 构都可以根据代表国的实际情况调整。还可以从以下很多方面充实立场文件的内容： 对该国在这个议题上的立场的总体概括和对该国在此问题上的历史介绍该问题是怎样影响该国的该国在此问题上的政策和实施相关政策的理由 该国在此问题上签署的协议或批准的决议在此问题上别国的立场怎样影响该国 的立场国家领导在相关问题上发言的引言为支持该国在此问题上的对策的相关数据5）写作中需要注意的问题如非必要不需要陈述这个国家的详细信息（GDP、 人口、资源等）尽量使文体显得官方和正式，写作的时候再选词方面要特别注意 举出实例，而不是空讲政策和态度用脚注或尾注来表明所引用的资料（不强求） 立场文件作为会议要求的正式文件，在用词方面也有固定的要求。用词要求正式，避免口语化的表达。一般，立场文件都采用第三人称“中国认为（China thinks）、美国代表团相信（the US Delegation believes）”等等，而不用“你、我、他”。同时立场文件的表达应当简洁明了，尽量不要采用修辞、排比等过于文学的表达方式。由于篇幅有限，立场文件应该围绕议题和国家立场展开，确保每一句话都是为了表达国家立场服务。我们建议代表使用一个简明的架构来书写立场文件。你的工作不是把你所收集的大量信息填充到结构中，而是把你的观点、建议以及解决办法等等信息融合起来加以整理，使他们能够很好的融合到你的立场文件结构中，让你的立场文件更有建设性。一篇好的立场文件应包括以下几个方面：简要阐述议题，并说明代表国认为对这个议题对于其本国以及整个国际社会所具有的重要性。代表国所持有的立场、态度。可包括该国与此相关的国内事务及外交政策，以及过去在国际工作中所支持过的决议等等。对于联合国所采取过的主要措施代表国持怎样的态度。代表国对委员会的建议。可包括代表国认为有效可行的解决措施，以及国际社会应承当的角色。所以确切的说，立场文件更接近说明文，而不是一般认为的议论文或者辩论陈词。后者往往要求先明确表达观点（比如托福作文或GRE的Argument部分），然后旁征博引来证明观点的正确正当。但是立场文件的写作不是要通过具有冲击力的词汇说服阅读者，而是要通过合理引用客观资料说明问题，并在此基础上得出结论，更强调体现出一种分析的过程。换

模联各文件写作

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2020年高级商务英语高频词汇：科技及设备 1.advance 前进;进展 2.capacity 容量;才能;水平 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/10413580.html,ponent 构成要素;成分;零件 4.device 装置;设备;图案;设计 5.engineer 工程师 6.facilitate 促动;使(更)容易 7.fuel 燃料 8.generator 发电机;产生器 9.innovative 创新;革新的 10.inventor 发明家 11.leading edge 居优势的 12.malfunction 故障;发生故障，机能失常 13.mode 样式;模式;方式;风尚;时尚 14.operate 操作;运转;经营 15.outlet 出口;排水口;销售店;商行;插座;销路 16.portable 可携带的;轻便的 17.raw material 原料 18.satellite 卫星 19.specification 说明;详述

20.substandard 标准以下的 21.automaton 自动操作装置;机器人 22.cell(ular)phone 移动电话;手机 23.consecutive 连续的;连贯的 24.devise 设计;发明;策划 25.equipment 装备;设备 26.facility 便利的设施;设备 27.gadget 小巧的机械装置;小玩意 28.hands-on 实地操作的;亲自体验的 29.inspect 检查;审查;视察 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/10413580.html,boratory 实验室 33.maintenance 维护;保养 32.manual 使用手册，指南;手工的 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/10413580.html,work 网络系统;广播、电视网;电脑网 34.outage 电力中断;断电 35.petroleum 石油 36.procedure 程序;手续 37.reverse 相反的;颠倒的 38.solar (源自)太阳的;依太阳而运行的 39.static 静电干扰;静止的;静态的;静电的 40.turn down 关小(声)

Child labor[Saudi Arabia] 模联 立场文件 英文范文

Delegate: xxx School: High School Affiliated to Nanjing Normal University Country: Saudi Arabia Committee: United Nations Children’s Fund Topic: Child Labor Child labor is one of the most serious human rights issues of our time，although it shows that child labor rates have been decreasing since 2006 at a much slower rate than previously , we still cannot overlook the pretty basic that large child worker populations has never been eliminated completely up to now, and according toILO, in 2010, 215 million children remain involved in child labor despite great efforts to combat this issue.Saudi Arabia has been dealing with this problem seriously,for it doesn’t only endanger the lives of children, but it also impedes national and global economic progress. Various actions have been taken by UNICEF and the ILO. The ILO’s most central goals of “Decent Work for All”is closely tied to the child labor issue.It’s current challenges include universal conversations on child labor—ILO Convention NO.138 and 182 , whichSaudi Arabia has also ratified. The UN also announced a plan several days ago, that they will try to eliminated the child labor populations before 2020. More laws andconventionswhich are directly related to children have beenpassed in many developing and developed countries , as UN and UNICEF kept working with governments of these nations.The Saudi Arabia government has made great efforts in this regard too. As all of us know, the main causes of child labor are poverty, the lack of education and industrialization and modernization of nowadays countries. Social patterns and cultural traditions such as gender discrimination lead to some of the child labor problems as well. So the first thing we should do is to change people’s especially the parents’ mind that no one should be a slave at birth, even the poorest ones. The naturalness of slavery is said to follow from the belief that inequality, inequality is the basic rule between human beings—“All men are created equal ”. Secondly, we government need to carry a torch for more relief programs and try our best to solve the poors’ living problem so that many children in employment will stop working to support their families. Thirdly, more job opportunities for those who are affected by the crisis will be provided.We havebeen committed to improving education in Saudi Arabia for many years, and obviously, many more children are in school now instead of in factories.As for economics, though the global crisis means that developed

模联乌克兰危机dr范例

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