太原理工大学研究生基础英语试卷及答案

07-1 PART II VOCABULARY (10 minutes, 10 points)

Section A (0.5 point each)

21. If innovators are not financially rewarded for their innovations, the incentive forpath-breaking innovation will eventually dry up.

A. investment

B. resource

C. inspiration

D. stimulus

22. These illegal immigrants have to work long hours a day despitethe appalling workingconditions.

A. bewildering

B. exasperating

C. dismaying

D. upsetting

23. Many critics agreed that by and large, this movie was a success in terms of acting andphotography.

A. all at once

B. by and by

C. to some extent

D. on the whole

24. The country carried on nuclear tests without feeling apprehensive about theconsequences.

A. optimistic

B. anxious

C. uncertain

D. scared

25. There is the fear that babies might be genetically altered to suit the parents' wishes.

A. enhanced

B. revised

C. alternated

D. modified

26. The American Civil War is believed to have stemmed from differences over slavery.

A. arisen from

B. contributed to

C. patched up

D. participated in

27. Experts said the amount of compensation for sick smokers would be reduced if cooler jurorsprevailed.

A. resigned

B. compromised

C. persisted

D. dominated

28. Hamilton hoped for a nation of cities while Jeffersoncontended that the countryshould remain chiefly agricultural.

A. inclined

B. struggled

C. argued

D. competed

29. There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.

A. on occasion

B. at present

C. by now

D. for sure

30. TWA was criticized for trying to cover up the truth rather than promptly notifyingvictims' families.

A. briefly

B. quickly

C. accurately

D. earnestly

Section B (0.5 point each)

31. New York probably has the largest number of different language _________ in the world.

A. neighborhoods

B. communities

C. clusters

D. assemblies

32. Nuclear wastes are considered to _____ a threat to human health and marine life.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/105830149.html,pose

B. impose

C. expose

D. pose

33. Some states in the US have set _____ standards concerning math and science tests.

A. energetic

B.vigorous

C. rigorous

D. grave

34. This school promised to make classes smaller and offer more individualized ___________.

A. presentation

B. instruction

C. conviction

D.obligation

35. Because of ______ ways of life, the couple has some difficulty getting along witheach other.

A. incomprehensible

B. incomparable

C. inconceivable

D. incompatible

36. As __________China and other emerging export powers, efforts to strengthenanti-corruption activities are gaining momentum.

A. in the light of

B. in the event of

C. in the case of

D. in the course of

37. According to an Australian research, moderate drinkers ________ better thinkers thanheavy drinkers or those who never drink.

A. end up

B. take up

C. put up

D. turn up

38. Strangely enough, an old man ______ me and introduced himself, who turned out tobe a friend of my father’s.

A. stood up to

B. walked up to

C. lived up to

D. added up to

39. Many children often _____ why airplanes can fly like birds while we humanscannot.

A. assume

B. anticipate

C. assure

D. wonder

40. The FDA was created to _______ the safety of products, review applications and grantapprovals.

A. manipulate

B. adjust

C. regulate

D. manage

PART III CLOZE TEST (10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)

Tall people earn considerably more money throughout their lives than their shorterco-workers, with each inch adding about US$789 a year in pay, according to a new study."Height 41 career success," says Timothy Judge, a University of Floridaprofessor of management, who led the study. "These findings are troubling since, with afew 42 , such as professional basketball, no one could argue that height issomething essential required for job 43 ," Judge points out.

Judge analyzed results of four large-scale studies in the US and Britain that followedthousands of people from childhood to adulthood, examining details of their work andpersonal lives. "If you take this 44 the course of a 30-year career, we're talkingabout literally hundreds of thousands of dollars of earnings 45 that a tall personenjoys," Judge said.

Greater height boosted both subjective ratings of work performance--a supervisor's 46 of how effective someone is-- and 47 measures of performance--such assales volume. Being tall may boost self-confidence, improving performance. Otherpeople may also give higher 48 and greater respect to a tall person, giving them

an edge in negotiating states, he says.

The commanding influence of height may be a remainder of our evolutionary49 . Maybe from a time when humans lived among animals and size was 50 power and strength used when making "fight or run" decisions.

41. A. makes out B. works in C. takes on D. matters for

42.A. cases B. exceptions C. examples D. problems

43. A. performance B. operation C. condition D. environment

44.A. on B. with C. over D. to

45. A. deficiency B. advantage C. lossD. necessity

46. A. imagination B. decision C. judge D. evaluation

47. A. relative B. absolute C. objective D.initiative

48. A. state B. status C. situation D. statue

49. A. origins B. sources C. courses D. organizations

50.A. a time in B. a hold on C. a work at D. a sign of

PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)

Passage One

At the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), a student loaded his classnotes into a handheld e-mail device and tried to read them during an exam: a classmateturned him in. At the University of Nevada at Las Vegas (UNLV) students photographedtest questions with their cellphone cameras and transmitted them to classmates. Theuniversity put in place a new examination-supervision system. "If they'd spend as muchtime studying, they'd all be A students," says Ron Yasbin, dean of the College ofSciences of UNLV.

With a variety of electronic devices, American students find it easier to cheat. Andcollege officials find themselves in a new game of cat and mouse. They are trying to fightwould-be cheats in the exam season by cutting off Internet access from laptops, demanding the surrender of cellphones before tests or simply requiring that exams betaken with pens and paper.

"It is annoying. My hand-writing is so bad," said Ryan Dapremont, 21 who justfinished his third year at PepperdineUniversity in California. He had to take his examson paper. Dapremont said technology has made cheating easier, but plagiarism(剽窃) inwriting papers was probably the biggest problem. Students can lift other people's writingsoff the Internet without attributing them.

Still, some students said they thought cheating these days was more a product of themindset, not the tools at hand. "Some people put too much emphasis on where they'regoing to go in the future, and all they're thinking about is graduate school and the nextstep," said Lindsay Nicholas, a third-year student at UCLA. She added that pressure tosucceed "sometimes clouds everything and makes people do things that they shouldn'tdo."

Some professors said they tried to write exams for which it was hard to cheat,posing questions that outside resources would not help answer. Many officials said thatthey rely on campus honor codes. They said the most important thing was to teachstudents not to cheat in the first place.

51. One student at UCLA was found cheating ________________.

A. when he was loading his class notes into a handheld e-mail device

B. when he was trying to tell the answers to his classmates

C. after the university put in place a new examination-supervision system

D. after his classmate reported his cheating to the authority

52. According to Ron Yasbin, all the cheating students _____________.

A. should be severely punished for their dishonesty

B. didn't have much time to study before the exam

C. could get the highest grades if they had studied hard enough

D. could be excused because they were not familiar with the new system

53. To win the new game of cat and mouse in examinations, the college officials have to______________.

A. use many high-tech devices

B. cut off Internet access on campus

C. turn to the oral exanimation forms

D. cut off the use of high-tech devices

54. According to Ryan Dapremont, ______________.

A. examinations taken with pens and paper were useless in fighting cheating

B. his examination paper was under-graded because of his bad hand-writing

C. cheating was more serious in writing papers than in examinations

D. it was more difficult for him to lift other people's writings off the Internet

55. Which of the following is probably the most Significant measure to fight cheating?

A. Putting less emphasis on where the students are going to go in the future.

B. Letting students know that honesty is more important.

C. Writing examinations for which it is hard to cheat.

D. Setting up more strict campus honor codes.

56. The best title of the passage might be_____________.

A. Cheating Has Gone High-tech

B. Game of Cat and Mouse

C. A New Examination-supervision System

D. Measures to Fight Against Dishonesty

Passage Two

Top marathon runners tend to be lean and light, star swimmers are long thighs withhuge feet and gold medal weightlifters are solid blocks of muscle with short arms andlegs. So, does your physical shape--and the way your body works--fit you for aparticular sport? Or does your body develop a certain way because of your chosen sport?

"It's about 55:45, genes to the environment," says Mike Rennie, professor of clinicalphysiology at Britain's University of Nottingham Medical School. Rennie cites the caseof identical twins from Germany, one of whom was a long-distance athlete, the other apowerful sportsman, so, "They look quite different, despite being identical twins."

Someone who's 1.5-meters tall has little chance of becoming an elite basketballplayer. Still, being over two meters tall won't automatically push you to Olympic gold."Unless you have tactical sense where needed, unless you have access to good equipment,medical care and the psychological conditions, and unless you are able to drive yourself through pain, all the physical strength will be in vain," said Craig Sharp, professor ofsports science at Britain's Brunel University.

Jonathan Robinson, an applied sports scientist at the University of Bath's sportsdevelopment department, in southwest England, points to the importance of technique."In swimming only 5-10 per cent of the propelling force comes from the legs, sotechnique is vital."

Having the right physique for the right sport is a good starting point. Seventeenyears ago, the Australian Institute of Sport started a national Talent Search Program,which searched schools for 14-16-year-olds with the potential to be elite athletes. One oftheir first finds was Megan Still, world champion rower. In 1987, Still had never pickedup an oar in her life. But she had almost the perfect physique for a rower. After intensivetraining, she won gold in women's rowing in the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

Other countries have followed the Australian example. Now the explosion of geneticknowledge has meant that there is now a search, not just for appropriate physique but alsofor "performance genes."

57. It can be concluded from the passage that__________.

A. physical strength is more important for sportspersons' success

B. training conditions are more important for sportspersons' success

C. genes are more important for sportspersons' success

D. psychological conditions are more important for sportspersons' success

58. The case of identical twins from Germany shows that_________.

A. environment can help determine people's body shape

B. genes are the decisive factors for people's body shape

C. identical twins are likely to enjoy different sports

D. identical twins may have different genes for different sports

59. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by Craig Sharp as a required quality for asportsperson to win an Olympic gold medal?

A. The physical strength.

B. The right training conditions.

C. The talent for the sports.

D. The endurance for pains.

60. Seventeen years ago Megan Still was chosen for rowing because____________.

A. she had the talent for rowing

B. her body shape was right for a rower

C. she had the performance genes

D. she was a skillful rower

61. The word "elite" in Paragraph 5 means ________ .

A. the most wealthy

B. the most skilled

C. the most industrious

D. the most intelligent

62. The elite athletes of the future may come from people who naturally possess___________.

A. the best body shapes and an iron purpose

B. the extremes of the right physique and strong wills

C. the right psychological conditions and sports talents

D. the right physique and genes for sports

Passage Three

For years, a network of citizens' groups and scientific bodies has been claiming thatscience of global warming is inconclusive. But who funded them?

Exxon's involvement is well known. ExxonMobil is the world's most profitablecorporation. It makes most of its money from oil, and has more to lose than any othercompany from efforts to tackle climate change. To safeguard its profits, ExxonMobilneeds to sow doubt about whether serious action needs to be taken on climate change.But there are difficulties: it must confront a scientific consensus as strong as that whichmaintains that smoking causes lung cancer or that HIV causes Aids. So what's itsstrategy?

The website https://www.wendangku.net/doc/105830149.html,, using data found in the company's official documents,lists 124 organizations that have taken money from the company or work closely withthose that have. These organizations take a consistent line on climate change: that thescience is contradictory, the scientists are split, environmentalists are liars or lunatics, andif governments took action to prevent global warming, they would be endangering theglobal economy for no good reason. The findings these organizations dislike are labeled"junk science". The findings they welcome are labeled "sound science".

This is not to claim that all the science these groups champion is bogus. On thewhole, they use selection, not invention. They will find one contradictory study - such asthe discovery of tropospheric (对流层的) cooling - and promote it relentlessly. They willcontinue to do so long after it has been disproved by further work. So, for example, JohnChristy, the author of the troposphere paper, admitted in August 2005 that his figureswere incorrect, yet his initial findings are still being circulated and championed by manyof these groups, as a quick internet search will show you.

While they have been most effective in the United States, the impacts of theclimate-change deniers sponsored by Exxon have been felt all over the world. Bydominating the media debate on climate change during seven or eight critical years inwhich urgent international talks should have been taking place, by constantly seedingdoubt about the science just as it should have been most persuasive, they have justifiedthe money their sponsors have spent on them many times over. 63. Which of the following has NOT been done by the organizations to establish theirposition on climate change'?

A. Damaging the reputation of environmentalists.

B. Emphasizing the lack of consensus among scientists.

C. Stressing the unnecessary harm to tile global economy.

D. Protecting the scientific discoveries from being misused.

64. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "bogus' (in Paragraph 4)?

A. Reasonable.

B. Fake.

C. Limitless.

D. Inconsistent.

65. John Christy is mentioned to show_______________.

A. how closely these organizations work with scientists

B. how these organizations select scientific findings for theirownpurpose

C. how important correct data are for scientists to make sound discoveries

D. how one man's mistake may set back the progress of science

66. The organizations sponsored by Exxon ___________.

A. have lived up to their promises

B. have almost caused worldwide chaos

C. have failed to achieve their original goal

D. have misunderstood the request of the sponsor

67. The passage is mainly focused on____________.

A. Exxon's involvement in scientific scandals

B. Exxon's contributions to the issue of climate change

C. Exxon's role in delaying solutions to global warming

D. Exxon's efforts to promote more scientific discoveries

68. What is the author's tone in presenting the passage?

A. Factual.

B. Praiseful.

C. Biased.

D. Encouraging.

Passage Four

Where anyone reaching the age of 60 was considered to be near death's door at theturn of the 20th century, it is barely old enough for retirement at the turn of the 21stcentury. And scientists are still not holding back. They say that as new anti-ageingtreatments become available, our species will get even older. While few would argue thatliving longer is an attractive idea, the

rapid increase in the number of years begs aquestion: Can our health expectancy be as close as possible to our life expectancy?

Predictions for future health expectancy have changed over the past few decades. Inthe 1980s, life expectancy was increasing but the best data suggested that for everyincreased year of life expectancy, a greater fraction was disabled life expectancy. Whatwe would see was a piling up of chronic illness and related disability which medicalscience couldn't prevent.

But that world view changed suddenly in the early 1990s with the publication of astudy by researchers at DukeUniversity, who had been following the health of 20,000people for almost a decade. They showed that disability among the elderly was not onlydropping, but it was doing so at an ever-increasing rate.

Arian Richardson, director of the Barshop Institute for Ageing and Longevityresearch, predicts that understanding the mechanisms behind calorie restriction and othergenetic reasons behind ageing could be used within the next two decades to give peopleseveral extra healthy years of life. Restrict how much an animal eats, for example, and itwill live longer. In lab experiments, rats on calorie-restricted diets were found to bephysiologically younger, got diseases later in life and, at any rate, had less severe cases."From the models that have been looked at, the increase in lifespan is usually in the rangeof 15-30% maximum," says Richardson. Cutting calories is thought to trigger a switch inan animal's behaviour from normal to a state of stasis in which growth and ageing aretemporarily put on hold. When food becomes available again, the animal's behaviourswitches back.

Richardson says that thinking about stopping ageing is a "little bit silly" at themoment but doesn't dismiss it altogether, arguing that none of the illnesses related toageing should be inevitable. Start with a high-quality body (and that means eating yourgreens, not smoking and doing lots of exercise in your younger days) and you can keep itgoing for longer with high quality maintenance. "It'll be like the difference between aRolls-Royce and a cheap car."

69. It can be seen from the first paragraph that people have doubts on whether _____________.

A. is possible to live a longer healthyandlife

B. humans can live as long as scientists predict

C. living longer is still considered a good idea

D. new anti-ageing treatments are safe for humans

70. In the 1980s, the data on people's health expectancy_______________.

A. gave an optimistic prediction

B. showed an unclear future

C. led to a pessimistic perception

D. turned out to be a mixed blessing

71. In the lab experiment on rats,_____________.

A. food restriction is not the only factor proved to have worked

B. responses to food restriction vary from animal to animal

C. the animals' lifespan increases with the amount of food eaten

D.different amounts of food cause a change in the animals' behavior

72. Richardson believes that_________.

A. it is impossible for humans to stop ageing

B. it is worthless to talk about stopping ageing

C. stopping ageing is a dream that may come true

D. illness is the biggest obstacle to stopping ageing

73. Rolls-Royce is used to convey the idea that_______________.

A. quality life is out of reach for most people

B. quality life can slow down the process of aging

C. how long one can live depends on the genes one carries

D. the more money one invests in health, the healthier one will be.

74. The most suitable title for the passage is“___________”.

A. Problems of An Ageing Society

B. Health Care for the Elderly

C. Eating Healthier, Living Longer

D.The Future of Old Age

Passage Five

In dealing with a student who is acting aggressively toward his classmates, you wantto send a strong message that aggressive behavior will not be tolerated in your classroom.In addition, you want to help him develop more appropriate ways of settling disputes withhis peers.

If two elementary school students are engaged in a fight, use a strong loud voice tostop it. If that doesn't work, you might say something odd ("Look up! The ceiling isfalling!") to divert their attention. If they still don't stop and you can't separate them,send a student to the office to get help. If a crowd of children is gathering, insist that theymove away or sit down, perhaps clapping your hands to get their attention: After theincident is over, meet with the combatants together so they can give you their versions ofwhat happened and you can help them resolve any lingering problems. Also notify theparents.

Speak in a firm, no-nonsense manner to stop a student's aggressive behavior: usephysical restraint as a last resort. When responding to the student, pay attention to yourverbal as well as non-verbal language. Even if he is yelling at you, stay calm. Allow himto express what he is upset about without interrupting him and then acknowledge hisfeelings. Avoid crossing your arms, pointing a finger or making threats: any of thoseactions could intensify his anger and stiffen his resistance.

You might conclude that a student's aggressive behavior warrants separating himfrom the rest of the class, either to send him a strong message that what he did merits aserious consequence or to protect the other students. You can do that by giving him a timeout in class or by sending him to the office.

Although he might expect you to react punitively, surprise him by reactingsupportively. Express your confidence that he can resolve problems without being hurtfulto his peers. Tell him that you think he must be upset about something to lose control ashe did and you want to understand what might be bothering him. If he does open up toyou, listen attentively without interrupting. Speaking m a calm voice, tell him that youunderstand why he was upset, but stress that he has to find a way to express his angerwith words rather than with his hands.

You don't want to force an aggressive student to say he is sorry because that mightfuel his anger, however, you do want to strongly encourage him to make amends with thestudent he hit. If he is willing to do that, it will help soothe hurt feelings and avoid futureconflicts.

75. What is the purpose of saying something odd when seeing students in a fight?

A. To please the students.

B. To surprise the students.

C. To get the students' attention.

D. To distract the students' attention.

76. What is to be done about a student's aggressive behavior?

A. Respond calmly but finny.

B. Tell the student's parents immediately.

C. Ask other students for help to stop the action.

D. Have the student go to see the principal.

77. What is NOT encouraged to do toward an aggressive student?

A. Use physical restraint.

B. Give the student a time out.

C. Point at the student or make threats.

D. Talk with the student privately.

78. What does the word "'punitively" (in Paragraph 5) probably mean?

A. Surprisingly.

B. Depressingly.

C. Involving persuasion.

D. Involving punishment.

79. What might be the last step to help all aggressive student?

A. Encourage the student to be nice to the student he hit.

B. Ask the student to promise he'll never do it again.

C. Force the student to apologize for his behavior.

D. Persuade the student to open up to you.

80. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A. Problems in Classrooms.

B. Dealing with Student Aggression.

C. Aggressive Behavior in Classrooms.

D. Settling a Student Fight.

PART V TRANSLATION (30 minutes, 20 points)

Section A (15 minutes, 10 points)

One of the unintended consequences of the flattening world is that it puts differentsocieties and cultures in much greater direct contact with one another. It connects peopleto people much faster than people and cultures can often prepare themselves. Somecultures thrive on the sudden opportunities for collaboration that this global intimacymakes possible. Others are frustrated, and even humiliated by this close contact, which,among other things, makes it easy for people to see where they stand in the world inrelation to everyone else. All of this helps to account for the emergence of one of themost devastating forces today - the suicide bombers and other terrorist organizationswhich have no regard for human lives and which it is in our best interest to wipe out.

Section B (15 minutes, 10 points)

该法案旨在对美国中小学进行教育改革并使所有儿童有机会得到高质量的教育。最终目标是确保无一人落后。由于此法案的实施，学校有更多的灵活性把资源用于最急需的地方。父母可更多地参与孩子的教育。

PART VI WRITING ( 30 minutes, 10 points )

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no lessthan 150 words under the title of "Work Experience". Your compositionshould be based on the following outline:

As the job market becomes more competitive, many employers require workexperience. Do you think graduate students should gain work experience beforegraduation? How can you gain work experience before graduation?

参考答案

Section A

世界变平产生一些意外的后果，其一就是不同的社会和文化可以更多地直接接触。人们之间连接的速度之快使人和社会措手不及。一些文化凭借全球亲密接触突然带来的合作机遇兴旺发达(蓬勃发展)。另一些文化却由于这种亲密接触而感到灰心丧气，甚至感到自尊受到伤害，原因是这种亲密接触的后果之一是使人们轻易地发现彼此在世界中的位置。所有这一切有助于说明为什么现在会出现一种最具有杀伤力的力量——自杀性爆炸者和其他恐怖组织。这些组织不顾人们的死活，消灭它们最符合我们的利益。

Section B

This act is intended (aims) to introduce education reform in America's elementary and secondary schools and give all children the access to high-quality education. The ultimate goal is to ensure that no one is left behind. As a result of the implementation of this act, schools enjoy more flexibility to use resources where they are needed most. Parents can get more involved in the child's education.

2020年10月全国自考基础英语试题及答案解析

全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试 基础英语试题 课程代码：00088 请将答案填在答题纸相应位置上 一、词汇应用和语法结构（本大题共30小题，每小题1分，共30分） （一）词汇应用（15分） 选择最佳答案完成句子，错选、多选或未选均无分。 1. Everyone must ________ for what he eats and drinks. A. give B. own C. pay D. get 2. In order to make greater ________, you have to lower the cost of production. A. money B. benefits C. profits D. prices 3. Stress can cause car accidents and heart attacks and may even ________ people to suicide. A. let B. make C. drive D. get 4. The Universal Product Code is ________ to add speed and efficiency to stores by using computers. A. designed B. drawn C. pictured D. planned 5. Different people have different ________ about how taxation should be arranged. A. ways B. means C. ideas D. methods 6. When you are introduced to new people, you should try to ________ friendly and self.confident. A. stare B. appear C. see D. gaze 7. Steel is ________ to iron in strength, hardness, and elasticity. A. stronger B. harder C. superior D. better 8. In the old days women’s activities were ________ to the household. A. restricted B. confined C. limited D. restrained 9. Nations have tariffs to ________ their own merchants and manufacturers from foreign competition. A. prevent B. shelter C. ensure D. protect 10. The shoes you want are not ________ in this shop. A. approachable B. available C. attainable D. applicable 11. The little town ________ a lot from its tourism. A. contributes B. benefits C. supports D. gains 12. The customer ________ whether the articles exhibited in the shop were for sale. 1

浙江1月自考基础英语试题及答案解析

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