香港会计准则17-固定资产
SSAP 17
STATEMENT OF STANDARD ACCOUNTING PRACTICE 17
PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
(Issued July 1995; revised April 2001 in bold type)
The standards, which have been set in bold italic type, should be read in the context of the background material and implementation guidance and in the context of the Foreword to Statements of Standard Accounting Practice ,Interpretationsand Accounting Guidelines. Accounting standardsStatements of Standard Accounting Practiceare not intended to apply to immaterial items (see paragraph 8 of the Foreword).
Introduction
The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment. The principal issues in accounting for property, plant and equipment are the timing of recognition of the assets, the determination of their carrying amounts and the depreciation charges to be recognised in relation to them , and the determination and accounting treatment of other impairments to the carrying amounts .
Scope
1.This Statement should be applied in accounting for property, plant and equipment except
when another Statement of Standard Accounting Practice requires or permits a different
accounting treatment.
2.Charitable, government subvented and not-for-profit organisations whose long-term
financial objective is other than to achieve operating profits (eg. trade associations, clubs
and retirement schemes) are exempted from compliance with this Statement provided that
full disclosure of their accounting policies is made. Nonetheless, these enterprises are
encouraged to follow the accounting practices set out in this Statement.
3. This Statement supersedes SSAP 6 "Depreciation accounting". While this Statement is not
primarily intended to apply to assets other than property, plant and equipment, many of the
principles contained in this Statement may also be appropriate for other depreciable assets.
does not apply to:
Statement
4. This
a. forests and similar regenerative natural resources; and
b. mineral rights, the exploration for and extraction of minerals, oil, natural gas and similar
non-regenerative resources.
However, this Statement does apply to property, plant and equipment used to develop or
maintain the activities or assets covered in a. or b. but separable from those activities or assets.
5. In some circumstances other Statements of Standard Accounting Practice permit the initial
recognition of the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment to be determined using an approach different from that prescribed in this Statement. For example, SSAP 7 "Group
accounts" SSAP 30 "Business combinations" requires property, plant and equipment acquired in a business combination to be measured initially at fair value even when it exceeds cost.
However in such cases all other aspects of the accounting treatment for these assets, including depreciation, are determined by the requirements of this Statement.
Definitions
6.The following terms are used in this Statement with the meanings specified:
"Property, plant and equipment" are tangible assets that:
a.are held by an enterprise for use in the production or supply of goods or services, for
rental to others, or for administrative purposes; and
b.are expected to be used during more than one period.
"Depreciation" is the systematic allocation of the depreciable amount of an asset over its
estimated useful life.
"Depreciable amount" is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost in the
financial statements, less its estimated residual value.
"Useful life" is either:
a.the period of time over which an asset is expected to be used by the enterprise; or
b.the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the assets by
the enterprise.
"Cost" is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the other
consideration given to acquire an asset at the time of its acquisition or construction.
"Residual value" is the net amount which the enterprise expects to obtain for an asset at the end of its useful life after deducting the expected costs of disposal.
"Fair value" is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction.
An "impairment loss" is the amount by which the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its
recoverable amount.
"Carrying amount" is the amount at which an asset is included recognised in the balance
sheet after deducting any accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses
thereon.
"Recoverable amount" is the amount which the enterprise expects to recover from the
future use of an asset, including its residual value on disposal. "Recoverable amount" is the higher of an asset's net selling price and value in use.
Recognition of property, plant and equipment
7.An item of property, plant and equipment should be recognised as an asset when:
a.it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the
enterprise; and
b.the cost of the asset to the enterprise can be measured reliably.
8. Property, plant and equipment is often a major portion of the total assets of an enterprise, and
therefore is significant in the presentation of its financial position. Furthermore, the
determination of whether an expenditure represents an asset or an expense can have a
significant effect on an enterprise's reported results of operations.
9. In determining whether an item satisfies the first criterion for recognition, an enterprise needs
to assess the degree of certainty attaching to the flow of future economic benefits on the basis of the available evidence at the time of initial recognition. Existence of sufficient certainty that the future economic benefits will flow to the enterprise necessitates an assurance that the
enterprise will receive the rewards attaching to the asset and will undertake the associated
risks. This assurance is usually only available when the risks and rewards have passed to the
enterprise.
10. The second criterion for recognition is usually readily satisfied because the exchange
transaction evidencing the purchase of the asset identifies its cost. In the case of a self-
constructed asset, a reliable measurement of the cost can be made from the transactions with
parties external to the enterprise for the acquisition of the materials, labour and other inputs
used during the construction process.
11. Land and buildings in the course of development or redevelopment should be treated as
follows:
a. Held for re-sale
Where land and buildings in the course of development or redevelopment are held for re-
sale, they should be regarded as trading stocksinventories of an enterprise and as such,
should be accounted for in accordance with SSAP 3 "Stocks and work in
progress".SSAP 22 "Inventories".
b. Held for other purposes
Where land and buildings in the course of development or redevelopment are held for
production, rental or administrative purposes or where no decision has yet been taken to
re-sell the land and buildings, they should be included in the financial statements as
property, provided that the recognition criteria in paragraph 7 are satisfied.
12. In identifying what constitutes a separate item of property, plant and equipment, judgement is
required in applying the criteria in the definition to specific circumstances or specific types of enterprises. It may be appropriate to aggregate individually insignificant items, such as moulds, tools and dies, and to apply the criteria to the aggregate value. Most spare parts and servicing
equipment are usually carried as stocks inventory and recognised as an expense as consumed.
However, major spare parts and stand-by equipment qualify as property, plant and equipment when the enterprise expects to use them during more than one period. Similarly, if the spare
parts and servicing equipment can be used only in connection with an item of property, plant
and equipment and their use is expected to be irregular, they are accounted for as property,
plant and equipment and are depreciated over a time period not exceeding the useful life of the related asset.
13. In certain circumstances, it is appropriate to allocate the total expenditure on an asset to its
component parts and account for each component separately. This is the case when the
component assets have different useful lives or provide benefits to the enterprise in a different pattern thus necessitating use of different depreciation rates and methods. For example,
leasehold land and buildings acquired together need to be treated as separate depreciable assets if they have different useful lives.
14. Property, plant and equipment may be acquired for safety or environmental reasons. The
acquisition of such property, plant and equipment, while not directly increasing the future
economic benefits of any particular existing item of property, plant and equipment may be
necessary in order for the enterprise to obtain the future economic benefits from its other
assets. When this is the case, such acquisitions of property, plant and equipment qualify for
recognition as assets, in that they enable future economic benefits from related assets to be
derived by the enterprise in excess of what it could derive if they had not been acquired.
However, such assets are only recognised to the extent that the resulting carrying amount of
such an asset and related assets does not exceed the total recoverable amount of that asset and its related assets. For example, a chemical manufacturer may have to install certain new
chemical handling processes in order to comply with environmental requirements on the
production and storage of dangerous chemicals; related plant enhancements are recognised as an asset to the extent they are recoverable because, without them, the enterprise is unable to
manufacture and sell chemicals.
Initial measurement of property, plant and equipment
15.An item of property, plant and equipment which qualifies for recognition as an asset should
initially be measured at its cost.
Components of cost
16. The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price, including
import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, and any directly attributable costs of bringing the asset to working condition for its intended use; any trade discounts and rebates are
deducted in arriving at the purchase price. Examples of directly attributable costs are:
a. the cost of site preparation;
b. initial delivery and handling costs;
c. installation costs; and
d. professional fees such as for lawyers, architects and engineers; and
e. the estimated cost of dismantling and removing the asset and restoring the site, to the
extent that it is recognised as a provision under SSAP 28 "Provisions, contingent
liabilities and contingent assets".
17. When payment for an item of property, plant and equipment is deferred beyond normal credit
terms, its cost is the cash price equivalent; the difference between this amount and the total
payments is recognised as interest expense over the period of credit unless it is capitalised in
accordance with guidance on borrowing costsSSAP 19 "Borrowing costs".
18. Administration and other general overhead costs are not a component of the cost of property,
plant and equipment unless they can be directly attributed to the acquisition of the asset or
bringing the asset to its working condition. Similarly, start-up and similar pre-production costs do not form part of the cost of an asset unless they are necessary to bring the asset to its
working condition.
19. The cost of a self-constructed asset is determined using the same principles as for an acquired
asset. If an enterprise makes similar assets for sale in the normal course of business, the cost of the asset is usually the same as the cost of producing the assets for sale (see SSAP 22
"Inventories") , and hence includes an appropriate proportion of production overheads.
Therefore, any internal profits are eliminated in arriving at such costs. Similarly, the cost of
abnormal amounts of wasted material, labour, or other resources incurred in the production of a self-constructed asset is not included in the cost of the asset. SSAP 19 "Borrowing costs"
establishes criteria which, when satisfied, will result in borrowing costs being capitalised as a component of property, plant and equipment. Guidance on determining whether or not
borrowing costs might be included as a component of the cost of self- constructed assets can be found in Accounting Guideline 2.205 "Capitalisation of borrowing costs".
20. The cost of an asset held by a lessee under a finance lease is determined using the principles set
out in SSAP 14 "Accounting for leases and hire purchase contracts". SSAP 14 "Leases".
Exchanges of assets
21. An item of property, plant and equipment may be acquired in exchange or part exchange for a
dissimilar item of property, plant and equipment or other asset. The cost of such an item is
measured at the fair value of the asset received, which is equivalent to the fair value of the
asset given up adjusted by the amount of any cash or cash equivalents transferred. Such an
exchange of assets is regarded as a transaction which generates gain or loss.
22. An item of property, plant and equipment may be acquired in exchange for a similar asset that
has a similar use in the same line of business and which has a similar fair value. An item of
property, plant and equipment may also be sold in exchange for an equity interest in a similar asset. In both cases, since the earnings process is incomplete, no gain or loss is recognised on
the transaction. Instead, the cost of the new asset is the carrying amount of the asset given up.
However, the fair value of the asset received may provide evidence of an impairment in the
asset given up. Under these circumstances the asset given up is written down and this written
down value assigned to the new asset. Examples of exchanges of similar assets include the
exchange of aircraft, hotels, service stations and other real estate properties. If other assets such as cash are included as part of the exchange transaction this may indicate that the items
exchanged do not have a similar value.
Transfers between different types of assets
23. An enterprise may, because of a change in use or intended use, transfer an asset between
property, plant and equipment and other classes of assets, such as stocks or investment
properties. The cost of such an asset on transfer is deemed to be the carrying amount of the
asset as stated under its original classification. Any previous revaluation reserve on the asset
should be frozen upon the transfer until the retirement or disposal of the asset. On the
retirement or disposal of the asset, the frozen revaluation reserve is transferred directly to
retained earnings and not throught the profit and loss account.
Subsequent expenditure
2324.Subsequent expenditure relating to an item of property, plant and equipment that has already been recognised should be added to the carrying amount of the asset when it is
probable that future economic benefits, in excess of the originally assessed standard of
performance of the existing asset, will flow to the enterprise. All other subsequent
expenditure should be recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred. 2425. Subsequent expenditure on property, plant and equipment is only recognised as an asset when the expenditure improves the condition of the asset beyond its originally assessed standard of
performance. Examples of improvements which result in increased future economic benefits
include:
a. modification of an item of plant to extend its useful life, including an increase in its
capacity;
b. upgrading machine parts to achieve a substantial improvement in the quality of output;
and
c. adoption of new production processes enabling a substantial reduction in previously
assessed operating costs.
2526. Expenditure on repairs or maintenance of property, plant and equipment is made to restore or maintain the future economic benefits that an enterprise can expect from the originally
assessed standard of performance of the asset. As such, it is usually recognised as an expense when incurred. For example, the cost of servicing or overhauling plant and equipment is
usually an expense since it restores, rather than increases, the originally assessed standard of
performance.
2627. The appropriate accounting treatment for expenditure incurred subsequent to the acquisition of an item of property, plant and equipment depends on the circumstances which were taken into account on the initial measurement and recognition of the related item of property, plant and
equipment and whether the subsequent expenditure is recoverable. For instance, when the
carrying amount of the item of property, plant and equipment already takes into account a loss in economic benefits, the subsequent expenditure to restore the future economic benefits
expected from the asset is capitalised provided that the carrying amount does not exceed the
recoverable amount of the asset. This is also the case when the purchase price of an asset
already reflects the enterprise's obligation to incur expenditure in the future which is necessary to bring the asset to its working condition. An example of this might be the acquisition of a
building requiring renovation. In such circumstances, the subsequent expenditure is added to
the carrying amount of the asset to the extent that it can be recovered from future use of the
asset.
2728. Major components of some items of property, plant and equipment may require replacement at regular intervals. For example, a furnace may require relining after a specified number of hours of usage or aircraft interiors such as seats and galleys may require replacement several times
during the life of the airframe. The components are accounted for as separate assets because
they have useful lives different from those of the items of property, plant and equipment to
which they relate. Therefore, provided the recognition criteria in paragraph 7 are satisfied, the expenditure incurred in replacing or renewing the component is accounted for as the
acquisition of a separate asset and the replaced asset is written off.
28. An enterprise that purchases an item of property, plant and equipment may need to perform
major inspections or overhauls of the asset at regular intervals over its useful life to allow the
continued use of the asset by the enterprise. An example of this is the purchase of a vessel
which requires an overhaul, say, once every five years.
29. The cost of a major inspection or overhaul of an item of property, plant and equipment
occurring at regular intervals over the useful life of an asset and made to allow the continued
use of the asset is recognised as an expense in the period in which it is incurred except when:
a. consistent with paragraph 13, the enterprise has identified as a separate component of the
asset an amount representing a major inspection or overhaul and has already depreciated
that component to reflect the consumption of benefits which are replaced or restored by
the subsequent major inspection or overhaul (whether the asset is carried at historical
cost or revalued);
b. it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the asset will flow to the
enterprise; and
c. the cost of the major inspection or overhaul to the enterprise can be measured reliably.
If these criteria are met, the cost is capitalised and accounted for as a component of the asset
(see Appendix).
Measurement subsequent to initial recognition
3029 . Subsequent to initial recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment should be carried at its cost less any accumulated depreciation , subject to the requirement
in paragraph 55 to write an asset down to its recoverable amount and any accumulated
impairment losses.
3130. Alternatively, subsequent to initial recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment may be carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of the
revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation , and subsequent accumulated
impairment losses.Subject to the transitional arrangements set out in paragraph 8072,
revaluations should be made with sufficient regularity such that the carrying amount does
not differ materially from that which would be determined using fair value at the balance
sheet date.
Revaluations
3231. The fair value of land and buildings is usually its open market value. for existing use which presupposes continued use of the asset in the same or a similar business. This value is
determined by appraisal normally undertaken by professionally qualified valuers.
3332. The fair value of items of plant and equipment is usually their market value determined by appraisal. When there is no evidence of market value because of the specialised nature of the
plant and equipment and because these items are rarely sold, except as part of a continuing
business, they are valued at their depreciated replacement cost.
33. In determining fair value, an item of property, plant and equipment is valued on the basis of its
existing use. However, an asset for which a change in use is probable is valued on the same
basis as other similar assets held for the same intended use. For example, it is inappropriate to value a factory and the equipment within it at their value in use, while valuing the factory site at the open market value of the land for redevelopment as a shopping centre.
34. The frequency of revaluations depends upon the movements in the fair values of the items of
property, plant and equipment being revalued. When the fair value of a revalued asset differs
materially from its carrying amount, a further revaluation is necessary. Some items of property, plant and equipment may experience significant and volatile movements in fair value thus
necessitating annual revaluation. Such frequent revaluations would be unnecessary for items of property, plant and equipment with only insignificant movements in fair value.
35. When an item of property, plant and equipment is revalued, any accumulated depreciation at
the date of the revaluation is either:
a. restated proportionately with the change in the gross carrying amount of the asset so that
the carrying amount of the asset after revaluation equals its revalued amount. This
method is often used when an asset is revalued by means of an index to its depreciated
replacement cost; or
b. eliminated against the gross carrying amount of the asset and the resulting net amount
restated to the revalued amount of the asset. For example, this method is used for
buildings which are revalued to their open market value.
The amount of the adjustment arising on the restatement or elimination of accumulated
depreciation forms part of the increase or decrease
in carrying amount which is dealt with in accordance with paragraphs 39 and 40.
36.When an item of property, plant and equipment is revalued, the entire class of property,
plant and equipment to which that asset belongs should be revalued.
37. A class of property, plant and equipment is a grouping of assets of a similar nature and use in
an enterprise's operations. The following are examples of separate classes:
a. land;
b. land and buildings;
c. construction in progress;
d. machinery;
e. ships;
f. aircraft;
g. motor vehicles;
h. furniture and fixtures; and
i. office equipment.
38. The items within a class of property, plant and equipment are revalued simultaneously in order
to avoid selective revaluation of assets and the reporting of amounts in the financial statements which are a mixture of costs and values as at different dates. However, a class of assets may be revalued on a rolling basis provided revaluation of the class of assets is completed within a
short period of time and provided the revaluations are kept up to date.
39.When an asset's carrying amount is increased as a result of a revaluation, the increase
should be credited directly to equity under the heading of revaluation reserve. However, a
revaluation increase should be recognised as income to the extent that it reverses a
revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognised as an expense.
40.When an asset's carrying amount is decreased as a result of a revaluation, the decrease
should be recognised as an expense. However, a revaluation decrease should be charged
directly against any related revaluation reserve to the extent that the decrease does not
exceed the amount held in the revaluation reserve in respect of that same asset.
41. The revaluation reserve included in equity may be transferred directly to retained earnings
when the reserve is realised. The reserve may be realised on the retirement or disposal of the
asset. However, part of the reserve may be realised as the asset is used by the enterprise; in
such a case, the amount of the reserve realised is the difference between depreciation based on the revalued carrying amount of the asset and depreciation based on the asset's original cost.
The transfer from revaluation reserve to retained earnings is not made through the profit and
loss account income statement.
42. For the purposes of paragraph 40, the term "that same asset" refers to an individual item of
property, plant and equipment. A portfolio approach to revaluations is therefore precluded.
Where a revaluation decrease occurs, this is charged against the related revaluation reserve
only to the extent that the decrease does not exceed the amount held in the revaluation reserve in respect of "that same asset" Any excess is charged to profit or loss for the period. Depreciation
4342. The depreciable amount of an item of property, plant and equipment should be allocated on
a systematic basis over its estimated useful life. The depreciation method used should reflect
the pattern in which the asset's economic benefits are consumed by the enterprise. The
depreciation charge for each period should be recognised as an expense unless it is included in the carrying amount of another asset.
4443. As the economic benefits embodied in an asset are consumed by the enterprise, the carrying amount of the asset is reduced to reflect this consumption, normally by charging an expense
for depreciation. A revaluation of property, plant and equipment does not remove the need to charge depreciation. Furthermore, a depreciation charge is made even if the value of the asset exceeds its carrying amount.
4544. The economic benefits embodied in an item of property, plant and equipment are consumed by the enterprise principally through the use of the asset. A depreciation charge would therefore
be provided from the date an asset can be put to effective use. However, other factors such as
technical obsolescence and wear and tear while an asset remains idle often result in the
diminution of the economic benefits that might have been expected to be available from the
asset. Consequently, all the following factors need to be considered in determining the useful
life of an asset:
a. the expected usage of the asset by the enterprise. Usage is assessed by reference to the
asset's expected capacity or physical output;
b. the expected physical wear and tear, which depends on operational factors such as the
number of shifts for which the asset is to be used and the repair and maintenance
programme of the enterprise, and the care and maintenance of the asset while idle;
c. technical obsolescence arising from changes or improvements in production, or from a
change in the market demand for the product or service output of the asset; and
d. legal or similar limits on the use of the asset, such as the expiry dates of related leases. 4645. The useful life of an asset is defined in terms of the asset's expected utility to the enterpris
e.
The asset management policy of an enterprise may involve the disposal of assets after a
specified time or after consumption of a certain proportion of the economic benefits embodied in the assets. Therefore, the useful life of an asset may be shorter than its economic life. The
estimation of the useful life of an item of property, plant and equipment is a matter of
judgement based on the experience of the enterprise with similar assets.
4746. Land and buildings are separable assets and are dealt with separately for accounting purposes, even when they are acquired together. Freehold land has an unlimited life and, therefore, is not depreciated. Leasehold land, however, is to be depreciated. Buildings have a limited life and,
therefore, are depreciable assets. An increase in the value of the land on which a building
stands does not affect the determination of the useful life of the building.
4847. The depreciable amount of an asset is determined after deducting the estimated residual value of the asset. In practice, the residual value of an asset is often insignificant and therefore is
immaterial in the calculation of the depreciable amount. When an asset is carried at cost less
accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses and the residual value is
likely to be significant, the residual value is estimated at the date of acquisition and is not
subsequently increased for changes in prices. However, when an asset is carried at a revalued amount, a new estimate is made at the date of any subsequent revaluation of the asset. The
estimate is based on the residual value prevailing at the date of the estimate for similar assets
which have reached the end of their useful lives and which have operated under conditions
similar to those in which the asset will be used.
48. When the purchase of an asset will involve the enterprise in significant dismantling, removal or
restoration costs, at the end of the asset's useful life, those costs are recognised as an expense
over the life of the asset either:
a. by deducting the estimated costs in determining the residual value of the asset and
thereby increasing the annual depreciation charge. Any resulting negative carrying
amount is recognised as a liability; or
b. when the estimated costs are not deducted in determining the residual value, by
recognising the costs as a separate expense over the life of the asset such that the liability
for these costs is fully provided for at the end of the asset's useful life.
49. A variety of depreciation methods can be used to allocate the depreciable amount of an asset
on a systematic basis over its useful life. These methods include the straight-line method, the
diminishing balance method and the sum-of-the-units method. Straight-line depreciation
results in a constant charge over the useful life of the asset. The diminishing balance method
results in a decreasing charge over the useful life of the asset. The sum-of-the-units method
results in a charge based on the expected use or output of the asset. The method used for an
asset is selected based on the expected pattern of economic benefits and is consistently applied from period to period unless there is a change in the expected pattern of economic benefits
from that asset.
50. The depreciation charge for a period is usually recognised as an expense. However, in some
circumstances, the economic benefits embodied in an asset are absorbed by the enterprise in
producing other assets rather than giving rise to an expense. In this case, the depreciation
charge comprises part of the cost of the other asset and is included in its carrying amount. For example, the depreciation of manufacturing plant and equipment is included in the costs of
conversion of inventories (see SSAP 22 "Inventories") stocks (see SSAP 3 "Stocks and work in progress"). Similarly, depreciation of property, plant and equipment used for development
activities may be included in the cost of an intangible asset that is recognised under SSAP 29
"Intangible assets" development costs which are capitalised in accordance with SSAP 16
"Research and development costs"..
Review of useful life
51.The useful life of an item of property, plant and equipment should be reviewed periodically
and if expectations are significantly different from previous estimates, the depreciation
charge for the current and future periods should be adjusted.
52. During the life of an asset it may become apparent that the estimate of the useful life is
inappropriate. For example, the useful life may be extended by subsequent expenditure on the asset which improves the condition of the asset beyond its originally assessed standard of
performance. Alternatively, technological changes or changes in the market for the products
may reduce the useful life of the asset. In such cases, the useful life and, therefore, the
depreciation rate is adjusted for the current and future periods.
53. The repair and maintenance policy of the enterprise may also affect the useful life of an asset.
The policy may result in an extension of the useful life of the asset or an increase in its residual value. However, the adoption of such a policy does not negate the need to charge depreciation.
Review of depreciation method
54.The depreciation method applied to property, plant and equipment should be reviewed
periodically and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of economic benefits from those assets, the method should be changed to reflect the changed pattern.
When such a change in depreciation method is necessary the change should be accounted
for as a change in accounting estimate and the depreciation charge for the current and
future periods should be adjusted.
Recovery Recoverability of the carrying amount - Impairment losses Impairment
55. To determine whether an item of property, plant and equipment is impaired, an enterprise
applies SSAP 31 "Impairment of assets." That Statement explains how an enterprise reviews
the carrying amount of its assets, how it determines the recoverable amount of an asset and
when it recognises or reverses an impairment loss.
56. SSAP 30 "Business combinations" explains how to deal with an impairment loss recognised
before the end of the first annual accounting period commencing after a business combination.
55.The carrying amount of an item or a group of identical items of property, plant and
equipment should be reviewed periodically in order to assess whether the recoverable
amount has declined below the carrying amount. When such a decline has occurred, the
carrying amount should be reduced to the recoverable amount. The amount of the reduction should be recognised as an expense immediately, unless it reverses a previous revaluation
increase in which case it should be charged directly against any related revaluation reserve to the extent that the reduction does not exceed the amount held in the revaluation reserve in respect of the same item or group of identical items of property, plant and equipment.
56. The cost or revalued amount of an item of property, plant and equipment is normally recovered
on a systematic basis over the useful life of the asset. If the usefulness of an item or a group of identical items is impaired, for example by damage or technological obsolescence or other
economic factors, the recoverable amount may be less than the carrying amount of the asset. In such circumstances, a write-down of the asset is necessary. A write-down may also be
necessary when an item of property, plant and equipment remains idle for a considerable
period either prior to it being put into use or during its useful life.
57. The recoverable amount of individual assets or a group of identical assets is determined
separately and the carrying amount reduced to recoverable amount on an individual asset, or
group of identical assets, basis. However, there may be circumstances when it may not be
possible to assess the recoverable amount of an asset on this basis, for example when all the
plant and equipment in a factory is used for the same purpose. In such circumstances, the
carrying amount of each of the related assets is reduced in proportion to the overall decline in recoverable amount of the smallest grouping of assets for which it is possible to make an
assessment of recoverable amount. This Statement does not require or preclude the discounting of cash flows in determining the recoverable amount.
Subsequent increase in recoverable amount
58. A subsequent increase in the recoverable amount of an assets, carried at cost less
accumulated depreciation as described in paragraph 29, should be written back when the
circumstances and events that led to the write-down or write-off cease to exist and there is
persuasive evidence that the new circumstances and events will persist for the foreseeable
future. The amount written back should be reduced by the amount that would have been
recognised as depreciation had the write-down or write-off not occurred.
59. A subsequent increase in the recoverable amount of an asset, carried at revalued amount as
described in paragraph 30, should be accounted for in accordance with paragraph 39. Transfers between different types of assets
57.Transfers to, or from, property, plant and equipment should be made when, and only when,
there is a change in use, evidenced by:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/16496187.html,mencement of owner-occupation, for a transfer from investment property to
property, plant and equipment or commencement of own use in the case of a transfer
from inventories to property, plant and equipment;
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/16496187.html,mencement of development with a view to sale, for a transfer from property, plant
and equipment to inventories;
c.end of owner-occupation, for a transfer from property, plant and equipment to
investment property; or
d.end of construction or development, for a transfer from property in the course of
construction or development (covered by this Statement) to investment property.
58. Paragraph 57(b) above requires an enterprise to transfer an asset from property, plant and
equipment to inventories when, and only when, there is a change in use, evidenced by
commencement of development with a view to sale. When an enterprise decides to dispose of an item of property, plant and equipment without development, the enterprise continues to treat the asset as an item of property, plant and equipment until it is derecognised (eliminated from the balance sheet) and does not treat it as inventory.
59.For a transfer from investment property carried at fair value to property, plant and
equipment, the property's cost for subsequent accounting under this Statement should be its fair value at the date of change in use. The enterprise should treat any difference at that
date between the carrying amount of the property under SSAP 13 "Accounting for
investment properties" and its fair value in the same way as a revaluation under SSAP 13. 60.When an enterprise carries property, plant and equipment at cost less accumulated
depreciation and accumulated impairment losses, transfers from property, plant and
equipment to investment properties or inventories, do not change the carrying amount of the asset transferred and the carrying amount of that asset becomes cost for subsequent
accounting under the relevant Statement. Similarly, transfers from investment properties or inventories to property, plant and equipment are made at their carrying amount at the time
of the transfer (as determined under the relevant Statement) and that carrying amount
becomes cost for recognition of the assets under this Statement.
61. Up to the date when an item of property, plant and equipment carried at cost less accumulated
depreciation and accumulated impairment losses becomes an investment property or an
inventory item, an enterprise continues to depreciate that property, plant or equipment and to
recognise any impairment losses that have occurred.
62. Paragraphs 63 to 65 deal with recognition and measurement issues relating to asset transfers
that apply when an enterprise carries property, plant and equipment at revalued amounts.
63.If an item of property, plant and equipment carried at a revalued amount becomes an
investment property or an inventory item, an enterprise should apply this Statement up to the date of change in use. The enterprise should treat any difference at that date between the
carrying amount of the asset under this Statement and its fair value in the same way as a
revaluation under this Statement. For a transfer from property, plant and equipment carried at a revalued amount to inventories, the asset's cost for subsequent accounting under SSAP
22 "Inventories" should be its fair value at the date of change in use.
64. Up to the date when an item of property, plant and equipment carried at a revalued amount
becomes an investment property or an inventory item, an enterprise continues to depreciate that property, plant or equipment and to recognise any impairment losses that have occurred. The
enterprise treats any difference at that date between the carrying amount of that property, plant or equipment under this Statement and its fair value in the same way as a revaluation under this Statement. In other words:
a. any resulting decrease in the carrying amount of the item of property, plant and
equipment is recognised in net profit or loss for the period. However, to the extent that
an amount is included in revaluation surplus for that item of property, plant and
equipment, the decrease is charged against that revaluation surplus; and
b. any resulting increase in the carrying amount is treated as follows:
i. to the extent that the increase reverses a previous revaluation decrease for that item
of property, plant and equipment recognised as an expense, the increase is
recognised in net profit or loss for the period.
ii. any remaining part of the increase is credited directly to equity under the heading of revaluation surplus. On subsequent disposal or retirement of the investment
property or inventory item, the revaluation surplus included in equity may be
transferred to retained earnings. The transfer from revaluation surplus to retained
earnings is not made through the income statement.
65. A transfer from inventories to property, plant and equipment that will be carried at a
revalued amount should be made at the carrying amount of the asset at the date of transfer.
Retirements and disposals
6660. An item of property, plant and equipment should be eliminated from the balance sheet on disposal or when the asset is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic
benefits are expected from its disposal.
6761. Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment should be determined as the difference between the estimated net disposal
proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and should be recognised as income or
expense in the profit and loss account profit and loss accountincome statement.
6862. When an item of property, plant and equipment is exchanged for a similar asset, under the circumstances described in paragraph 22, the cost of the acquired asset is equal to the carrying amount of the asset disposed of and no gain or loss results.
693. Sale and leaseback transactions are accounted for in accordance with SSAP 14 "Leases" SSAP
14 "Accounting for leases and hire purchase contracts".
7064. Property, plant and equipment which is retired from active use and held for disposal is carried at its carrying amount at the date when the asset is retired from active use. At least at each
financial year end, an enterprise tests the asset for impairment under SSAP 31 "Impairment of assets" and recognises any impairment loss accordingly the lower of its carrying amount and
net realisable value.
Disclosure
7165.The financial statements should disclose, in respect of for each class of property, plant and equipment:
a.the measurement bases used for determining the gross carrying amount. When more
than one basis has been used, the gross carrying amount for that basis in each
category should be disclosed;
b.the depreciation methods used;
c.the useful lives or the depreciation rates used;
d.the gross carrying amount and the accumulated depreciation (aggregated with
accumulated impairment losses) at the beginning and end of the period;
e. a reconciliation of the gross carrying amount and the accumulated depreciation at the
beginning and end of the period showing:
i.additions;
ii.disposals;
iii.acquisitions through business combinations;
iv.increases or decreases during the period resulting from revaluations in
accordance with under paragraphs 3130, 39 and 40 39,40 and 59 and from
impairment losses recognised or reversed directly in equity under SSAP 31
"Impairment of assets" (if any);
v.reductions in carrying amount in accordance with paragraph 55; impairment losses recognised in the income statement during the period under SSAP 31 (if
any);
vi.amounts written back in accordance with paragraph 58; impairment losses
reversed in the income statement during the period under SSAP 31 (if any);
vii.depreciation charge;
viii.the net exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial
statements of a foreign entity;
ix.transfers between different types of assets;
x.transfers between different classes of property, plant and equipment; and
xi.other movements.
Comparative information is not required for the reconciliation in (e) above.
7266. The financial statements should also disclose:
a.whether, in determining the recoverable amount of items of property, plant and
equipment, expected future cash flows have been discounted to their present values;
a b.the existence and amounts of restrictions on title, and property, plant and equipment
pledged as security for liabilities;
b c.the accounting policy for restoration costs relating to the estimated costs of restoring
the site of items of property, plant and or equipment;
c d.the amount of expenditures on account of an
d th
e amount o
f borrowin
g costs
(showing separately interest and exchange differences) capitalised on property, plant
and equipment in the course of construction;
d e.th
e amount o
f commitments for the acquisition of property, plant and equipment; and
e f.the gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal o
f property, plant and
equipment, and how the amounts are arrived at.
7367. The selection of the depreciation method and the estimation of the useful life of assets are matters of judgement. Therefore, disclosure of the methods adopted and the estimated useful
lives or depreciation rates provides users of financial statements with information which allows them to review the policies selected by management and enables comparisons to be made with other enterprises. For similar reasons, it is necessary to disclose the depreciation allocated in a period and the accumulated depreciation at the end of that period.
7468. An enterprise discloses the nature and effect of a change in an accounting estimate that has a material effect in the current period or which is expected to have a material effect in
subsequent periods in accordance with SSAP 2 "Net profit or loss for the period, fundamental errors and changes in accounting policies". Such disclosure may arise from changes in estimate with respect to:
a. residual values;
b. dismantling, removal or restoration costs the estimated costs of dismantling and
removing items of property, plant or equipment and restoring the site;
c. useful lives; and
d. depreciation method.
7569. When items of property, plant and equipment are stated at revalued amounts the following should be disclosed:
a.the basis used to revalue the assets;
b.the effective date of the revaluation;
c.the names and qualifications of persons making the revaluation;
d.whether the valuer was independent of or connected to the enterprise concerned;
e.the nature of any indices used to determine replacement cost;
f.the carrying amount of each class of property, plant and equipment that would have
been included in the financial statements had the assets been carried at cost less
accumulated depreciation under the treatment in paragraph 30; and
g.the revaluation reserve, indicating the movement for the period and any restrictions on
the distribution of the balance to shareholders.
76. An enterprise discloses information on impaired property, plant and equipment under SSAP 31
"Impairment of assets" in addition to the information required by paragraph 71(e)(iv) to (vi). 7770. Financial statements users also find the following information relevant to their needs:
a. the carrying amount of temporarily idle property, plant and equipment;
b. the gross carrying amount of any fully depreciated property, plant and equipment that is
still in use;
c. the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment retired from active use and held
for disposal; and
d. where property, plant and equipment is carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and
accumulated impairment losses, the fair value of the assets when this is materially
different from the carrying amount.
Therefore, enterprises are encouraged to disclose these amounts.
Effective date
7871. The accounting practices set out in this Statement should be adopted as soon as possible and regarded as standard in respect of financial statements relating to periods ending on or after
30 September 1995. beginning on or after 1 January 2001. Earlier adoption is encouraged
but not required. If an enterprise applies this Statement for financial statements covering
periods beginning before 1 January 2001, the enterprise should:
a.disclose that fact; and
b.adopt SSAP 28 "Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets", SSAP 29
"Intangible assets", SSAP 30 "Business combinations" and SSAP 31 "Impairment of
assets" at the same time.
79. This Statement supersedes SSAP 17 "Property, plant and equipment" approved in 1995.
Transitional arrangements
8072. Enterprises which carried property, plant and equipment at revalued amounts in financial statements relating to periods endingended before 30 September 1995 the effective date of
this Statement are not required to make regular revaluations in accordance with paragraphs
31 30 and 36 even if the carrying amounts of the revalued assets are materially different
from the assets' fair values provided that:
a.these enterprises do not revalue their property, plant and equipment subsequent to this
Statement becoming effective 30 September 1995; and
b.disclosure of reliance on this paragraph is made in the financial statements.
81.It is recognised that in prior periods enterprises may have made provisions for the costs of
major inspections or overhauls instead of taking the components approach identified in this Statement. In such cases, implementation of the components approach to major inspection or overhaul costs as set out in paragraphs 28 and 29 of this revised Statement is treated as a charge in accounting policy in accordance with SSAP 2 "Net profit or loss for the period,
fundamental errors and changes in accounting policies".
73.For financial statements relating to periods ending before 30 June 1996, where land is held
and the relevant lease has an unexpired term of not less than 50 years (including the
renewal period) at the balance sheet date (defined as a long lease in the Hong Kong
Companies Ordinance), it is permissible not to amortise the depreciable amount of the land although it is of a depreciable nature.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/16496187.html,mencement of amortisation of long leasehold land which has not previously been
depreciated constitutes a change in accounting policy. In these circumstances, retrospective
a change in accounting policy. In these circumstances, retrospective application of the new
accounting policy is encouraged but not required. When the new accounting policy is
applied prospectively, the depreciable amount of long leasehold land should be allocated in accordance with paragraphs 42 to 54 of this Statement over its remaining estimated useful life at the time of the change in accounting policy.
8275. Except as permitted by paragraph 74, whenWhen the adoption of this Statement constitutes
a change in accounting policy, an enterprise should adjust its financial statements in
accordance with SSAP 2 "Extraordinary items and prior period adjustments""Net profit or loss for the period, fundamental errors and changes in accounting policies".
Notes on legal requirements in Hong Kong
8376. The references to "the Schedule" below are to the Tenth Schedule to the Companies Ordinance.
8477. Paragraph 4 of the Schedule requires that fixed assets, current assets and assets that are neither fixed nor current shall be separately identified, and that the method used to arrive at the
amount of fixed assets under each heading should be stated.
8578. Paragraph 5 of the Schedule requires disclosure of the aggregate amount of the cost or valuation of fixed assets under appropriate headings and of the aggregate amount provided or written off since the date of acquisition or valuation for depreciation or diminution in value. 8679. Paragraph 10 of the Schedule requires that where any liability of the company is secured otherwise than by operation of law on any assets of the company, the fact that that liability is so secured shall be stated, but it shall not be necessary to specify the assets on which the
liability is secured.
8780. Paragraph 12(4) of the Schedule requires disclosure of particulars of any charge on the assets of the company to secure the liabilities of any other person, including, where practicable, the amount secured.
8881. Paragraph 12(6) of the Schedule requires disclosure of, where practicable, the aggregate amount or estimated amount, if it is material, of contracts for capital expenditure, so far as not provided for and the aggregate amount or estimated amount, if it is material, of capital
expenditure authorized by the directors which has not been contracted for.
8982. Paragraph 12(7) of the Schedule requires disclosure of the years in which fixed assets were severally valued and their respective values, and in the case of assets valued during the
financial period:
a. the names of the persons who valued them or particulars of their qualifications for doing
so; and
b. the bases of valuation used by such persons.
9083. Paragraph 12(8) of the Schedule requires disclosure of the amounts of fixed assets acquired or disposed of during the year under each heading. Where fixed assets include land, paragraph
12(9) requires separate disclosure of the amounts ascribable to:
a. land in Hong Kong held on long lease (not less than 50 years), medium-term lease (10 to
50 years) and short lease (under 10 years) respectively; and
b. land outside Hong Kong held freehold, on long lease, medium-term lease and short lease
respectively.
9184. Under paragraph 13(1)(a) of the Schedule disclosure must be made of the amount charged to revenue by way of provision for depreciation, renewals or diminution in value of fixed assets. 9285. The above provisions apply to all companies other than banking and insurance banking, insurance and shippingbanking, insurance and shipping companies which are entitled to certain disclosure exemptions under the provisions of Part III of the Schedule.
Compliance with International Accounting Standards
9386. Compliance with this Statement ensures compliance with International Accounting Standard IAS 16 (revised 1993) "Property, plant and equipment". Except for the following, compliance with this Statement ensures compliance, in all material respects, with International Accounting Standard IAS 16 (revised 1998) "Property, plant and equipment":
a. This Statement takes the position that an enterprise holding a leasehold interest in land
from the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region normally
receives all the risks and rewards incident to ownership and therefore such an interest is
to be accounted for in accordance with this Statement instead of SSAP 14 "Leases"
where the leasehold interest meets the definition of "Property, plant and equipment" as
defined in paragraph 6.
b. This Statement grants an exemption from compliance to charitable, government
subvented and not-for-profit organisations whose long-term financial objective is other
than to achieve operating profits, but IAS 16 does not provide such an exemption.
c. This Statement permits enterprises which carried property, plant and equipment at
revalued amounts in financial statements relating to periods ended before 30 September
1995 not to make regular subsequent revaluations provided that the conditions as set out
in paragraph 79 are met, but IAS 16 does not have such a transitional arrangement.
d. Paragraph 81 requires in some circumstances accounting for the implementation of the
components approach to major inspection or overhaul costs as a change in accounting
policy. IAS 16 does not have the equivalent requirement and SIC-23 "Property, plant and
equipment - Major inspection or overhaul costs" requires accounting for the
implementation of the components approach as a change in accounting estimate.
Appendix A
Illustrative example: Major inspection or overhaul costs
A1. Assets which are acquired or constructed and are already in working condition for their intended use may contain an inherent component attributable to a major inspection or overhaul that is required to be completed at regular intervals to maintain the service potential of the
asset. This inherent component may not be physically separate or have been separately
invoiced. However, it must be an identifiable component - that can initially be measured based on the estimated current cost of such major inspections or overhauls. In accordance with
paragraph 27 of the Statement, this inherent component is considered as separate for
depreciation purposes as it has a different useful life.
A2. Enterprise A purchases a ship for HK$40 million. This ship will be required to undergo a dry dock overhaul every five years to restore its service potential. At the time of purchase, the
service potential that will be required to be restored by the overhaul can be measured based on the cost of the dry docking if it had been performed at the time of the purchase of the ship, say, HK$4 million.
The following shows the calculation of the ship for Year 1 to 5. For simplicity, the straight line method is used.
Amount Useful
Life
(yrs)
HK$
40,000,000
Purchase price of the ship
Comprising:
The ship, excluding projected overhaul cost 36,000,000 30
4,000,000 5 Projected overhaul cost
Year 1 to 5
In the income statement, depreciation
charges per annum are:
HK$ Ship, excluding the service potential
1,200,000 component
Service potential 800,000
By the end of Year 5, the service potential would be fully depreciated.
A3. When a dry docking is carried out in Year 6, the expenditure is capitalised to reflect the restoration of service potential, which is then depreciated over the period to the next overhaul in Year 6 to 10.
A4. The process in Year 6 to 10 repeats every five years from Year 11 onwards until Year 30 when both the ship and the costs of dry docking are fully depreciated and a new ship is acquired.
Appendix B
Changes from International Accounting Standard 16 (revised 1998) "Property, plant and equipment"
The purpose of this appendix is to summarise the major changes made to the equivalent International Accounting Standard when adopting it in Hong Kong and the reasons for such changes. It does not form part of the standards and should be read in the context of the full text of the Statement.
Changes Reasons for the Changes
(i)SSAP 17 Para 2
Exemption from compliance is granted to
charitable, government subvented and not-
for-profit organisations.
(ii)SSAP 17 Para 11
Guidance on the treatment of land and
buildings in the course of development or
redevelopment is added.
Additional guidance is considered desirable. (iii)SSAP 17 Para 18 vs IAS 16 Para 17
The last sentence of IAS 16 paragraph 17 is deleted. The issue is dealt with in SSAP 29 "Intangible assets".
(iv)SSAP 17 Para 19 vs IAS 16 Para 18
Wording in the last sentence of IAS 16 paragraph 18 is amended. Wording is changed to reflect the fact that SSAP 19 "Borrowing costs" requires that borrowing costs which satisfy certain criteria should be capitalised, whereas IAS 23 "Borrowing costs" gives an option to recognise those costs as an expense.
(v)SSAP 17 Paras 28 - 29
The provisions of SIC Interpretation 23
"Property, plant and equipment - Major
inspection or overhaul costs"issued by the
IASC's Standing Interpretations Committee are added to this Statement.
(vi)SSAP 17 Paras 31 and 80 vs IAS 16 Para 29
A transitional arrangement was introduced in the original SSAP 17 issued in 1995 to relieve certain enterprises which carried their property, plant and equipment at revalued amounts before 30 September 1995 from making regular revaluations. This transitional arrangement continues to apply.
(vii)SSAP 17 Para 41
The provision of Interpretation 2 "Property measurement under SSAP 17" is added to this Statement. To provide additional guidance to SSAP 17 paragraph 40.
(viii)SSAP 17 Para 47 vs IAS 16 Para 45
Wording is added to distinguish between freehold land and leasehold land. To clarify that freehold land is not a depreciable asset while leasehold land is.
(ix)SSAP 17 Para 56 vs IAS 16 Para 54
The clause "that is an Acquisition" at the end of IAS 16 paragraph 54 is deleted. SSAP 30 "Business combinations" takes the position that all business combinations are acquisitions.
(x)SSAP 17 Paras 57 - 65
Standard accounting practices for transfers in and out of property, plant and equipment are added. Transfers are not addressed in IAS 16 but is considered to be an important topic.
(xi)SSAP 17 Paras 71e, 71e(ix), 71e(x), 72c,
72e, 75c and 75d vs IAS 16 Paras 60e, 61c
and 64c
A requirement for disclosure of the
reconciliation of the carrying amount for
each class of property,plant and equipment
at the beginning and end of the period under
IAS 16 paragraph 60e is replaced by a
reconciliation of the gross carrying amount
and the accumulated depreciation in SSAP
17 paragraph 71e. Certain additional
disclosure requirements are added in other
paragraphs.
To continue current practice in Hong Kong.
国际会计准则第16号
国际会计准则第16号--不动产、厂房和设备 国际会计准则第16号 （1993年12月修订） 目的 本号准则的目的是规定不动产、厂房和设备的会计处理。 不动产、厂房和设备的会计的基本问题是资产确认的时间、其帐面金额的确定、与它们有关的需确认的折旧费用，以及对帐面金额的其他损耗的确定和会计处理。 本号准则要求一项不动产、厂房和设备在其满足编制和呈报财务报表的结构中对一项资产的定义和确认标准时确认为资产。 范围 1.本号准则适用于对不动产、厂房和设备的会计处理，除非有另外的国际会计准则，要求或允许采用不同的会计处理方法。 2.本号准则替代于1981年批准的国际会计准则第16号不动产、厂房和设备的会计. 本号准则还替代1976年批准的国际会计准则第4号折旧会计中有关不动产、厂房和设备的折旧部分。本号准则所包含的原则的应用可能也适合像长期无形资产那样的其他资产，同时，国际会计准则第4号折旧会计仍然适用于这样的资产。 3.本号准则不适用于： （1）森林及类似的再生性自然资源。 （2）矿产权，矿产、石油、天然气和类似的非再生性资源的勘探和开采。然而，对于在发展或保持上述第（l）或第（2）条所包含的活动或资产时使用的，但又能与这些活动或资产分开的不动产、厂房和设备，适用本号准则。 4.在某些情况下，国际会计准则允许使用与本号准则所规定的不同的方法，来决定对不动产、厂房和设备的帐面金额的初始确认。例如，根据对负商誉的所允许的备选处理方法，国际会计准则第22号企业合并，要求对在企业合并中取得的不动产、厂房和设备最初用公允价值计量，即使它大于成本。然而，在这种情况下，对这些资产的会计处理的所有其他方面，包括折旧，均应按本号准则的要求予以确定。 5.国际会计准则第25号投资会计，允许企业将投资物业作为不动产处理，以符合本号准则的要求，或作为长期投资处理，以符合国际会计准则第25号投资会计的要求。 6.本号准则不涉及对完整反映物价变动影响的制度的应用（见国际会计准则第15号反映价格变动影响的信息和国际会计准则第29号在恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告）。但是，
香港财务报告准则体系
中文版 中国会计准则委员会与香港会计师公会 关于内地企业会计准则与香港财务报告准则等效的联合 声明 附件一的附录2 香港财务报告准则体系 _________________________________________________________________________ 编制和呈报财务报表的框架 香港财务报告准则 ? 香港财务报告准则第1号——首次采用香港财务报告准则 ? 香港财务报告准则第2号——以股份为基础的支付 ? 香港财务报告准则第3号——企业合并 ? 香港财务报告准则第4号——保险合同 ? 香港财务报告准则第5号——持有待售的非流动资产和终止经营 ? 香港财务报告准则第6号——矿产资源的勘查与评估 ? 香港财务报告准则第7号——金融工具披露 香港会计准则 ? 香港会计准则第1号——财务报表列报 ? 香港会计准则第2号——存货 ? 香港会计准则第7号——现金流量表 ? 香港会计准则第8号——会计政策、会计估计变更和差错 ? 香港会计准则第10号——资产负债表日后事项 ? 香港会计准则第11号——建造合同 ? 香港会计准则第12号——所得税 ? 香港会计准则第14号——分部报告 ? 香港会计准则第16号——不动产、厂场和设备 ? 香港会计准则第17号——租赁 ? 香港会计准则第18号——收入 ? 香港会计准则第19号——雇员福利
? 香港会计准则第20号——政府补助的会计和政府援助的披露 ? 香港会计准则第21号——汇率变动的影响 ? 香港会计准则第23号——借款费用 ? 香港会计准则第24号——关联方披露 ? 香港会计准则第26号——退休褔利计划的会计和报告 ? 香港会计准则第27号——合并财务报表和单独财务报表 ? 香港会计准则第28号——联营中的投资 ? 香港会计准则第29号——恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告 ? 香港会计准则第31号——合营中的权益 ? 香港会计准则第32号——金融工具列报 ? 香港会计准则第33号——每股收益 ? 香港会计准则第34号——中期财务报告 ? 香港会计准则第36号——资产减值 ? 香港会计准则第37号——准备、或有负债和或有资产 ? 香港会计准则第38号——无形资产 ? 香港会计准则第39号——金融工具确认和计量 ? 香港会计准则第40号——投资性房地产 ? 香港会计准则第41号——农业 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第1号——已存在的拆卸、复原及其他类似的负债项目的改变 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第2号——会员于合作实体的股权及相类似工具 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第4号——确定一项协议是否包含租赁 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第5号——对来自拆卸、复原及环境复原基金权益的权利 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第6号——参与特定市场而产生的负债：废旧电子电气设备 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第7号——《香港会计准则第29号——恶性通货膨胀经济中的财务报告》所规定的重述方法的应用 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第8号——《香港财务报告准则第2号》的范围 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第9号——嵌入衍生工具的重新评估 ? 香港（国际财务报告解释委员会）解释公告第10号——中期财务报告和减值
内地与香港会计准则的差异
香港与内地会计准则比较 (2010-12-05 23:17:21) 转载▼ 标签： 分类： PRC_GAAP 转载 原文地址：香港与内地会计准则比较作者：留有余味 香港会计准则强调公允价值的使用，而内地会计准则更加偏重历史成本，即强调账面价值。同国际会计准则相一致，香港会计准则在涉及资产计价，特别是资产交易的情况下，强调了资产公允价值的运用，而内地修改后的《企业会计制度》基本上以账面价值为资产计价的基础，这种差别突出表现在对投资的核算和非货币性交易的会计处理上。 在资产减值的计提方面，同内地会计准则相比，香港会计准则更为强调专业判断和个别认定。尽管两地的会计准则均规定了应当根据资产的实际状况计提减值准备，但具体的规定上有所不同。总体上看，内地的规定更为具体，例如对于应收账款不能全额计提坏账准备的情况都进行了具体规定，而香港会计准则就此规定得较为原则，资产减值中个别认定法应用的较为普遍，反映出准则本身更加强调公司和会计师的专业判断。 都将关联方及其交易的处理作为重点，但各有侧重。关联方交易的会计处理及信息披露是会计准则的重点内容之一。相比之下，内地会计准则为防止公司利用关联方交易操纵利润，对关联方之间出售资产等交易的会计处理进行了更为严格的规定，而香港会计准则似乎更为强调关联方及其交易的充分披露。 应收款项 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 香港准则规定坏账计提范围比内地广，包括一切债权，如应收账款、其他应收款、应收债券等。内地准则规定四类应收款项不能计提全额准
企业会计准则第24号--套期保值]讲解
企业会计准则第24号--套期保值]讲解 一、套期保值的概念 套期保值(以下简称套期)，是指企业为规避外汇风险、利率风险、商品价格风险、股票价格风险、信用风险等，指定一项或一项以上套期工具，使套期工具的公允价值或现金流量变动，预期抵销被套期项目全部或部分公允价值或现金流量变动。 套期分为公允价值套期、现金流量套期和境外经营净投资套期。公允价值套期，是指对已确认资产或负债、尚未确认的确定承诺，或该资产或负债、尚未确认的确定承诺中可辨认部分的公允价值变动风险进行的套期。该类价值变动源于某类特定风险，且将影响企业的损益。现金流量套期，是指对现金流量变动风险进行的套期。该类现金流量变动源于与已确认资产或负债、很可能发生的预期交易有关的某类特定风险，且将影响企业的损益。境外经营净投资套期，是指对境外经营净投资外汇风险进行的套期。境外经营净投资，是指企业在境外经营净资产中的权益份额。 对于满足规定条件的套期，企业可运用套期会计方法进行处理。套期会计方法，是指在相同会计期间将套期工具和被套期项目公允价值变动的抵销结果计入当期损益的方法。比如，某企业拟对6个月之后很可能发生的贵金属销售进行现金流量套期，为规避相关贵金属价格下跌的风险，该企业可于现在卖出相同数量的该种贵金属期货合同并指定为套期工具，同时指定预期的贵金属销售为被套期项目。资产负债表日(假定预期贵金属销售尚未发生)，期货合同的公允价值上涨了100万元，对应的贵金属预期销售价格的现值下降了100万元。假定上述套期符合运用套期会计方法的条件，该企业应将期货合同的公允价值变动计入所有者权益(资本公
积)，待预期销售交易实际发生时，再转出调整销售收入。二、套期工具和被套期项目 套期工具，是指企业为进行套期而指定的、其公允价值或现金流量变动预期可抵销被套期项目的公允价值或现金流量变动的衍生工具，对外汇风险进行套期还可以将非衍生金融资产或非衍生金融负债作为套期工具。衍生工具包括远期合同、期货合同、互换和期权，以及具有远期合同、期货合同、互换和期权中一种或一种以上特征的工具。比如，企业为规避库存铜品价格下跌的风险，可以通过卖出一定数量铜品的期货合同加以实现，其中卖出铜品的期货合同即是套期工具。衍生工具如无法有效地降低被套期项目的风险，不能作为套期工具。比如，对于利率上下限期权或由一项发行的期权和一项购入的期权组成的期权，其实质相当于企业发行一项期权的(即企业收取了净期权费)，不能将其指定为套期工具。 企业在确立套期关系时，应当将套期工具整体或其一定比例(不含套期工具剩余期限内的某一时段)进行指定，但下列情况除外:(1)对于期权，企业可以将期权的内在价值和时间价值分开，只就内在价值变动将期权指定为套期工具;(2)对于远期合同，企业可以将远期合同的利息和即期价格分开，只就即期价格变动将远期合同指定为套期工具。 企业通常可将单项衍生工具指定为对一种风险进行套期，但同时满足下列条件的，可以指定单项衍生工具对一种以上的风险进行套期:(1)各项被套期风险可以清晰辨认;(2)套期有效性可以证明;(3)可以确保该衍生工具与不同风险头寸之间存在具体指定关系。套期有效性，是指套期工具的公允价值或现金流量变动能够抵销被套期风险引起的被套期项目公允价值或现金流量变动的程度。 对于符合套期工具条件的衍生工具，在套期开始时，通常应当将其整体或其一定比例指定为套期工具。单项衍生工具通常被指定为对一种风险进行套期。附有多种风险的衍生工具也可以被指定为对一种以上风险进行套期，前提是可以清晰地辨
香港会计准则17-固定资产
SSAP 17 STATEMENT OF STANDARD ACCOUNTING PRACTICE 17 PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT (Issued July 1995; revised April 2001 in bold type) The standards, which have been set in bold italic type, should be read in the context of the background material and implementation guidance and in the context of the Foreword to Statements of Standard Accounting Practice ,Interpretationsand Accounting Guidelines. Accounting standardsStatements of Standard Accounting Practiceare not intended to apply to immaterial items (see paragraph 8 of the Foreword). Introduction The objective of this Statement is to prescribe the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment. The principal issues in accounting for property, plant and equipment are the timing of recognition of the assets, the determination of their carrying amounts and the depreciation charges to be recognised in relation to them , and the determination and accounting treatment of other impairments to the carrying amounts . Scope 1.This Statement should be applied in accounting for property, plant and equipment except when another Statement of Standard Accounting Practice requires or permits a different accounting treatment. 2.Charitable, government subvented and not-for-profit organisations whose long-term financial objective is other than to achieve operating profits (eg. trade associations, clubs and retirement schemes) are exempted from compliance with this Statement provided that full disclosure of their accounting policies is made. Nonetheless, these enterprises are encouraged to follow the accounting practices set out in this Statement. 3. This Statement supersedes SSAP 6 "Depreciation accounting". While this Statement is not primarily intended to apply to assets other than property, plant and equipment, many of the principles contained in this Statement may also be appropriate for other depreciable assets. does not apply to: Statement 4. This a. forests and similar regenerative natural resources; and b. mineral rights, the exploration for and extraction of minerals, oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources. However, this Statement does apply to property, plant and equipment used to develop or maintain the activities or assets covered in a. or b. but separable from those activities or assets. 5. In some circumstances other Statements of Standard Accounting Practice permit the initial recognition of the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment to be determined using an approach different from that prescribed in this Statement. For example, SSAP 7 "Group accounts" SSAP 30 "Business combinations" requires property, plant and equipment acquired in a business combination to be measured initially at fair value even when it exceeds cost. However in such cases all other aspects of the accounting treatment for these assets, including depreciation, are determined by the requirements of this Statement.
企业会计准则第号固定资产
企业会计准则第4号固定资产 第一章总则 第一条为了规范固定资产的确认、计量和相关信息的披露，根据《企业会计准则一一基本准则》，制定本准则。 第二条下列各项适用其他相关会计准则： ㈠经济林木和产役畜等生物资产，适用《企业会计准则第5号一一生物资产》。 ㈡矿区权益和石油、天然气矿产储量，适用《企业会计准则第27号一一石油天然气开采》。 ㈢作为投资性房地产的建筑物，适用《企业会计准则第3号一一投资性房地产》。 第二章确认 第三条固定资产，是指同时具有下列两个特征的有形资产： ㈠为生产商品、提供劳务、出租或经营管理而持有的； ㈡使用寿命超过一个会计期间。 使用寿命，是指企业使用固定资产的预计期间，或者该固定资产所能生产产品或提供劳务的 数量。 第四条固定资产同时满足下列条件的，才能予以确认： ㈠该固定资产包含的经济利益很可能流入企业； ㈡该固定资产的成本能够可靠计量。 第五条固定资产的各组成部分具有不同使用寿命或者以不同方式为企业提供经济利益，使用不同折旧率或折旧方法的，应当分别将各组成部分确认为单项固定资产。 第六条企业与固定资产有关的后续支出，符合本准则第四条规定的确认条件的，应当计入固定资产成本；不符合本准则第四条规定的确认条件的，应当在发生时计入当期损益。 第三章初始计量 第七条固定资产应当按照成本计量。 第八条外购固定资产的成本，包括购买价款、进口关税和其他税费，使固定资产达到预定可使用状态前所发生的可归属于该项资产的场地整理费、运输费、装卸费、安装费和专业人 员服务费等。 以一笔款项购入多项没有单独标价的固定资产，应当按照各项固定资产公允价值比例对总成 本进行分配，分别确定各项固定资产的成本。 第九条自行建造固定资产的成本，由建造该项资产达到预定可使用状态前所发生的必要 支出构成。 第十条应计入固定资产成本的借款费用，按照《企业会计准则第17号一一借款费用》的 规定处理。 第十一条投资者投入固定资产的成本，应当按照投资合同或协议约定的价值确定，但合 同或协议约定价值不公允的除外。 第十二条企业合并、非货币性资产交换、债务重组、融资租赁取得的固定资产的成本， 应当分别按照《企业会计准则第20号一一企业合并》、《企业会计准则第7号-非货币性资产交换》、 《企业会计准则第12号一一债务重组》和《企业会计准则第21号一一租赁》确定。 第四章后续计量
内地会计与香港会计实务核算比较剖析
内地会计与香港会计实务核算比较 内地会计与香港会计实务核算比较 ◆外币核算 香港关于外币核算处理的规定较为详细 香港《会计实务准则》第11号规定： A.企业因外币交易而产生的每项资产、负债、收入、成本均按当日的市场汇率折算为编表货币单位，也可按实际的外币记账。 B.规定了外汇期货合同及外国子公司报表合并的外币处理方法。 中国内地在《企业财务通则》、《股份有限公司会计制度》、《外商投资企业会计制度》及行业会 计制度中对外币业务核算作了较为详细的规定： A.企业发生外币业务时，按当时的国家外汇牌价作为记账汇率或按业务发生的当月月初的国家外汇 牌价作为记账汇率进行折算。 B.企业各种外币项目（应指货币性项目）的期末余额，须按照期末国家外汇牌价折合成记账本位币 金额，与账面记账本位币金额的差额作为财务费用――汇兑损益，计入当期损益。 C.企业发生的汇兑损益，在筹建期间发生的，计入开办费；生产经营期间发生的，计入财务费用；清算期间发生的，计入清算损益；与购建固定资产或无形资产有关的，在该资产完工入账前计入购建资产的价值。 D.以外币收支为主的企业，，可以某种外币为记账本位币，但编制报表时应折算为人民币反映。 中国内地还是外汇管制，外汇不能自由兑换，官方公布外汇牌价与市场真实汇率有一定的差价，不能真实反映外币业务情况。目前仍没有规定外币期货合同和国外子公司报表折合成人民币的处理方法，而只作理论探讨。 ◆存货核算 1、存货在中国内地的分类有商品、产成品、半成品、在产品、材料、包装物、低值易耗品、周转材料归类为固定资产外，其余均为库存，但归类为产成品、在产品和原材料。
2、在中国内地，存货按先进先出、加权平均、移动平均、后进先出和分批实际法进行实际成本核算；香港则不接受后进先出和分批实际法，其余方法相同。 3、中国内地，存货按实际成本入账；香港则按成本与可变现净值孰低法。商业企业的进货费用在中 国内地计入当期损益，而香港则不用冲销损益。 4、香港参照年末行业数据或最近购进存货的进价和成本进行比较，对总成本大于市价的计提存货削价准备，中国内地新颁布的《股份有限公司会计制度》对这一点有规定，其它行业会计制度则没有，说明内地股份有限公司提供的财务报告将更易被外国投资者理解。 内地与香港存货核算的差异来自于对谨慎原则的理解，内地在应用这一原则时仍有所保留，香港则 充分应用了这一原则，使其会计核算能更合理地反映存货的实际价值。 ◆坏账损失的核算 1、中国内地主要有两种核算方法： a.直接转销法。是指在实际发生坏账时，确认坏账损失，计入期间费用，同时注销该笔应收账款。 b.备抵法。按期估计坏账损失，形成坏账准备，当某一应收账款全部或部分被确认为坏账时，应根据其金额冲减坏账准备，同时转销相应的应收账款金额。坏账准备计提比例，国家规定为3％0－5％0，深圳经济特区、外商投资企业为3％。计提方法按应收账款的年末余额的百分比计算。 2、香港是对所有已知的债权都计提坏账准备，计提比例由公司自行确定。坏账计提范围比中国内地广，包括一切债权，如应收账款、其它应收款、应收票据等。计提方法有余额百分比法、账龄分析法、赊销百分比法。 ◆投资的核算 1、短期投资。中国内地要求按实际成本核算；香港要求按成本与可变现净值孰低核算，年末若成本 大 于市价则应按交易所当天收市价计算短期投资降值准备。 2、长期投资。中国内地要求按原始成本或权益法调整计价，对于债券投资，实际支付的款项与债券面值的差额，作为债券的溢价或折价；对于股票投资和其它投资，按占股权比例，采有成本法或权益法，不考虑永久性减值准备；香港则要求以成本值减去降值准备，企业每隔一定期限要对长期投资按公平价值进行重估。 ◆固定资产的核算
会计准则——固定资产讲解
第五章固定资产 第一节固定资产概述 固定资产是企业赖以生存的物质基础，是企业产生效益的源泉，关系到企业的运营与发展。企业科学管理和正确核算固定资产,有利于促进企业正确评估固资产的整体情况,提高资产使用效率,降低生产成本,保护固定资产的安全完整,实现资产的保值增值,增强企业的综合竞争实力。《企业会计准则第4号——固定资产》（以下简称固定资产准则)规范了固定资产的确认、计量和相关信息的披露。 固定资产准则规定,固定资产是指同时具有下列特征的有形资产:(1)为生产商品提供劳务、出租或经营管理而持有的；(2)使用寿命超过一个会计年度。从固定资产的定义看,固定资产具有以下三个特征: 第一,固定资产是为生产商品、提供劳务、出租或经营管理而持有。企业持有固定资产的目的是为了生产商品、提供劳务、出租或经营管理,这意味着,企业持有的固定资产是企业的劳动工具或手段,而不是直接用于出售的产品。其中“出租”的固定资产,:指用以出租的机器设备类固定资产,不包括以经营租赁方式出租的建筑物,后者属于企业的投资性房地产,不属于固定资产。 第二,固定资产使用寿命超过一个会计年度。固定资产的使用寿命,是指企业使用固定资产的预计期间，或者该固定资产所能生产产
品或提供劳务的数量。通常情况下固定资产的使用寿命是指使用固定资产的预计期间，如自用房屋建筑物的使用寿命或使用年限。某些机器设备或运输设备等固定资产,其使用寿命往往以该固定资产所能生产产品或提供劳务的数量来表示，例如，发电设备按其预计发电量估计使用寿命,汽车或飞机等按其预计行驶里程估计使用寿命。固定资产使用寿命超过一个会计年度,意味着固定资产属于长期资产,随着使用和磨损,通过计提折旧方式逐渐减少账面价值。对固定资产计提折旧,是对固定资产进行后续计量的重要内容。固定资产计提减值准备也属于后续计量，相关在《企业会计准则第8号——资产减值》准则中予以规范。 第三,固定资产为有形资产。固定资产具有实物特征,这一特征将固定资产与无形资产区别开来。有些无形资产可能同时符合固定资产的其他特征,如无形资产为生产商品、提供劳务而持有,使用寿命超过一个会计年度,但是,由于其没有实物形态,所以不属于固定资产。工业企业所持有的工具、用具、备品备件、维修设备等资产,施工企业所持有的模板、挡板、架料等周转材料,以及地质勘探企业所持有的管材等资产，尽管该类资产具有固定资产的某些特征，如，使用期限超过一年，也能够带来经济利益,但由于数量多，单价低，考虑到成本效益原则，在实务中，通常确认为存货。但符合固定资产定义和确认条件的,比如企业(民用航空运输)的高价周转件等,应当确认为固定资产。对于构成固定资产的各组成部分,如果各自具有不同使用寿命或者以不同方式为企业提供经济利益,适用不同折旧率或折旧方法的,该
企业会计准则第四号-固定资产解读
《企业会计准则第4号——固定资产》解读 主讲老师 佟志强 第一节 固定资产的确认 一、固定资产的定义 固定资产，是指同时具有下列特征的有形资产： （1）为生产商品、提供劳务、出租或经营管理而持有的； （2）使用寿命超过一个会计年度。 从固定资产的定义看，固定资产具有以下三个特征: 第一，固定资产是为生产商品、提供劳务、出租或经营管理而持有。 企业持有固定资产的目的是为了生产商品、提供劳务、出租或经营管理，这意味着，企业持有的固定资产是企业的劳动工具或手段，而不是直接用于出售的产品。 【提示】 “出租”的固定资产：指用以出租的机器设备类固定资产，不包括以经营租赁方式出租的建筑物，后者属于企业的投资性房地产，不属于固定资产。 第二，固定资产使用寿命超过一个会计年度。 固定资产的使用寿命，是指企业使用固定资产的预计期间，或者该固定资产所能生产产品或提供劳务的数量。通常情况下固定资产的使用寿命是指使用固定资产的预计期间，如自用房屋建筑物的使用寿命或使用年限。某些机器设备或运输设备等固定资产，其使用寿命往往以该固定资产所能生产产品或提供劳务的数量来表示。 第三，固定资产为有形资产。 固定资产具有实物特征，这一特征将固定资产与无形资产区别开来。有些无形资产可能同时符合固定资产的其他特征，如无形资产为生产商品、提供劳务而持有，使用寿命超过一个会计年度，但是，由于其没有实物形态，所以不属于固定资产。 二、固定资产的确认条件 固定资产同时满足下列条件的，才能予以确认： （1）与该固定资产有关的经济利益很可能流入企业；
（2）该固定资产的成本能够可靠地计量。 【提示】 对于构成固定资产的各组成部分，如果各自具有不同使用寿命或者以不同方式为企业提供经济利益，适用不同折旧率或折旧方法的，该各组成部分实际上是以独立的方式为企业提供经济利益，因此，企业应当分别将各组成部分确认为单项固定资产。例如，飞机的引擎，如果其与飞机机身具有不同的使用寿命，适用不同折旧率或折旧方法，则企业应当将其确认为单项固定资产。 第二节 固定资产的初始计量 固定资产应当按照成本进行初始计量。 固定资产的成本，是指企业购建某项固定资产达到预定可使用状态前所发生的一切合理、必要的支出。这些支出包括直接发生的价款、运杂费、包装费和安装成本等，也包括间接发生的，如应承担的借款利息资本化部分、外币借款折算差额以及应分摊的其他间接费用。 对于特殊行业的特定固定资产，确定其初始入账成本时还应考虑弃置费用。 一、外购固定资产 企业外购固定资产的成本，包括购买价款、相关税费（不含可抵扣的增值税进项税额）、使固定资产达到预定可使用状态前所发生的可归属于该项资产的运输费、装卸费、安装费和专业人员服务费等。 外购固定资产分为购入不需要安装的固定资产和购入需要安装的固定资产两类。 （一）购入不需要安装的固定资产 相关支出直接计入固定资产成本： 借：固定资产 应交税费——应交增值税（进项税额）（生产经营用动产） 贷：银行存款等 （二）购入需要安装的固定资产 通过“在建工程”科目核算 借：在建工程 应交税费——应交增值税（进项税额）（生产经营用动产） 贷：银行存款、应付职工薪酬等
企业会计准则第 24号
企业会计准则第24号——套期保值 第一章总则 第一条为了规范套期保值的确认和计量，根据《企业会计准则——基本准则》，制定本准则。 第二条套期保值（以下简称套期），是指企业为规避外汇风险、利率风险、商品价格风险、股票价格风险、信用风险等，指定一项或一项以上套期工具，使套期工具的公允价值或现金流量变动，预期抵销被套期项目全部或部分公允价值或现金流量变动。 第三条套期分为公允价值套期、现金流量套期和境外经营净投资套期。 （一）公允价值套期，是指对已确认资产或负债、尚未确认的确定承诺，或该资产或负债、尚未确认的确定承诺中可辨认部分的公允价值变动风险进行的套期。该类价值变动源于某类特定风险，且将影响企业的损益。 （二）现金流量套期，是指对现金流量变动风险进行的套期。该类现金流量变动源于与已确认资产或负债、很可能发生的预期交易有关的某类特定风险，且将影响企业的损益。 （三）境外经营净投资套期，是指对境外经营净投资外汇风险进行的套期。境外经营净投资，是指企业在境外经营净资产中的权益份额。 第四条对于满足本准则第三章规定条件的套期，企业可运用套期会计方法进行处理。 套期会计方法，是指在相同会计期间将套期工具和被套期项目公允价值变动的抵销结果计入当期损益的方法。 第二章套期工具和被套期项目 第五条套期工具，是指企业为进行套期而指定的、其公允价值或现金流量变动预期可抵销被套期项目的公允价值或现金流量变动的衍生工具，对外汇风险进行套期还可以将非衍生金融资产或非衍生金融负债作为套期工具。 第六条企业在确立套期关系时，应当将套期工具整体或其一定比例（不含套期工具剩余期限内的某一时段）进行指定，但下列情况除外： （一）对于期权，企业可以将期权的内在价值和时间价值分开，只就内在价值变动将期权指定为套期工具； （二）对于远期合同，企业可以将远期合同的利息和即期价格分开，只就即期价格变动将远期合同指定为套期工具。 第七条企业通常可将单项衍生工具指定为对一种风险进行套期，但同时满足下列条件的，可以指定单项衍生工具对一种以上的风险进行套期： （一）各项被套期风险可以清晰辨认； （二）套期有效性可以证明； （三）可以确保该衍生工具与不同风险头寸之间存在具体指定关系。 套期有效性，是指套期工具的公允价值或现金流量变动能够抵销被套期风险引起的被套期项目公允价值或现金流量变动的程度。 第八条企业可以将两项或两项以上衍生工具的组合或该组合的一定比例指定为套期工具。 对于外汇风险套期，企业可以将两项或两项以上非衍生工具的组合或该组合的一定比例，或将衍生工具和非衍生工具的组合或该组合的一定比例指定为套期工具。 对于利率上下限期权或由一项发行的期权和一项购入的期权组成的期权，其实质相当于企业发行的一项期权的（即企业收取了净期权费），不能将其指定为套期工具。 第九条被套期项目，是指使企业面临公允价值或现金流量变动风险，且被指定为被套期对象的下列项目： （一）单项已确认资产、负债、确定承诺、很可能发生的预期交易，或境外经营净投资； （二）一组具有类似风险特征的已确认资产、负债、确定承诺、很可能发生的预期交易，或境外经营净投资；
香港会计准则与国内的区别分析
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香港会计准则和国际会计准则体系比较
as at 1January 2008 1 Title IASB equivalent Differences in Transitional Provisions Differences in Effective Dates Other Textual Differences FRAMEWORK Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements IASB Framework N/A N/A Minor textual differences –no practical effect.
as at 1January 2008 2 HKFRS No. Title IFRS No. Differences in Transitional Provisions Differences in Effective Dates Other Textual Differences HKFRS 1 First-time Adoption of Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards IFRS 1 No No,except para 47F specifies that paras 23and 27to 30of HKFRS 1(IFRS 1)are effective for AP beginning on or after 1January 2005(1January 2004).Minor textual differences –no practical effect.HKFRS 2Share-based Payment IFRS 2No No No HKFRS 3 Business Combinations IFRS 3 No Except for limited retrospective application as per para 85,HKFRS 3(IFRS 3)is effective for business combinations for which the agreement date is on or after 1January 2005(31March 2004). No
中国会计规定与国际财务报告准则及香港财务报表准则的规定差异
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