Friction welding of similar materials- Polypropylene

Friction Welding of Similar Materials:Polypropylene, High-Density Polyethylene,and Nylon-6

Ching-Bin Lin,Li Cheng Wu,Yu Yao Chen

Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering,Tamkang University,Tamsui,Taipei, Republic of China

Received11April2003;accepted22July2003

ABSTRACT:The effects of spin-friction pressure and tim-ing on the friction welding between parts of the same ma-terials,PP,HDPE,and nylon-6,are discussed.The heat-affected zone is divided into three regions:the plasticized region(Zpl),the partly plasticized region(Zpd),and the undeformed region(Zud).The tensile fracture morphology has three main sections:the nonplasticized central section (Fud),the plasticized peripheral section(Fpl),and the partly plasticized section between Fud and Fpl(Fpd).Friction pres-sures(spinning timing)of1.17MPa(16s)in PP–PP welding, 1.77MPa(8s)in HDPE–HDPE welding,and0.98MPa(8,10, and12s)in nylon-6–nylon-6welding attains better bonding strength because their components have larger Fpd and Fpl regions,which have no Fud in the central part.?2004Wiley Periodicals,Inc.J Appl Polym Sci91:2771–2780,2004

Key words:friction welding;polypropylene(PP);high-den-sity polyethylene(HDPE);nylon-6;bonding strength

INTRODUCTION

Mechanical locking,1adhesive bonding,2solvent welding,3and welding4are all commonly used meth-ods for joining thermoplastics.Thermoplastic welding mainly involves eight methods:(1)hot-plate welding5;

(2)hot-gas welding6;(3)infrared-heating welding7;(4) resistive-implant welding8;(5)spin-friction welding9;

(6)vibration or linear-friction welding10;(7)ultrasonic welding11;and(8)laser welding.12Spin-friction weld-ing is a process in which one substrate is?xed whereas the other is given a controlled angular veloc-ity and brought into contact with the former to cause friction heating and agitation to form a bond.Advan-tages of spin-friction welding are high welding qual-ity,simplicity,speed,and reproducibility.

Wool and O’Connor13reported?ve steps for ther-moplastic welding:surface rearrangement,surface ap-proach,wetting,molecular chain interdiffusion,and randomization.The latter two steps formed the main parameters that control welding strength,and by the end of the wetting step,potential barriers that com-bined with inhomogeneities in the interface disappear and molecular chains are free to move across the in-terface in the subsequent steps of interdiffusion and randomization.According to Kim and Wool14molec-ular chain interdiffusion and randomization could be illustrated through the reptation model,15proposed by de Gennes.16According to Kausuh and Jud17welding strength was attributed to entanglement of molecular chains after interdiffusion.According to Wool et al.18 the operating temperature should be higher than the glass-transition temperature(T g)during hot-press welding because with the help of thermal activity minor chains could interdiffuse easily by untying en-tangled molecular chains.If the operating temperature were lower than T g,the welding phenomenon would not occur.19

The present research was aimed at understanding the effects of spin-friction pressure and timing on friction welding between parts of the same material, for example,PP with PP,HDPE with HDPE,and nylon-6with nylon-6.

EXPERIMENTAL

Materials preparation

PP rods(Clap Co.;8400R),HDPE rods(USI Co.;LS 606),and nylon-6rods(Missipisui Co.;1010C)were cut for welding specimens whose standard is shown in Figure1.Carbimet paper(1200grit)was used for polishing the welding surfaces,and?nally polishing with1?m Al2O3slurries followed.Polishing was performed during friction pressure for two specimens to have close contact.Then,the specimens were kept in an air furnace at50?2°C for24h for annealing, and then the annealed specimens were cooled to room temperature to eliminate residual stress on the weld-ing surface.

Correspondence to:C.-B.Lin(cblin@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1d1151966.html,.tw). Contract grant sponsor:National Science Council,Taiwan, Republic of China.

Journal of Applied Polymer Science,Vol.91,2771–2780(2004)?2004Wiley Periodicals,Inc.

Spin-friction welding

An apparatus for spin-friction welding of PP with PP,HDPE with HDPE,and nylon-6with nylon-6is shown in Figure 2.Welding surfaces of the work pieces were degreased before welding.During spin-friction weld-ing,one specimen was ?xed while the other remained stationary.Three different spin-friction pressures (0.49,1.18,and 1.37MPa)were used for PP–PP weld-ing with an ac motor of 460rpm for 16,18,and 20s to closely join the two specimens.Then,5s of forge pressure,the same as the spin friction pressure,was immediately applied to complete the welding.The same process as for PP–PP welding was used for HDPE–HDPE welding with 0.98,1.37,and 1.77MPa friction pressures exerted on the specimens for 8,10,and 12s;and nylon-6–nylon-6welding with 0.49,0.784,and 0.98MPa friction pressures exerted on the specimens for 12,16,and 20s.Metallographic preparation

The welded specimen sections were polished with 1200-grit carbimet paper and suspension polishing liq-uid of 1?m Al 2O 3particulates.Then,the microstruc-

ture of the heat-affected zone was observed through an Optiphot-100Nikon optical microscope (Nikon,Tokyo,Japan).Tensile test

Tensile tests were performed at room temperature at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min on an Instron tensile machine (Instron,Canton,MA),after fringes of welded specimens were machined.The bonding strengths were calculated from the load at failure,divided by the original cross-sectional area.Three measurements were taken for each of the bonding strengths to calculate their average data.After 4min of gilding of the tensile fracture surface,tensile fracture morphology was observed through a JEOL-JSM 840A SEM (JEOL,Tokyo,Japan).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Heat-affected zone

The schematic diagram of the heat-affected zone (HAZ)of welded PP with PP is shown in Figure 3.Three regions that are distinctly evident in the

plasti-

Figure 1Schematic of

specimens.

Figure 2Schematic of spin-friction welding system:(1a,1b):specimen;(2)rotational clip;(3)brake system;(4)?xed clip;(5)piston;(6)cylinder;(7)supporter;(8)oil outlet;(9)oil inlet;(10)oil pressure adjuster;(11)oil tank;(12)oil pressure pump.

2772LIN,WU,AND CHEN

cized region (Zpl),the undeformed region (Zud),and the partly plasticized region (Zpd),which the friction heat and thermal transients experienced in the Zpl and the Zpd zone,are suf?ciently high to dissolve and soften the polymer matrix,respectively.The width of

the Zpd zone and the area of the Zpl zone are in-creased with increasing spinning time.Under the spinning process,the heat-affected zone produces larger plasticization near the central zone,and devia-tion tends to arise in spinning,which causes the active molecular chains to become a “twisting and entan-gling plasticized region”around both sides of the central zone,after which they gradually spun along the radius to the peripheral zone,a phenomenon that increased with spinning time.

When the HAZ of welded PP with PP was under 0.98MPa friction pressure with 16,18,and 20s spin-ning timing,the Zpd zone was formed in the central zone.The area of the Zpd and Zpl zone and the distance of both the “twisted and entangled plasti-cized regions”in the central zone increased with in-creasing spinning time,as shown in Figure 4(a)and (b).A friction pressure of 1.17MPa with a spinning time of 16s produced an apparent Zpl zone in the central zone,as shown in Figure 4(c).For spinning times of 18and 20s,only the Zpd zone was formed in the central zone,and the area of the Zpd zone de-creased with increasing spinning time.At a friction pressure of 1.37MPa with spinning times of 16and 18s,a smaller Zpd zone was formed in the central zone.For a spinning time of 20s,formation of the Zpd zone cannot be observed in the central zone,as shown in Figure 4(d).

The schematic diagram of the HAZ of welded HDPE with HDPE is shown in Figure 5.It is also divided into three main regions:the Zud zone,the Zpd zone,and the Zpl zone.Although the friction heat in the central zone is small at the beginning stage of spinning,the friction temperature still exceeded

the

Figure 3Schematic of heat-affected zone of welded PP with

PP.

Figure 4OM morphologies for heat-affected zone of welded PP with PP,under 0.98MPa friction pressure with (a)18s and (b)20s of spinning timing;(c)under 1.17MPa friction pressure with 16s of spinning time;(d)under 1.37MPa friction pressure with 18s of spinning time.

FRICTION WELDING OF SIMILAR MATERIALS 2773

glass-transition temperature of HDPE (??105°C);thus the active minor chains that thrust through one side of the interface easily wet each other in the central zone,as shown in Figure 5(a).Areas of the Zpd and the Zpl zones increased with the spinning time,as shown in Figure 5(a)and (b).When the central zone produced larger plasticization,deviation tends to arise in spinning,which causes active molecular chains to become entangled around the central zone.Conse-quently,a “twisting and entangling plasticized re-

gion”was formed.At this time,melting of the poly-mer formed a tacky layer in the Zpl zone,and while the forge pressure was being applied to the HAZ,the Zpl zone was easily squeezed because of the forging action,after which the total width of the Zpd and Zpl zones was decreased,as shown in Figure 5(c).

In the HAZ of welded HDPE with HDPE under 0.98MPa friction pressure,for spinning times of both 8and 10s,only a small Zpd zone was formed in the central zone,as shown in Figure 6(a).For a spinning time of 12s,only the wetting zone was formed in the central zone,as shown in Figure 6(b).Under a friction pres-sure of 1.37MPa,for spinning times of both 8and 10s,the Zpl zone was apparently formed in the central zone,and the area of the Zpl zone decreased with increasing spinning time.For a spinning time of 12s,only the wetting zone was formed in the central zone.Under a friction pressure of 1.77MPa,for spinning times of both 8and 10s,a “twisting and entangling plasticized region”was formed in the central zone,as shown in Figure 6(c).For a spinning time of 20s,only a small Zpd zone was formed in the central zone.The schematic diagram of the HAZ of welded nylon-6with nylon-6is shown in Figure 7.It is also divided into three regions:the Zud zone,the Zpd zone,and the Zpl zone.When the central zone produced apparent plasticization,the active molec-ular chain became entangled around the central zone because the tangent velocity of the central zone is smaller.Consequently,a larger “twisting and en-tangling plasticized region”was formed in the cen-tral zone.As this time,the ?ow of the melting polymer formed a tacky layer in the Zpl zone,which was squeezed while the forge pressure was being applied,thus causing both Zpd zones to undergo mutual wetting,as shown in Figure 7(a).The plas-ticization of the “twisting and entangling plasti-cized region”increased with increasing spinning time.Finally,the “twisting and entangling

plasti-

Figure 5Schematic of heat-affected zone of welded HDPE with

HDPE.

Figure 6OM morphologies for heat-affected zone of welded HDPE with HDPE,under 0.98MPa friction pressure with (a)10s and (b)12s of spinning timing;(c)under 1.77MPa friction pressure with 10s of spinning time.

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cized region”converted completely into the Zpl zone,as shown in Figure 7(b).

In the HAZ of welded nylon-6–nylon-6under a friction pressure of 0.49MPa,for spinning times of 12,16,and 20s,a larger “twisting and entangling plasti-cized region”was formed in the central zone,as shown in Figure 8(a).Under a friction pressure of 0.78MPa,for spinning times of 12,16,and 20s,the Zpl zone was apparently formed and both of the Zpd zones underwent mutual wetting,as shown in Figure 8(b).Comparing with Figure 8(b),under a friction pressure of 0.98MPa,for spinning times of 12,16,and 20s,a larger Zpl zone was formed in the heat-affected zone,as shown in Figure 8(c).Tensile fracture morphology

The tensile fracture morphology of welded PP with PP under different spin friction pressures and spinning

times is shown in Figure 9.It has three main sections:(1)the central zone (Fud),which has no plasticized “wearing surface”morphology;(2)the peripheral zone (Fpl),which has a plasticized “dimple”fracture morphology;and (3)the middle zone (Fpd),which has a partly plasticized “dot”fracture morphology.The dimensions of the three zones change with different friction pressures and spinning times.The result for forming the “dot”fracture morphology may arise for two reasons:(1)the PP is a semicrystalline polymer with a spherulitic structure,and the local crystalliza-tion often produces a mechanically interlocked inter-face;(2)the tensile process is accommodated by elon-gation at entanglement welded points.Molecular chains of the welded points are oriented along the tensile direction,so when the area of local welded points could not support the tensile stress,fracturing occurred at this strained welding “dot.”With a tensile fracture morphology of welded PP with PP under a friction pressure of 0.98MPa,the area of the Fud zone decreased with increasing spinning times;the tensile fracture morphology at a spinning time of 20s is shown in Figure 9(a).The tensile fracture morphology under a friction pressure of 1.17MPa for a spinning time of 16s is shown in Figure 9(b).It was found that only the Fpd zone formed in the fracture surface.For spinning times of 18and 20s,the Fud zone was formed in the central zone and the other region was the Fpd zone [shown in Fig.9(c)],although the area of the Fpd zone at a spinning time of 18s was larger than that at a spinning time of 20s.For the tensile fracture morphology under a friction pressure of 1.37MPa for spinning times of 16,18,and 20s,the Fud zone was formed in the central zone,and the other zone was the Fpd zone,in which the Fud zone area is broadened with spinning time.

The tensile fracture morphology of welded HDPE with HDPE under different spin friction pressures and spinning times is shown in Figure 10.It also has three main regions:(1)the central section (Fud),which

has

Figure 7Schematic of heat-affected zone of welded ny-lon-6with

nylon-6.

Figure 8OM morphologies for heat-affected zone of welded nylon-6with nylon-6,under (a)0.49MPa;(b)0.784MPa;and (c)0.98MPa friction pressure with 20s of spinning time.

FRICTION WELDING OF SIMILAR MATERIALS 2775

no plasticized “wearing surface”morphology;(2)the peripheral section (Fpl),which has a plasticized “patch”fracture morphology;(3)the middle section (Fpd),which has a partly plasticized “mixed ?brillate with ribbon”fracture morphology.Formation of the “?brillate”or “ribbon”may be attributed to the fol-lowing.The HDPE is a linear semicrystalline polymer and the molecular chains are mutually entangled rather deeply in the Zpl zone.Under the tensile pro-cess,the extensive ?brils were pulled from the welded plane,resulting in a ?ne ?brillated or ribbon fracture morphology.The tensile fracture morphology of welded HDPE with HDPE under a friction pressure of 0.98MPa,a small Fud zone and an Fpl zone were formed in the central zone and near the peripheral zone,respectively;the greater area was the Fpd zone,as shown in Figure 10(a),and the Fud zone area in-creases with increasing spinning time,as shown in Figure 10(b).Tensile fracture morphologies,under a friction pressure of 1.37MPa,for the small Fud zone and the Fpd zone were formed in the central zone and near the central zone,respectively.Moreover,it was found that the greater of the Zpl zones gradually spun along the radius to the peripheral zone,as shown in Figure 10(c);the area of the Fpl zone under a spinning time of 10s was smaller than that under a spinning time of 8s.For a spinning time of 12s,the greater Fud zone was formed in the central zone.With respect to the tensile fracture morphology under a friction pres-sure of 1.77MPa [shown in Fig.10(d)],the greater tensile fracture surface was in the Fpl zone and the smaller Fud zone,and the Fpl zone [shown in Fig.10(c)]was the area in which the Fud zone increased with increasing spinning times.

The tensile fracture morphology of welded nylon-6with nylon-6under different spin-friction pressures and spinning times has three main regions:(1)the central section (Fud),which has no plasticized “wear-ing surface”fracture morphology;(2)the peripheral section (Fpl),which has a plasticized “ripple”

fracture

Figure 9SEM micrographs of tensile fracture morphologies of welded PP with PP:(a)under 0.98MPa friction pressure with 20s of spinning timing;(b)under 1.17MPa friction pressure with 16s of spinning time;(c)under 1.37MPa friction pressure with 20s of spinning time.

2776LIN,WU,AND CHEN

morphology;and (3)the middle section (Fpd),which has a partly plasticized “dot”fracture morphology.With respect to the tensile fracture morphology under a friction pressure of 0.49MPa with 12,16,and 20s spinning times,it was found that the larger Fud zone was formed in the central zone,as shown in Figure 11(a);for the tensile fracture morphology under a friction pressure of 0.78MPa with 12,16,and 20s spinning times,a smaller Fud zone was formed in the central zone,as shown in Figure 11(b).For the tensile fracture morphology under a friction pressure of 0.98MPa with 12,16,and 20s spinning times,no Fud zone (an unwetting zone)was formed in the central zone,as shown in Figure 11(c).A comparison of Figure 11(a)with 11(c)shows that the area of the Fpd zone increases with increasing friction pressure,but the area of the Fpl zone has less effect on the friction

pressure.

Figure 10SEM micrographs of tensile fracture morphologies of welded HDPE with HDPE under 0.98MPa friction pressure with:(a)10s of spinning time;(b)12s of spinning time;(c)under 1.37MPa friction pressure with 8s of spinning time;(d)under 1.77MPa friction pressure with 12s of spinning time.

FRICTION WELDING OF SIMILAR MATERIALS 2777

Bonding strength

Bonding strengths of welded PP with PP under dif-ferent spin-friction pressures and spinning times are shown in Table I.A friction pressure of 1.17MPa with

16s of spinning time can obtain the best bonding strength (indicated in bold)because it produced a larger plasticized region,which has no unplasticized region (the Fud zone)in the welding zone,as shown in Figure 9(b).At a friction pressure of 1.37MPa with 20s of spinning time,because cracks tend to propa-gate in the unwelding zone (the Fud zone)as shown in Figure 9(c),a lower bonding strength was achieved because the welded part was in an internal circular crack (the Fud zone)in the central zone.When the externally applied tensile stress exceeded the fracture stress of the welded part,the internal circular crack grew as long as the tensile stress was applied,until such time as the welded part’s cross section could no longer support the stress put on the welded part;in other words,the greater the value of the Fud zone (the internal crack),the greater the increase in the stress at the crack tip.When we consider the problem of bond-ing strength or the mechanical energy development as two pieces of polymer are brought into contact,

wet-

Figure 11SEM micrographs of tensile fracture morphologies of welded nylon-6with nylon-6under (a)0.49MPa,(b)0.784MPa,and (c)0.98MPa friction pressure with 20s of spinning time.

TABLE I

Bonding Strength of Welded PP–PP Under Different

Spin Friction Pressures and Times a

Friction pressure

(MPa)

Friction time (s)Bonding strength

(MPa)

0.9816 5.5418 6.0320 6.501.17168.0518 6.2320 4.041.37

16 3.8818 2.7620

1.23

a

Friction pressure ?forge pressure;forge time ?5s.

2778LIN,WU,AND CHEN

ting and interdiffusion of molecule chains segments, back and forth across the welded interface,are re-quired to separate the welded polymer as a function of friction pressure,friction time,friction temperature, forge time,forge pressure,and molecular weight.Fric-tion time is very important among these parameters because plasticization occurs?rst from the periphery to the central zone,and the plasticized area is increas-ingly broadened with the friction time.When the cen-tral zone produced an apparent plasticization,the plasticization region gradually spun along the radius to the peripheral zone,increasing with spinning time, and an unplasticization zone left the central zone.At this time,if the forge pressure is immediately applied to the welding,the welded part was in an internal circular crack in the central zone,which decreased the

bonding strength.For these reasons,to achieve the best friction-weld bonding,the optimum friction pres-sure must be applied collaboratively with the opti-mum friction timing.

The bonding strength of welded HDPE with HDPE under different spin-friction pressures and spinning times is shown in Table II.A friction pressure of1.77 MPa at a spinning time of8s obtains the best bonding strength(indicated in bold)because it produces a larger plasticized zone.Under a friction pressure of 0.98MPa with a spinning time of12s[as shown in Fig. 10(b)],the plasticized region in the Fud was totally spun into the Fpd zone,and the bonding strength are smaller because cracks tend to propagate in the un-welded zone in Fud.For each friction pressure,the bonding strength with spinning times of8and10s was always greater than that with a spinning time of 12s.Additionally,the bonding strength increases with increasing friction pressure.Bonding strengths of ny-lon-6with nylon-6under different spin friction pres-sures and different spinning times are shown in Table III.Pressures of0.98MPa(12,16,and20s)obtained the best bonding strength because it produces a larger plasticized region,which has no unplasticized regions (the Fud zone)in the central part,as shown in Figure 11(c).A friction pressure of0.49MPa(12,16,and20s) obtains a lower bonding strength because cracks tend to propagate in the unwelded zone(the Fud zone),as shown in Figure11(a).A comparison of Figure11(a) with11(c)shows that the bonding strength increases with increasing friction pressure,attributed to the plasticized area under0.98MPa friction pressure, which is greater than0.78and0.49MPa.

CONCLUSIONS

The effects of spin-friction pressure and timing on the properties of PP with PP,HDPE with HDPE,and nylon-6with nylon-6spin-friction welding were in-vestigated.The bonding tensile strength was mea-sured and related fracture morphologies were exam-ined.Some results are summarized below:

1.The heat-affected zone has three main regions:

the plasticized region(Zpl),the undeformed re-

gion(Zud),and the partly plasticized region

(Zpd).

2.The tensile fracture morphology of welded PP

with PP,HDPE with HDPE,and nylon-6with

nylon-6has three main sections:the central zone

(Fud),which has a“wearing surface”fracture

morphology;the peripheral zone(Fpl),which

has“dipple,”“patch,”and“ripple”fracture

morphology,respectively;and the middle zone

(Fpd),which has partly plasticized“dot,”

“mixed?bril with ribbon,”and“dot”fracture

morphology,respectively.

3.The greater plasticized Fpd and Fpl zones,with

no Fud zone in the central zone—1.17MPa(16

s)in PP–PP welding,1.77MPa(8s)in HDPE–

HDPE welding,and0.98MPa(8,10,and12s)in

nylon-6–nylon-6welding—can achieve the best

bonding strengths.

TABLE II

Bonding Strength of Welded HDPE–HDPE Under Different Spin Friction Pressures and Times a

Friction pressure

(MPa)Friction

time(s)

Bonding strength

(MPa)

0.988 5.98

10 5.23

12 2.55

1.3787.55

10 6.67

12 3.43

1.7788.63

107.73

12 4.51

a Friction pressure?forge pressure;forge time?5s.

TABLE III

Bonding Strength of Welded Nylon-6–Nylon-6Under Different Spin Friction Pressures and Times a Friction pressure

(MPa)

Friction

time(s)

Bonding strength

(MPa)

0.491210.83

1610.69

2010.33

0.781211.82

1611.59

2011.02

0.981214.97

1614.92

2014.34

a Forge pressure?15.7MPa;forge time?5s.

FRICTION WELDING OF SIMILAR MATERIALS2779

This work was supported by The National Science Council, Taiwan,Republic of China.

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钢筋手工电弧焊

钢筋手工电弧焊 1.1 本工艺标准适用于工业与民用建筑的钢筋及埋件手工电弧焊。 2.1 材料及主要机具： 2.1.1 钢筋：钢筋的级别、直径必须符合设计要求，有出厂证明书及复试报告单。进口钢筋还应有化学复试单，其化学成分应满足焊接要求，并应有可焊性试验。预埋件的锚爪应用Ⅰ、Ⅱ级钢筋。钢筋应无老锈和油污。 2.1.2 钢材：预埋件的钢材不得有裂缝、锈蚀、斑痕、变形，其断面尺寸和机械性能应符合设计要求。 2.1.3 焊条：焊条的牌号应符合设计规定。如设计无规定时，应符合表4-14的要求，焊条质量应符合以下要求： 钢筋电弧焊使用的焊条牌号 表4-14 项次钢筋级别搭接焊、帮条焊坡口焊 1 Ⅰ级E4303 E4303 E4303 2 Ⅱ级E430 3 E4303 E5003 3 Ⅲ级E5003 E5003 E5503 4 Ⅰ、Ⅱ级与钢板焊接E4303 注：不含25MnSi钢筋。 药皮应无裂缝、气孔、凹凸不平等缺陷，并不得有肉眼看得出的偏心度。 焊接过程中，电弧应燃烧稳定，药皮熔化均匀，无成块脱落现

象。 焊条必须根据焊条说明书的要求烘干后才能使用。 焊条必须有出厂合格证。 2.1.4 弧焊机、焊接电缆、电焊钳、面罩、堑子、钢丝刷、锉刀、榔头、钢字码等。 2.2 作业条件： 2.2.1 焊工必须持有考试合格证。 2.2.2 帮条尺寸、坡口角度、钢筋端头间隙、接头位置以及钢筋轴线应符合规定。 2.2.3 电源应符合要求。 2.2.4 作业场地要有安全防护设施、防火和必要的通风措施，防止发生烧伤、触电、中毒及火灾等事故。 2.2.5 熟悉图纸，做好技术交流。 3.1 工艺流程： 检查设备→选择焊接参数→试焊作模拟试件→送试→确定焊接参数→施焊→质量检验 3.2 检查电源、焊机及工具。焊接地线应与钢筋接触良好，防止因起弧而烧伤钢筋。 3.3 选择焊接参数。根据钢筋级别、直径、接头型式和焊接位置，选择适宜的焊条直径、焊接层数和焊接电流，保证焊缝与钢筋熔合良好。 3.4 试焊、做模拟试件。在每批钢筋正式焊接前，应焊接3个

常用专业术语英文

组装、冲压、喷漆等专业词汇 Assembly line组装线 Layout布置图 OOBA开箱检查 fit together组装在一起 fasten锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet栈板 barcode条码 barcode scanner条码扫描器 fuse together熔合 repair修理 operator作业员 QC quality品管 supervisor 课长 section supervisor课长 deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长 ME制造工程师 MT制造生技 cosmetic inspect外观检查 inner parts inspect内部检查 thumb screw大头螺丝 lbs. inch镑、英寸 front plate前板 rear plate后板 chassis基座 bezel panel面板 power button电源按键 reset button重置键Hi-pot test of SPS高源高压测试 V oltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键 sheet metal parts 冲件 plastic parts塑胶件 SOP制造作业程序 material check list物料检查表 trolley台车 carton纸箱 sub-line支线 left fork叉车 personnel resource department 人力资源部 production department生产部门 planning department企划部 QC Section品管科 stamping factory冲压厂 painting factory烤漆厂 molding factory成型厂 punching machine 冲床 robot机械手 lathe车床 planer |'plein|刨床 miller铣床 grinder磨床 driller??床 linear cutting线切割 electrical sparkle电火花 welder电焊机 staker=reviting machine铆合机 position职务 president董事长 general manager总经理 special assistant manager特助 factory director厂长 department director部长 deputy manager | =vice manager副理 group leader/supervisor组长 line supervisor线长 thickness gauge厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具 power wire电源线 buzzle蜂鸣器 defective product label不良标签 identifying sheet list标示单 iudustrial alcohol工业酒精 Tiana天那水 packaging打包 missing part漏件 wrong part错件 excessive defects过多的缺陷 critical defect极严重缺陷 major defect主要缺陷 minor defect次要缺陷 not up to standard不合规格 dimension/size is a little bigger尺寸偏 大(小) cosmetic defect外观不良 slipped screwhead/slippery screw head 螺丝滑头 speckle斑点 rust生锈 deformation变形 burr(金属)flash(塑件)毛边 poor staking铆合不良 excesssive gap间隙过大 grease/oil stains油污 inclusion杂质 painting peel off脏污 shrinking/shrinkage缩水 mixed color杂色 scratch划伤 poor processing 制程不良 poor incoming part事件不良 painting make-up补漆 discoloration羿色 water spots水渍 polishing/surface processing表面处理 exposed metal/bare metal金属裸露 lack of painting烤漆不到位 safety安全 quality品质 delivery deadline交货期 cost成本 engineering工程 die repair模修 enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects企划 qualified products, up-to-grade products良品 defective products, not up-to-grade products不良品 to return material/stock to退料 scraped |'skræpid|报废 (be)qualfied, up to grade合格 not up to grade, not qualified不合格

社会学专业词汇中英文对照

（按中文拼音首字母排序） B 暴民：mob 比拟法：analogical method 比例抽样：proportionate sample 不可知论：agnosticism 变态心理学：abnormal psychology 不完全归纳：incomplete induction 边际效用递减：law of diminishing marginal utility 柏拉图式爱情：Platonic love C 丛众：conformity 残疾人：the handicapped 参考书目：bibliography 参考群体：reference group 成人教育：adult education 初婚年龄：age at first marriage 垂直流动：vertical mobility 出身群体：descent group 抽样误差：sampling error 抽样范围：sampling frame 参与式观察：participant observation D 代沟：generation gap 对照分析：contrastive analysis 定性分析：qualititive analysis 定量分析：quantitative analysis 定额抽样：quota sample 多重人格：multiple personality 地位流动：status mobility 第一手资料：primary data 第二手资料：raw data 单因素实验：single-factor experiment 地域性流动：geographical mobility F 法人：fictitions person 反隔离：desegregation 犯罪学：criminology 父居家庭：patrilocal family 父系亲属：agnate 父子关系：filiation 分析性研究：analytical research 封闭式监管：close custody 封闭型问题：closed question 分层随机抽样：stratified random sample G 规范：norms 更年期：menopause 过激主义：ultraism 个案研究：case study 个人主义：individualism 归属需求：need to belong 个人崇拜：personality cult 功能主义：functionalism H 行话，黑话：argot 横坐标：abscissa 合理趋势：rational trend 霍桑效应：Hawthorne effect 婚姻调适：marriage adjustment 宏观分析：macroscopic analysis 黄金分割：golden section 互补角色：complementary role J 家谱：family religrees 截点：cut-off point 拒答率：refusal rate 绝对值：absolute value 监护人：chaperonage 角色冲突：role conflict 角色距离：role distance 角色紧张：role strain 金钱崇拜：mammon worship 间接暗示：indirect suggestion 价值中立：value free 价值判断：value judgement

焊条电弧焊原理及特点教案

课程焊接班级任课教师

教学过程 （一）焊接电弧 定义：由焊接电源（焊机）供给的，具有一定电压的两电极间或电极与焊件之间，在气体介质中产生的强烈而持久的放电现象，称为焊接电弧。 （一）焊接电弧的特点 1、它能发出强烈的光和大量的热。 2、由于是气体在导电，它是柔性的，是可以移动的。 3、因具有柔性可以在一定长度内变化（10）毫米左右，过长就会熄灭。 到目前为止，电弧焊接方法仍然占据着主要地位，一个重要的原因就是因为电弧能够有效地，把电能转换成熔化焊接过程中所需要的热能。 （三）焊接电弧及电弧温度的分布。 注；阴极区与阳极区的 温度差别，只有使用直 流焊机时才会发生变 化，使用交流焊机时因 无阴阳极之分，焊条和 工件的温度是一样高的。因此在使用直流焊机时为了获得不同的温度就产生了极学生活动和补充内容

住脱离不开铁板，也产生不了电弧。 见擦划法图：引弧过程的运动轨迹。 操作 方 法：握 稳焊 钳，手 腕稍用力进行擦划。当焊条端头接触铁板一瞬间立即提离铁板4mm 左右电弧就会燃烧，擦划即要有一定力度，又要控制在较小长度范围内，因为一旦引燃电弧就必须停下，如继续离开铁板过高电弧将会熄灭，这就需要控制擦划时的惯力运动。因此引燃电弧的位置不具有确定性。 提示：图中标示的2-4mm是指正常焊接的电弧长度，而并非引弧长度。就一般来讲性能稍好的焊机引弧时提离铁板6mm 左右也能正常起弧。 2、敲击引弧法 敲击引弧法特点：1、引弧点准确。2、不污染工件。3、常用于焊件空间狭窄的地方。4、常用于焊缝与焊缝相连的接

头引弧。5、灭弧后立即再引弧、 敲击引弧 要领：握稳 焊钳，用腕力 向下敲击，如 用力过大则 反弹力太大，焊条端头远离铁板,电弧即燃即灭；如用力太小焊条端头易被铁板粘住。因此敲击时用力要合适，并利用好反弹力，见到弧光时立即稳住，维持电弧正常燃烧距离。 如发生焊条粘在铁板上，可左右摇摆焊条使其脱离后重新引弧。 第三种引弧方法 但通过多年的操作观察，证实它确实存在。（暂称为热引弧法） 方法是：当焊条正常燃烧3秒左右，灭弧后立即移往其他待焊部位（不超过2秒），此时焊条一触即燃（既不擦划也不敲击）。 此方法用途非常广泛，实用意义大，效果好。例如1、当我们点焊薄件或特小工件时要求是稳、准、快。稳指电弧稳定燃烧；准指被焊位置准确；快指着焊时间短（一秒左右）。2、灭弧立焊时或焊管接头时，要求再引弧位子非常准确，引弧灭弧

手工电弧焊焊接工艺

手工电弧焊焊接工艺 适用范围：本工艺适用于钢结构制作与安装手工电弧焊焊接工艺。工艺规定了一般低碳钢、普通低合金钢的手工电弧焊的基本要求。凡各工程的工艺中无特殊要求的结构件的手工电弧焊均应按本工艺规定执行。 第一节材料要求 5.1.1钢材应按施工图的要求选用，其性能和质量必须符合国家标准和行业标准的规定，并应具有质量证明书或检验报告。如果用其它钢材和焊材代换时，须经设计单位同意，并按相应工艺文件施焊。 5.1.2焊条选用原则 1.符合使用要求，焊缝金属的性能要符合使用要求（达到设计要求），一般要求焊缝金属的力学性 能，包括抗拉强度，塑性和冲击韧性达到母材金属标准规定的性能指标的下限值。 2.尽量降低成本，尽量选用生产率高成本低的焊条，即“低成本”原则。 3.结构钢焊条的选择 1）根据母材的抗拉强度，按照“等强”原则选择抗拉强度级别相同的焊条。由于熔敷金属的抗拉强度比焊条牌号的名义强度高不少，在焊接高强钢时因母材熔入影响，焊缝金属实际抗拉强度比焊条牌号的名义强度高得多。因此，可以选用抗拉强度低一等级的焊条，使焊缝金属与母材实际等强。 2）对于易裂的母材或结构(碳当量较高或工作厚度大、结构刚性大、施焊环境温度低)，对于塑性、韧性要求高的重要结构，应选用塑性韧性好、含氢量低及抗裂性能好的碱性焊条(即低氢焊条)。最好选用高韧性、超低氢焊条，以提高接头的抗冷裂性能。 3）对于管道焊接、立向下焊接、底层焊缝、盖面焊缝等，最好相应选用管道焊接专用焊条、立向下焊条、底层焊条和盖面焊条等。 4）应选用碱性焊条(即低氢焊条)而无直流焊接电源时，可选用低氢钾型焊条。 5）对于接头由不同强度的钢材组成，则按强度较低的钢材选用焊条。 6）大型结构，可选用熔敷速度较高的铁粉焊条。 4.铸铁焊条的选择 根据铸铁种类、工件的使用要求和加工要求等，选择符合要求的成本低的铸铁焊条。 5.焊件坡口形式的选择

专业术语中英文对照表

语文课程与教学论 名词术语中英文对照表 the Chinese Course and Teaching and Learning Theory in Chinese and English Teaching materials editing teaching materials /Chinese Teaching Materials /edit teaching materials /Uniformed Chinese Teaching Materials /Experimental Teaching Materials /Mother Tongue Teaching Materials /Teaching Materials of the New Course *textbook *reading book *teaching reference book *exercises book *studying plan Technology /Educational Technology /Modern Educational Technology /Educational Technology in Chinese Teaching /multi-media technology /net technology /cloud serving technology *white board *net meeting *chat room *blog Teaching Basic Theory of the Teaching teaching aim teaching task teaching objective teaching model teaching tactics teaching principle teaching program teaching reform teaching case Courseware teaching resources teaching experiment /mother tongue teaching A Term List of 1. 教材（ JC ） 教材编写 /语文教材 /编写教材 / 统编教材 /实验教材 /母语教材 /新课程教材 * 课本 * 读本 * 教学参考书（教参） * 练习册 *学案 2. 技术（ JS ） / 教育技术 /现代 教育技术 /语文 教育技术 /多媒 体技术 / 网络 技术 /云服务技 术 * 白板 *网 络会议 *聊天室 * 博克 3. 教学 （JX ） 教学基本理论 教学目的 教学 任务 教学目标 教学模式 教学 策略 教学原则 教学大纲 教学 改革 教学案例 教学课件 教学 资源 教学实验 /母语教学

手弧焊的工艺特点焊接工艺参数

手弧焊的工艺特点焊接工艺参数 一、手工电弧焊的工艺特点： 1、优点： (1)工艺灵活、适应性强：适用于碳钢、低合金钢、耐热钢、低温钢和不锈钢等各种材料的平、立、横、仰各种位置以及不同厚度，结构形状的焊接。 (2)质量好：与气焊、埋弧焊相比，金相组织细热影响区小，接头性能好。 (3)易于通过：工艺调整来控制变形和改善应力。 (4)设备简单、操作方便。 2、缺点： (1)对焊工要求高：焊工的操作技术和经验直接影响产品质量的好坏。 (2)劳动条件差：焊工在工作时必须手脑并用，精神高度集中，而且还要受到高温烘烤，有毒、烟、尘和金属蒸气的危害。 (3)生产率低：受焊工体质的影响，焊接工艺参数选择较小，故生产率低。 3、应用范围： 在造船、锅炉及压力容器、机械制造、建筑结构、化工设备等制造维修行业中都广泛使用手工电弧焊。 二、手工电弧焊的工艺参数： 选择合适的焊接工艺参数，对提高焊接质量和生产率是十分重要的。 焊接工艺参数(焊接规范)是指焊接时为保证焊接质量而选定的诸物理量。

1、焊条种类和牌号的选择：主要根据母材的性能，接头的刚性和工作条件选择焊条，焊接一般低碳钢和低合金钢主要是按等强原则选择焊条的强度级别，对一般结构选用酸性焊条，重要结构选用碱性焊条。 2、焊接电源种类和极性的选择：手弧焊时采用的电源有交流和直流两大类，根据焊条的性质进行选择，通常酸性焊条可同时采用交、直两种电源，一般优先采用交流弧焊机，碱性焊条，由于电弧稳定性差，所以必须采用直流弧焊机，对药皮中含有较多稳弧剂的焊条，亦可使用交流弧焊机，但此时电源的空载电压应较高些。 采用直流电源时，焊件与电源输出端正、负极的接法叫极性。 焊件接电源正极，焊条接电源负极的接线法叫正接，也称正极性，反之称为反接，也称反极性。 极性的选择原则： (1)碱性焊条常采用反接，因为碱性焊条正接时，电弧燃烧不稳定，飞溅严重，噪声大，使用反接时，电弧燃烧稳定，飞溅很小，而且声音较平静均匀，酸性焊条，如使用直流电源时通常采用正接。 (2)因为阴极部分的温度高于阳极部分，所以正接可以得到较大的熔深，因此，焊接厚钢板时可采用正接而焊接薄板、铸铁、有色金属时，应采用反接。 采用交流电源时，不存在正接和反接的接线法。 (3)焊条直径，可根据焊件厚度进行选择，厚度越大，选用的焊条直径应越粗，但厚板对接接头坡口打底焊时要选用较细焊条，另外接头形式不同，焊缝空间位置不同，焊条直径也有所不同，如T形接头应比对接接头使用的焊条粗些，立焊横焊等空间位置比平焊时所选用的应细一些，立焊最大直径不超过5mm，横焊、仰焊直径不超过4mm。 焊条直径与焊件厚度的关系(mm)

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电气专业术语中英文对 照 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-

一．电气名词 Electric items 二．线路（母线、回路）Lines (Bus , circuits) 三．设备 Equipments 四．保护、继电器 Protection , relays 五．电气仪表 Electric instruments 六．防雷 Lightning protection 七．接地 Grounding , earthing 八．室、所 Room , Substation 九．电修车间设备 Equipments of electric repair 十．材料 Material 十一．图名 Drawings , diagrams 十二．表头 Tables 十三．标准图词汇 Terms from standard DWG 一．电气名词 Electric items 交（直）流 Alternating (direct) current

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