美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精）
1. What’s Puritanism?
A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life
2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs?
1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints"
3. What are American Puritan values?
Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes
4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period?
A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both
C. in form: imitating English literary traditions.
D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction.
E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God.
F. Simple, fresh and direct style
G. the Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.
5.What are the features of Washington Irving’s works?
(1) Gentility, urbanity, pleasantness (2) Avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining (3) Enveloping stories in an atmosphere (4) Vivid and true characters (5) Humor – smiling while reading (6) Musical language
6. What is theme of “Rip Van Winkle”?
①it reveals conservative attitude of Irving. ②it might be an illustration of Irving’s argument that revolution upset the natural order of things.
A. The story of man who has difficulties facing his advancing age;
B.The contradictory impulses in America toward work-the puritan attitude as opposed to America desire for leisure;
C .The theme of escape from one's responsibilities and even one's history;
D .The loss of identity.
7. What are the author’s attitude changes?
It reveals conservative attitude of Irving and he is Unwilling to accept a modern democratic America and prefers the past & a dream-like world 8. What’s New England Transcendentalism?
Transcendentalism is the summit of the Romantic Movement in the history of American literature in the 19th century. Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition（认知）in man of the
capacity of knowing truth intuitively（直觉地）”. Transcendentalists place emphasis on the importance of the Over-soul, the individual and Nature.
9. What are its basic assumptions?
The intuitive faculty, instead of the rational or sensical, became the means for a conscious union of the individual psyche with the world psyche also known as the Over soul, life-force, prime mover and God 10. What are Allan Poe’s poetics theories?
The poetry should appeal only to the sense of beauty, not truth, and sets himself against realistic details in poetry. He makes good use of a number of poetic devices to create a mood appropriate to the theme of his poems.
11. Why was Nathaniel Hawthorne a master of symbolism?
He uses concrete objects as well as characters to serve as his symbols. He likes to uses masks, veils, shadows to give dramatic forms to the universal dilemmas of humanity
12. What is the theme of Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter?
It Condemned the Puritan philosophy of life.
Sin, knowledge and human condition; the nature of evil; identity and society
4. What is the symbolic me aning of the Scarlet Letter “A”?
A.” Adultery", a token of shame
B. a sign of Hester's "ability“
C. "Angel" appearing in the sky
D.”Adamic", since the sin is prehistoric and human E .the rising “America"
13. What story is told in Moby-Dick?
It is a thrilling adventure story which is the realistic about a whaling voyage within which is set a symbolic account of the conflict between man and his fate.
14. What is the symbolic meaning of Moby-Dick?
1) Mystery of the universe, 2) power of grant nature, 3) evil of the world 4) Its whiteness-paradoxical color: death and corruption, purity, innocence and youth.
15. What are the popular themes of Emily Dickinson’s poetry? Death, love, friendship, nature, immortality.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1c1205622.html,ment on the image of Huckleberry Finn?
He is loyal, cheerful, fair-minded boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience, with the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows. Huck is not only a lovely boy in the novel, but also a portrait standing for the young America. Huck is not only a lovely boy in the novel, but also a portrait standing for the young America.
17. What’s the social significance of him?
Huck develops a different view of blacks through the story. It is not an instant change, but a gradual process. Huck himself undergoes a change; he stops accepting the social norms and instead follows his own beliefs. He acquires these beliefs after many adventures with the slave Jim. In this
way, Twain encourages people to be like Huck and not to accept the racism just because society accepts it.
18. Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?
A. Naturalism was greatly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory and French literature
B. Naturalists accepted the more negative implications of Darwin's theory and used it to count for the behavior of those characters in literary works who are conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.
C. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.
19.What are the features of Frost’s poetry?
1. Frost’s poetry mainly reflects life in rural New England
2. His poems often shift dramatically from humorous tones to tragic ones
3. Much of his poetry is concerned with how people interact with their environment
4. Frost disliked free verse; He often wrote in the standard meter of blank verse
20. What is the theme of “The Road Not taken” Individualism, Caution, Commitment, Accepting a Challenge
And “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”?The poem is
primarily oriented towards the pleasures of the scene and the responsibility of life.
21.What are the features of modernist literature?
A. Its strong and conscious break with traditional forms, perceptions and techniques of expression.
B. Its great concern with language and aspects of its medium.
22. What is “Lost generation”?
Literally, it is the generation of people born between 1883 and 1900.They were disillusioned by World War I and displeased with American social values, sexual and aesthetic conventions, and established morality. They first fled to cities such as Chicago & San Francisco; then to Paris, London, Madrid, Barcelona, and Rome. They were full of youthful idealism and pioneered new ways of writing; they were devoid of faith and alienated from civilization.
23. What is a typical Hemingway Code Hero?
The Code Hero believes in “Nada,” meaning nothing. There is also no after life.
?The Code Hero is an individualist and free-willed. He believes in courage and honor and has his own set of morals and principles based on his beliefs in honor, courage and endurance.
? A code hero never shows emotions.
? A code hero does not commit to women.
? A code hero shows qualities such as bravery, adventure, and love of travel.
? A code hero dislikes darkness. It symbolizes death and is a source of fear. The rite of manhood for the code hero is facing death.
24.What is the theme of the short story “A Clean Well-Lighted
Place”?Nothing (or nada) through the old man's unsuccessful suicide and the middle-aged man's soliloquy.
25.What is the theme of The Great Gatsby?
A sensitive and symbolic treatment of the themes of contemporary life related with irony and pathos to the legend of the "America dream" What kind of person is Gatsby?
He is a poor youth from the Midwest and at last became a self-made wealthy man. Gatsby is the last romantic heroes and he is a mysterious figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a mind that embodies America itself.
26.What are Faulkner’s famous novels? What are the features of his novels? "The sound and the Fury", "As I Lay Dying", "Light in the August", "Absalom, Absalom!" 2) On history and the problem of race; on folk human of the south; on horror, violence and abnormal to arouse moral outrage.
1.Discuss Twain’s art of fiction
2.A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom,
writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and is therefore known as a local colorist. B. He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality. C. He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial belonging to the lower class, the living local American English.
D. He has created a special humor to satirize and the decayed convention.
2 1). The story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850. Along the river floats a small raft, with two people on it: One is an ignorant, uneducated black slave named Jim and the other is little uneducated outcast white boy, Huck Finn. The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and, more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best as he could, changes his mind, his prejudice, about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friend as well.
2.) (theme)1) The Theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “freedom”: Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. 2) The novel is a criticism of social injustice, hypocrisy, conservativeness and narrow-mindedness of the American small town society.
3.Make a brief comment on Mark Twain’s achievements in this novel in 200-250 words.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, first published in 1876, is a child’s adventure story; it is also, however, the story of a young boy’s transition into a young man. In some ways, it is a bildungsroman, a novel whose principle subject is the moral, psychological, and intellectual development of a youthful main character. It is not a true bildungsroman, however, because Twain did not take Tom into full
1. The hero of the novel through adventures with lively style to satirize the American hypocrisy of social custom, vulgar hypocrisy of religious rituals and inflexible stale school education
2. "Tom Sawyer--with its strong deep local characteristics of humor and keen observation of the character, had become the greatest of the children's literature works, is a United States rural " golden era "
4. 1)The Pequod-a symbol of doom（death);named after a Native American tribe in Massachusetts, did not survive the arrival of white men (extincted), is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones 2) Moby Dick-unknown and unknowable truths, inscrutable, mysterious, mirrors its environment, only the surface of the ocean is available for human observation and interpretation, the depths conceal unknown truths--A metaphor for the human relationship with the Christian God: God is unknown and cannot be pinned down (defined). to the pequod’s
crew, Moby Dick is a concept onto which they can display their anxiety about dangerous and frightening jobs, to Ahab Moby Dick is a manifestation of all that is wrong with the world, It is his destiny to get rid of this symbolic evil 3)Queequeg’s Coffin sy mbolizes life and death.
5. Try to discuss the theme of “The Minister’s Black Veil”.
A. Sin and Evil
B. History and Antiquity
C. Alienation - a character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both.
D. Puritan New England - used as a background and setting in many tales.
E. Other themes include individual vs. society, self-fulfillment vs. frustration, hypocrisy vs. integrity, love vs. hate, and fate vs. free will, etc.
外国文学期末重点
小知识点： 1、古希腊—罗马文学和希伯来—基督教文学是欧洲文学的两大源头。 2、赫西俄德 《工作与时日》（又译《农作与日子》）。第一部以现实生活为题材的教诲诗。 《神谱》是最早关于宇宙起源和神的谱系的系统描述。 3、柏拉图称萨福为“第十位文艺女神”。 4、贺拉斯《诗艺》，继承亚里士多德模仿说，提出“寓教于乐”的原则，被视为经典。 5、维吉尔的史诗《埃涅阿斯记》模仿赫西俄得《工作与时日》，是欧洲文学史上第一部文人史诗。 6、《伊利昂记》题名原意是“伊利昂的故事”，描写的是希腊人围攻特洛伊城的故事，整个诗篇围绕着阿基琉斯的两次愤怒而展开； 《奥得修记》题名原意是“奥得修斯的战争”，描述的是希腊英雄奥得修斯在特洛伊战争后还乡的故事。 7、埃斯库罗斯“悲剧之父” 恩格斯称他为“有强烈倾向的诗人” 悲剧7部：《波斯人》《七将攻忒拜》《祈援人》《俄瑞斯忒亚》（包括《阿家门农》《奠酒人》《报仇神》）和《被缚的普罗米修斯》（和《带火的普罗米修斯》《被释的普罗米修斯》统称为“普罗米修斯三部曲”） 8、索福克乐斯写作了被亚里士多德称为悲剧典范的《俄底浦斯王》。 9、欧里庇得斯《特洛伊妇女》《美狄亚》（家庭悲剧，弃妇形象，为妇女鸣不平） 10、《列那狐传奇》是欧洲城市文学的最重要作品，它是在民间创作动物故事的基础上发展起来的，约形成于12世纪后半期到13世纪中叶。 11、但丁被恩格斯称为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时期的最初一位诗人”。12，《新生》是但丁作为温柔的新体诗人的主要作品，也是他抒写对贝娅特丽丝爱情的作品。 13、《论俗语》是最早一部关于语言和格律的专著，为意大利民族语言和文学语言的发展奠定了基础。 14、古罗马文学发展的三个阶段：共和时期、黄金时期、白银时期。
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
《美国文学》期末考试试卷(A卷)答案
湖州师范学院外国语学院2008— 2009学年第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A卷）答案暨评分标准 I. Write the names of the authors. (10%) ①Walt Whitman ②Edgar Allen Poe ③Wallace Stevens ④Franklin Norris ⑤Stephen Crane ⑥William Faulkner ⑦Sinclair Lewis ⑧John Steinbeck ⑨Langston Hughes ⑩Tennessee Williams II. Fill in the following blanks with appropriate information.（10%） ①New England ②Regionalism or Local color writing ③semi-autobiographical ④anti-realism ⑤Imagist ⑥Santiago ⑦multiple narrations or points of view ⑧1930 ⑨Harlem Renaissance ⑩Eugene O’Neill III. Choose only one answer form the four choices as the most appropriate answer. （20%） 1－5. A D C B B 6－10. D B E B A IV. Identify the author and the title of the work from which each of the following excerpts is taken. And then answer the question after each excerpt. (20%) Passage 1 the author: Walt Whitman (1%) the title of the work : Songs of Myself (1%) Question: What is the poet celebrating? (2%) The poet is celebrating individualism and nationalism, singing of all those people who form the American nationality.
外国文学史(外国文学编写组)聂珍钊-考试重点部分
阿基一踵：指再强大的英雄，也有他致命的弱点，要害。荷马史诗中的英雄阿卡琉斯，传说她的母亲曾把他浸在冥河里使其能刀枪不入。但因冥河水流湍急，母亲捏着他的脚后跟不敢松手，所以脚踵是最脆弱的地方，因此埋下祸跟。长大后，阿卡琉斯作战英勇无比，但终于给人发现了弱点，一箭射在脚后跟而身亡。 特洛伊木马：木马计──战史中著名的智慧故事。希腊联军久攻特洛亚10年不下，奥德修斯遂设计假意退兵，藏伏兵于巨大的木马之内。特洛亚人将木马作为战利品推进城里。当夜，希腊联军回兵，与木马中的伏兵里应外合，攻陷了特洛亚城。 物哀：（美学特征）通过宫廷男女的恋情悲剧，表达作家对人生的悲苦体验，从而激起令人兴叹、使人哀伤的情怀，以便让内心情感超越卑污烦恼的俗世，将人情欲望升华为审美对象。 骑士文学：骑士文学盛行于11至13世纪西欧封建制度巩固繁荣的时期，基本内容是描写骑士爱情和他们的冒险，宣扬和美化骑士精神。有骑士抒情诗和骑士叙事诗两种。骑士抒情诗的中心是法国南部的普罗旺斯。最常见的形式有牧歌、破晓歌、夜歌、怨歌等。骑士叙事诗又称骑士传奇，其中心在法国北部。重要作品有《特里斯丹和伊瑟》等。 人文主义：文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建反教会斗争中形成的思想体系、世界观或思想武器，也是这一时期资产阶级进步文学的中心思想。主张一切以人为本、反对神的权威。主要内容（特征）：(1) 用人权反对神权。(2) 用个性解放反对禁欲主义。(3) 用理性反对蒙昧主义。(4) 拥护中央集权、反对封建割据。 三一律：“三一律”是古典主义戏剧重要的创作规则。他要求一个剧本只能有一个情节线索，剧情只能发生在同一地点，时间不准超过一昼夜，即24小时。三一律使法国古典主义戏剧具有了明晰、精炼、紧凑的优点，但对戏剧创作也构成一种束缚，使得古典主义戏剧
美国文学史及选读复习重点
Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet；The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America （colonists living） Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson： Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题
大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题： 1.选择/对错60分（40道选择，20个对错） 2.名词解释10分（5个） 3.选段配对10分（5个） 4.问答20分（10/2） 1．历史：Father / poetess… 2. 名作家：Hemingway, Faulkner, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson 3．作品：The W asteland/Moby Dick/Scarlet Letter 1.a)选择题（40个，40分） 1. At the age of reason and revolution, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ________. A. Chartist Movement B. Romanticist Movement C. Enlightenment Movement D. Modernist Movement 2. Which is NOT connected to Benjamin Franklin? ________ A. He was born in a poor family. B. He was a pious puritan. C. He was phrased as “Jack of all trades”. D. He was a master of diplomacy. 3. Ernest Hemingway is noted for the following EXCEPT ________. A. Lost Generation B. Iceberg theory C. American Dream D. Code Heroes 4. Which character is NOT from The Scarlet Letter? ________ A. Hester Prynne B. Roger Chillingworth C. Captain Ahab D. Pearl 5. Jack London’s semi-biographical novel ________well presents the disillusionment of American Dream. A. The American Tragedy B. The Call of the Wild C. Martin Eden D. The Grapes of Wrath b)判断对错题（20个，20分） 1. Poe’s masterpiece “To Helen” is written to memorize his deceased wife. (F) 2. The tone of “Annabel Lee” is optimistic and hopeful. (F) 3. Mark Twain's novel Jumping Frog was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize. (F) 4. Sister Carrie ended up in tragedy because she could not control her fate. (F)
外国文学史考试期末重点(第二学期)
一、名词解释 1.感伤主义：18世纪中后期产生于英国并扩展到欧洲其他国家的文学流派。得名 于劳伦斯·斯特恩的小说《感伤旅行》，它是对理性主义的反驳，并认为人性的核心是情感，人类的天性是慈悲，即与人为善，形成了感伤的社会风潮。 2.多余人： 出现在俄国文学中的一种艺术形象。沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西欧启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺无奈的伤感情绪中不可自拔，成为社会的“多余人”。著名的形象有奥涅金、毕巧林等。 是十九世纪俄国文学中一部分贵族知识分子的典型。他们受到启蒙思想的影响，具有人道和民主的倾向，厌倦上流社会的生活，不甘沉沦，渴望有所作为；但贵族生活方式又使他们灵魂空虚，找不到明确的生活目标，缺乏行动的能力与勇气，终于一事无成。普希金在《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》中塑造了俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”形象，后来一些作家又塑造了一系列这类形象。 3. 英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义诗派，包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞，他们都喜欢歌颂大自然，描写淳朴的乡村生活，厌恶城市工业文明和冷酷的金钱关系。由于他们曾经隐居远离城市的昆布兰湖区，由此人称“湖畔派”三诗人。 指十九世纪开创浪漫主义的一个流派，主要代表有华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北湖区，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人"之称。湖畔派诗人起初同情法国革命进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。华兹华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》为浪漫主义奠基之作。华兹华斯为诗集再版时撰写的《序言》，成为英国浪漫主义宣言。 4.启蒙文学18世纪在欧洲出现的启蒙运动是西方资产阶级第二次反封建反教会
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
外国文学史考试期末重点第二学期
一、名词解释斯18世纪中后期产生于英国并扩展到欧洲其他国家的文学流派。得名于劳伦斯·1.感伤主义：，它是对理性主义的反驳，并认为人性的核心是情感，人类的天性特恩的小说《感伤旅行》是慈悲，即与人为善，形成了感伤的社会风潮。：2.多余人出现在俄国文学中的一种艺术形象。沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西欧启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺无奈的伤感情绪中不可自拔，成。着名的形象有奥涅金、毕巧林等。为社会的“多余人”是十九世纪俄国文学中一部分贵族知识分子的典型。他们受到启蒙思想的影响，具有人道和民主的倾向，厌倦上流社会的生活，不甘沉沦，渴望有所作为；但贵族生活方式又使他们灵魂空奥普希金在《叶甫盖尼·缺乏行动的能力与勇气，虚，找不到明确的生活目标，终于一事无成。涅金》中塑造了俄国文学史上第 一个“多余人”形象，后来一些作家又塑造了一系列这类形象。 3.湖畔派诗人：英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义诗派，包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞，他们都喜欢歌颂大自然，描写淳朴的乡村生活，厌恶城市工业文明和冷酷的金钱关系。由于他们曾经隐居远离城市的昆布兰湖区，由此人称“湖畔派”三诗人。指十九世纪开创浪漫主义的一个流派，主要代表有华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北湖区，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人之称。湖畔派诗人起初同情法国革命进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻 找精神的安慰与寄托。华兹华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》为浪漫主义奠基之作。华兹华斯为诗集再版时撰写的《序言》，成为英国浪漫主义宣言。世纪在欧洲出现的启蒙运动是西方资产阶级第二次反封建反教会的思想文化启蒙文学184. 强烈的战斗性和批启蒙文学具有鲜明的政治色彩、运动，启蒙文学是这一运动的组成部分。反映资产阶级和平民的思判性；它把所谓“第三等级”的普通人作为正面主人公加以歌颂，也创造了不少想感情；启蒙作家常常借用古典主义的文学形式，给它注入了新的思想内容，、书信体小说、对话体小说、教育小说等，新的文学形式，如哲理小说、正剧（严肃喜剧）有时忽视文启蒙文学的缺点是：打破了古典主义的一些清规戒律，拓展了文学表现的领域。学的审美功能，把人物形象变成作者的代言人。代表作家有：菲尔丁、伏尔泰、卢梭等。世纪俄国文学中所描绘的贵族知识分子的一种典型。他们的特点是出身贵19多余人”5.“是族，生活在优裕的环境中，受过良好的文化教育。他们虽有高尚的理想，却远离人民；虽不满现实，却缺少行动，他们是“思想上的巨人，行动上的矮子”，只能在愤世疾俗中白白地又不能和人民站在一他们既不愿站在政府的一边，与上流社会同流合污，浪费自己的才华。起，反对专制制度和农奴制度。他们很是心仪西方的自由思想，他们也很不满俄国的现状，不可能与底层人民相又无能为力改变这种现状，然而他们又是大贵族和权势者的代表人物，世纪俄国文学中描绘的贵族知识分子典型。特点是多余人：19结合以改变俄国的现状。 虽不满现实，却远离人民；受过良好教育。出身贵族，生活环境优越，他们虽有
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
外国文学期末考试重点
填空题 1、欧洲文学的两大源头是古希腊—罗马文学和希伯来—基督教文学，文学史上称之为“两希”传统。 2、欧洲古代文学包括古希腊文学和古罗马文学，古希腊文学是欧洲文学的源头。 古希腊、古罗马是欧洲文明的发祥地。 3、公元前8~12世纪，古希腊氏族公社制向奴隶制果度，史称“英雄时代”，又称“荷马时 代”，这时期主要的文学成就是神话与史诗。 4、古希腊神话是欧洲最早的文学形式，分为神的故事和英雄传说两大部分。 5、古希腊文学的最高成就是荷马史诗。 6、现今流传下来的最早一首以现实生活为主要内容的长诗是（赫西奥德的教诲诗《工作与时日》）。 7、.赫西奥德的叙事长诗（《神谱》）是关于宇宙起源和神的谱系的最早的系统的描述。 8、被称作“基督教之父”的是（斐洛）。 9、荷马史诗包括（《伊利亚特》）和（《奥德塞》）。《伊利亚特》一开篇就提出它的主题是（阿喀琉斯的愤怒）。《奥德塞》的主题是（还乡）。 10、女诗人萨福是古希腊抒情诗中最著名的诗人，柏拉图称萨福为“第十位文艺女神”。 11、古典时期文学的主要成就是戏剧、散文和文学理论。“古典时期”这种文学繁荣的是 戏剧。 12、“古典时期”的文艺理论为后来欧洲的文艺理论奠定了基础，柏拉图和亚里斯多德是最杰出的代表。柏拉图的主要理论著作是《理想国》。亚里斯多德的主要著作是《诗学》。 13、古典时期（雅典时代）诞生了以埃斯库罗斯（悲剧之父，代表作为《俄瑞斯忒亚》）、 索福克勒斯、欧里庇得斯为代表的三大悲剧家。 14、索福克勒斯写作了被亚里斯多德尊为悲剧典范的《俄底浦斯王》。《俄底浦斯王》取材 于神话传说。 15、古罗马文学的发展大致经历了三个阶段，即共和时期、黄金时期和白银时期。 16、新喜剧的代表作家是米南德，田园诗的代表作家是忒奥克里托斯。 17、贺拉斯提出了“寓教于乐”的原则，代表作《诗艺》。 18、维吉尔是古罗马最伟大的诗人。史诗《埃涅阿斯纪》是维吉尔的代表作。《埃涅阿斯纪》是欧洲文学史上第一部文人史诗。 19、阿普列尤斯的《金驴记》被看作是最早的长篇小说。 20、《俄瑞斯忒亚》是流传至今的唯一一部完整的古希腊三连剧。 21、.埃斯库罗斯的（《波斯人》）是现存希腊悲剧中唯一取材于现实生活的一部作品。 22、索福克勒斯被文学史家誉为（戏剧艺术的荷马），他的代表作《俄狄浦斯王》被亚里士多德称为（十全十美的悲剧），弗洛伊德曾根据这部悲剧提出了著名的（恋母情结或俄狄浦斯情结）理论。 23、欧里庇得斯被称为（舞台上的哲学家），又由于他善于刻画人的心理而被誉为（心理戏剧鼻祖）。 24、阿里斯托芬的（《鸟》）是流传至今唯一以神话幻想为题材的喜剧作品，林间飞鸟建立了一个理想的社会——（云中鹁鸪国），这是欧洲文学中最早的乌托邦思想的表现。 25、奥古斯都时期三大诗人及代表作是维吉尔的（《埃涅阿斯纪》）、贺垃斯的（《诗艺》）和奥维徳的（《变形记》）。 26、代表早期基督教文学最高成就的是（《新约全书》）。 27、欧洲中世纪文学按其性质分类，主要包括教会文学、史诗与谣曲、骑士文学和城市市民