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英语长难句理解

英语学习中，特别是阅读理解中，“长难句”最麻烦。今天小编和同学们分享通过分析英语句子中的重要特点“三长两短一并列”，江湖人称“括号法”，帮助同学们轻松解决长难句问题！

什么是“三长两短一并列”

我们先来看两句话：

①我是李辉。(I am Li Hui.)

②我爱你。(I love you. )

这两句话中只有"主干成分"而没有"修饰成分"。像这样的句子，中文和英文的"语序"(单词排列顺序)基本是一致的，都是"主-系-表"或者"主-谓-宾"，理解起来非常容易。

然而，加上修饰成分后，中文与英文句子之间的语序就会发生变化。来看两个例子：

①我是中国的李辉。(I am Li Hui from China.)

②我全心全意地爱你。(I love you with all my heart.)

从例子中可以看出，修饰成分在中英文中出现的位置是不一样的。而当一个句子中有很多个修饰成分时，该句子就会变得很长，不易理解。

例如：

After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon, I returned to my office.

这个句子中含有大量的"介词短语"这种修饰成分。我们给这个句子中的全部介词短语加上括号，该句就会变成：

(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00) (to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).

此时大家便可发现，这个句子虽然很长，但是真正的主干其实只有I returned两个单词而已。可见，介词短语正是让英语句子变得又长又难的原因之一！

当然，以上几个句子还比较简单（少量介词短语对句意理解的影响不大），但是，当句子中出现更多类似介词短语的修饰成分时，可想而知，由于中英文语序的不同，英文句子会变得"面目全非"，令人难以理解。由此看来，英语中灵活多变的修饰成分正是造成英语句子又长又难的头号罪犯，只要搞定这些修饰部分，就能搞定英语长难句。

幸运的是，尽管这些修饰成分数量很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它们的种类却是非常固定的。小编将这些修饰成分总结为"三长两短"。所谓"三长"，就是构成长难句的三种较长修饰成分(即介词短语、从句、非谓语动词短语)；所谓"两短"，指的是镶嵌于句子之中的、会稍稍提高句子复杂度的两种较短修饰成分(即形容词、副词)。而除了"三长两短"之外，另外一个使句子变得复杂的结构就是"平行并列结构"。"平行并列结构"是由一些并列关系的连词(and、or、as well as等)将句子变长的重要手段。

事实上，再长的句子都是由非常简单的主干成分（主干成分的基本语序和中文语序一致，此外还有若干与中文语序不一致的"特殊句型"，如there be句型、It is adj. for sb. to do句型、倒装句型、强调句型等等）再加上这"三长两短一并列"而组成的。

含义，结构及标记方法

如果把句子的主干比作树干，那么修饰成分就可以比作繁茂的枝叶。若能把这些枝叶都标记出来，主干自然就清晰了。标记时，只需按照句子顺序，一个挨一个做出标记即可。不过在此之前，我们要先学会每一种成分该从何处标起，又从何处结束。下面小编分别对"三长两短一并列"进行具体介绍，并给出的每一种成分的标记方法。

“三长”

1.介词短语

【定义】从介词开始到名词结束、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构。

【起止标识】标记介词短语时，要从介词开始到介词之后的第一个名词终止。如：at home、in the school、in the beautiful park、during my happy childhood、over the last few years、for three weeks

【例句】(After chatting) (with Laura) (on this matter) (for two hours) (from 2:00 to 4:00) (in the afternoon), I returned (to my office).

2.从句

【定义】从句是复合句中不能独立成句，但具有主语部分和谓语部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等关系词引导的非主句部分。

【起止标识】标记从句时，一定从关系词开始，到以下四种终止。

①到句尾终止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (who teaches English).

②到句中的逗号终止，如：(When I was young), I listened to the radio.

③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：I will invite Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) to Beijing. (to Beijing是介词短语，属于另一个修饰成分，故从句的标记在此处终止)

④到下一个谓语动词终止，如Yao Ming (who was a top basketball player) is studying in Shanghai.

3.非谓语动词短语

【定义】非谓语动词是指动词在句子中"不是谓语"时的几种变化形式，主要包括动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三类。非谓语动词不能独立作谓语，而是充当句子的其他成分。由非谓语动词开头的、表示一个独立、完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短语。【起止标识】标记非谓语动词短语时，一定是从动词不定式(to do)、动名词(doing)或分词(现在分词doing或过去分词done)开头，到以下四种情况终止。

①到句尾终止，如：Li Hui is a teacher (teaching English).

②到句中的逗号终止，如：(To improve my English), I often listen to the English radio.

③到下一个修饰成分终止，如：Jack walked into the hall, (waving) to the audience. (to the audience是介词短语，属于另一修饰成分。)

④到下一个谓语动词终止，如：We, (singing a happy song), rode to school.

两短

1.形容词

【定义】形容词是指用来修饰名词的单词，往往带有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后缀。

【常见位置】

①一般置于名词之前，如a beautiful park。

②修饰不定代词(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)时置于不定代词之后，如"一些有趣的事"应译为something interesting。

2.副词

【定义】副词用来修饰形容词、动词等词，往往带有-ly等后缀。

【常见位置】

英语中，副词的用法比形容词灵活得多。

①可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately, he failed to make it.

②可置于整句之后，如：The teacher greets his students individually.

③可置于"助动词、系动词、情态动词之后，实义动词之前"，如：

The princess looks extremely beautiful today.

He immediately saw the black cat. (实义动词之前)

He has undoubtedly fallen in love with the princess. (助动词之后，实义动词之前)

He can hardly speak anything. (情态动词之后，实义动词之前)

④可置于形容词或副词之前，如：There is an extremely beautiful garden in our campus.

从上面的分析可以看出，虽然英文中形容词和副词的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情况下，它们较短且易于辨识，对句意理解影响不大，因此在给修饰成分做标记时，形容词和副词可不标记。

平行并列结构

1.定义

并行并列结构是指由并列词将两个或两个以上含义相似、结构相同的并列项连接起来构成的结构。

2.标记方法

给平行并列结构做标记的要求是：给并列词加方框，给并列项加下划线。标记时要先找到并列词，然后再找并列项。在标注形如A and B的平行并列结构时，应先找B (即右并列项)后找A (即左并列项)。由于英语中的修饰成分往往置于中心词之后，所以A和B两个并列项

后面可能各自带有很长的尾巴，形成"A … and B …"的形式，导致A离and相对较远，不易辨认，而B通常离and很近，容易识别。找到B之后，利用A和B结构相同、含义相似的原则，很容易将A确定出来。

3.常见并列关系

英语中可以并列的成分有很多，读句子时要注意识别到底是谁跟谁并列。

①名词并列：I like the box placed on the desk and the flowers in your hand.

②形容词并列：Mr. Smith is a kind, patient and knowledgeable English teacher.

③副词并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.

④谓语动词并列：With the Internet, people can not only play computer games but also do online

shopping.

⑤介词短语并列：And that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not

perish from the earth.

⑥从句并列： I've finished reading the book (which is written by Mo Yan) and (which you lent

me last month).

⑦非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing, we headed to the park.

⑧整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.

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