Health-chemicals in tobacco products(translation)

P380 Alcohol’s effects on the body

酒精对身体的影响

Physical and behavioral effects

身体和行为影响

When a person drinks alcohol, the alcohol follows the same pathway through the digestive system as food. But unlike food, alcohol does not have to be digested in the stomach before it is absorbed into the blood. Thus, alcohol gets into a person’s bloodstream within minutes of being consumed. Once in the blood, alcohol circulates throughout the body, where it has widespread effects.

当一个人喝酒,酒精遵循相同的路径是通过消化系统作为食物。但不像食物、酒精并不会在胃面消化之前被吸收进入血液。因此,酒精进入一个人的血流数分钟内的能源消耗。进入血液之后,酒精循环在整个身体,在那里它获得了广泛的影响。Effects on body systems when people drink alcohol faster than the body can break it down into harmless compounds they become intoxicated. Intoxication is the state in which a person’s mental and physical abilities are impaired by alcohol or another substance. Many negative effects on a drinker’s body and behavior accompany intoxication by alcohol. Some of these effects are shown in Figure 3.

影响人体系统当人喝酒的速度比身体会将它分解成无害的化合物,他们变得陶醉。酒精中毒是在此状态下一个人的心智和身体的能力是受酒精或其他物质。许多负面的影响会喝酒的身体和行为的酒精陪中毒。其中的一些影响如图3。Effects on behavior As intoxication takes effects effect, drinkers begin to lose judgment and self-control. At the same time, alcohol decreases drinkers’ natural fears. When these two effects are combined, drinkers may behave in ways they normally would never consider. For example, a person under the influence of alcohol may express anger in violent or destructive ways. Shy people may behave in outgoing ways, and serious people may act foolishly.

对个人行为和中毒效果的影响效果,喝酒的人需要开始失去判断和自我控制。与此同时,酒精减少喝酒的人的自然的恐惧。当这两种效应相结合,饮者可能的行动方式,他们通常不会想到的。例如,一个人受酒精影响的状态下可以表达愤怒,在暴力或具有破坏性的方式”。害羞的人可能表现在外向的方法,以及严重的人可能行为愚蠢。

A person who drinks a lot of alcohol may suffer a blackout. A blackout is a period of time that the drinker cannot recall. Other people may recall seeing the drinker talking, walking, and seemingly in control. The following day, however, the drinker may have no memory of some events form the day before. The drinker may harm others or be harmed during a blackout. Blackouts can happen to first-time drinkers as well as to experienced drinkers.

一个人喝很多酒的酒精会遭受灯火管制。灯火管制是一段时间,饮用者不记得了。其他的人可能还记得看到饮用者说话,走路,而且似乎在控制。第二天,然而,饮用者可能根本没有记忆的某些活动的形式的前一天。饮用者可能伤害他人或伤害在灯

火管制。停电可以发生在第一次喝酒的人以及有经验的饮酒者。

Blood alcohol concentration

血液酒精浓度

Two people who drink the same amount of alcohol may not be equally affected. Why? The effects of alcohol depend on how much is actually circulating in a person’s bloodstream. This amount is termed the blood alcohol concentration (BAC). BAC is the amount of alcohol in a person’s blood, expressed as a percentage. For example, a BAC of 0.1 percent means that one-tenth of 1percent of the fluid in the blood is alcohol.

两个人喝同量的酒也许并不同样受到影响。为什么?酒精对身体的影响实际上取决于有多少是在一个人的血液循环。这个费用是所谓的血液酒精浓度(BAC)。血液酒精浓度(BAC)的酒精量是一个人的血液,以百分数表示。例如,一个血液酒精浓度(BAC)的0.1% 1percent意味着十分之一的血液中的液体是酒精。

The higher a person’s blood alcohol concentration, the more severe the physical and behavioral effects. Blood alcohol concentration is a more reliable measure of intoxication than the number of drinks consumed.

更高的人体的血液酒精浓度,更严重的生理和行为的影响。血液酒精浓度是一种更可靠的分析方法的酒精饮料的消费比人数。

Factors affecting BAC A variety of factors affect a drinker’s BAC. Y ou can see the effects of some of these factors in Figure 5. The rate of alcohol consumption, the gender and size of the drinker, and how much food is in the stomach all affect BAC.

血液中酒精含量的影响因素进行了各种各样的因素影响会喝酒的血液酒精浓度(BAC)。你可以看到的影响,其中的一些因素在图5。酒精消费的速度,性别和大小的酒徒,多少食物在肚子中的所有影响人体吸收酒精的速度。

Rate of consumption A person’s liver chemically breaks down, or metabolizes, alcohol at a fairly constant rate. That rate is about one half to one ounce of alcohol per hour----the approximate amount of alcohol in one can of beer, one shot of liquor, or one glass of wine. Therefore, people who have a few drinks in one hour have a higher BAC than people who drink the same amount over several hours.

饮酒速度的一个人的肝脏化学分解代谢,酒精,或以一个相对恒定的速率。大约有一半这样的速度,每小时一盎司酒精——近似的酒精量一罐啤酒,一箭的酒,或一杯酒。因此,那些喝点饮料在一小时内血液酒精浓度(BAC)具有更高的人比饮用相同数量超过了几个小时。

Gender At the same rate and amount of alcohol consumption, males generally will have a lower BAC than females. This is because, for males, a large portion of the alcohol gets metabolized in the stomach before it enters the bloodstream. In addition, the liver is more efficient at metabolizing alcohol in males.

性别也以相同的速度和数量的酒消费,男性通常会有较低的血液酒精浓度(BAC)要高于女性。这是因为,是男性,很大一部分酒精代谢的胃里之前得到它进入血液中。此外,肝脏代谢酒精更高效地在男性。

Body size In general, smaller people----by weight and height----feel the effects

of alcohol more than larger people. They will have a higher BAC after a similar number of drinks.

一般来说,小体型的人——由体重和身高——感觉酒精的影响更大的人多。他们将有一个更高的血液酒精浓度(BAC)后相同数量的饮料。

Amount of food in the stomach Drinking on an empty stomach increases the rate of alcohol absorption into the bloodstream. A higher BAC will result.

在胃里的食物量空腹饮用酒精的吸收速率的增加血液吸收的。一个更高的血液酒精浓度(BAC)将会产生。

After drinking ends Once a person stops drinking, BAC begins to decrease. The intoxicating effects of alcohol slowly diminish, and the person’s reflexes and coordination return to normal. Many people refer to this process as “becoming sober” or “sobering up.”

喝酒之后结束一个人一旦停止饮酒,血液酒精浓度(BAC)开始减少。酒精中毒效果慢慢减弱,而且人的反应和协调回到正常状态。许多人把这个过程以“成为”或“清醒清醒起来。”

Y ou may have heard that cold showers, exercise, fresh air, or coffee will help a person sober up more quickly. But this is not true. Nothing can speed the liver’s ability to break down alcohol. Fresh air may keep a person awake, but it does not eliminate the intoxicating effects of alcohol.

你可能听说过冷水洗淋浴,锻炼,新鲜的空气,或咖啡能帮助一个人清醒过来更迅速。但这不是真实的。没有什么可以加快肝脏的能力来分解酒精。新鲜空气能保持一个人醒着,但它并不能消除的酒精中毒效果。

Hangovers Drinking heavily usually causes a person to wake up the next day with a hangover. Hangover is a term used to describe the aftereffects of drinking too much alcohol. Symptoms of a hangover include nausea, upset stomach, headache, and a sensitivity to noise. It is not clear why some drinkers get a hangover and others do not. The only way a person can be sure to prevent one is to avoid alcohol altogether.

通常造成大量饮酒酒量的人醒来第二天带着宿醉。宿醉是一个术语,用来描述的一切不良后果的喝很多酒。症状包括恶心、肠胃宿醉,头痛,和对噪声的敏感性。尚不清楚为什么有些饮酒者得到宿醉,另一些则不是。一个人的唯一途径可以防止一个是避免饮酒。

Life-threatening effects

危及生命的副作用

The short-term effects of intoxication can put a drinker at serious risk. Intoxication increases the risk of death form motor vehicle crashes, alcohol overdose, and interactions of alcohol with other drugs.

中毒的短期效应可以放一个酒鬼在严重的风险。中毒死亡的危险增加形式机动车事故、酒精过量和酒精与其他药物的相互作用。

Motor vehicle crashes Alcohol is involved in about 40 percent of fatal motor vehicle crashes. Driving can be impaired by any amount of drinking, even if it falls below legal limits.

机动车事故酒精参与约40%的致命的机动车事故。驱动可以受任何数额的饮酒,

即使它低于法定的赔偿责任限额。

Alcohol especially impairs the driving skills of underage drinkers. Because of their relative lack of driving experience, underage drivers are already more likely to crash, even without the influence of alcohol. The effects of alcohol and driving inexperience together are a particularly dangerous combination.

特别是产生的酒精驾驶技能的未成年人饮酒。因为它们的相对缺乏的驾驶经验,未成年司机已经更容易崩溃了,即使没有酒精的影响。酒精对身体的影响和驾驶缺乏经验在一起是特别危险的组合。

Driving under the influence A driver over age 21 caught driving with a BAC that exceeds the legal limit of 0.08 is charged with driving while intoxicated(DWI). Law enforcement officers often measure BAC with a breath alcohol testing device. The device measures the alcohol level in the breath form the lungs, form which BAC is accurately estimated. Or a blood sample may be drawn and tested directly. People whose BAC is above the legal limit can have their driver’s license taken away and can be prosecuted. They may have to pay stiff fines or serve jail time.

一个司机酒后驾车的影响超过21岁时被抓开车和一个血液酒精浓度(BAC),超过的法律限度0.08被指控酒后驾车。执法人员经常测量血液酒精浓度(BAC)气息注入酒精测试装置。该设备的措施,酒精含量在呼吸形式肺,形式,因为它可以准确地估计。血液酒精浓度(BAC)血液样本或一个直接可能被吸引和测试。人们的血液酒精浓度(BAC)是超过法定可以有他们的驾照带走并可以被起诉。他们可能不得不支付高额罚款或服务时间的牢狱之灾。

Zero tolerance laws for drivers under the age 21, the lay is different. The purchase and possession of alcohol by minors is already illegal. Therefore, there is no acceptable BAC for underage drivers. Laws vary a little form state to state, but in all cases, it is illegal for minors to driver after consuming any amount of alcohol. The penalties for underage drivers may be more strict than those for other drivers.

零容忍法律对司机在21岁时,业余的是不同的。购买和拥有酒精未成年人已经违法。因此,这里没有接受血液酒精浓度(BAC)为未成年的司机。法律改变一点形式的国与国的,但在任何情况下都是违法的,为未成年人的司机在喝任何数额的酒精。未成年人的惩罚可能更严格司机以外其他的司机。

Overdose Taking an excessive amount of a drug that leads to coma or death is called an overdose.Alcohol overdose, also called alcohol poisoning, can cause the heart and breathing to stop. Many drinkers assume that they will pass out before drinking a fatal amount. This is not necessarily true. Alcohol continues to be absorbed into the blood for 30 to 90 minutes after a person’s last drink. The drinker’s BAC can increase even if the drinker becomes unconscious.

过量服用过量药物导致昏迷或死亡是所谓的服药过量。酒精过量,也叫酒精中毒,可引起心脏和呼吸停止。许多喝酒的人认为他们在饮用前就会醉倒了一个致命的金额。这并不一定是真的。酒精继续被吸收入血,30 - 90分钟后,一个人的最后喝。饮用者的血液酒精浓度(BAC)可以增加即使饮用者变得无意识。

A person need not be regular drinker or an alcoholic to die form an overdose. Even someone drinking for the first time can overdose and die form binge drinking. Binge drinking is the consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol at one sitting. Binger drinking is a particular problem among underage drinkers, who may consume

many drinks on a bet or dare, or during a “drinking game.” Binge drinking also affects teens more severely than older drinkers----teens enter comas at lower blood alcohol concentrations than adults.

一个人不需要定期饮用者或嗜酒如命死亡形式服用过量。甚至有人饮用过量及第一次死的形式可以饮酒过量的问题。酗酒是消耗的过量的酒精在一个座位。Binger饮酒是一种特定的问题,其中未成年的饮酒者,谁能消耗多酒或敢打赌,或在一个“饮酒游戏。“狂喝滥饮也会影响青少年饮酒者更严重——青少年比旧进入性在低血中酒精浓度比成年人。

Interactions with other drugs Sometimes, two drugs can interact to produce effects that are greater than either drug would produce by itself. Recall that alcohol is a depressant drug. When a person drinks alcohol and takes another depressant, such as sleeping pills, the combination can cause drastic changes in the body. Together, the two depressants’ effects are more than doubled and can dangerously slow breathing and heart rates. In extreme cases, combining alcohol and other depressants leads to coma or death.

与其他药物相互作用,两种药物有时可以相互作用产生的影响比药物会产生本身也。回想一下,酒精是一种抑制剂药物。当一个人喝酒和受到另外的抑制剂,如安眠药,合并会引起激烈的变化对身体造成的影响。在一起,这两个抑制剂的作用是增加了一倍多,可以放慢心率和呼吸频率,危险。在极端的情况下,将酒精和其他抑制剂导致昏迷甚至死亡。

新世纪商务英语综合教程第二册课文译文

新世纪商务英语综合教程第二册课文译文 第一单元语言的事务和商务的语言 课文一 以其它手段建立的世界帝国 汪滢陈俐丽译 它无处不在。它是约3.8亿人的母语，还是约占此人数三分之二人的第二语言。全世界有10亿人在学习它，约占世界人口三分之一的人或多或少会接触到它。预计到2050年，全世界半数人会近乎精通它。它是全球化时代的语言——国际商务、政治和外交等活动使用它，也是计算机和互联网的通用语言。你能在科特迪瓦的海报上看到它，能在东京的流行歌曲中听到它，还能在金边的官方文件中读到它。《德国之声》电台用它播放节目，法国商学院用它授课，玻利维亚的内阁会议用它作为交流媒介。的确，这种在14世纪的英格兰只有“下等人”才说的语言取得了长足的发展进步，如今已经成为世界的语言。 为什么会这样？原因不在于英语好学。诚然，英语单词词性简单，但是动词变化不规律，语法怪异，拼写和发音之间的对应简直是噩梦。由于传播十分广泛，英语衍生出众多的版本，有些独特的表达连英语为“母语”的人们也难以相互理解。 英语的来源甚广，包括罗曼语、日耳曼语、挪威语、凯尔特语等等，因此它必定会杂乱无章，但正是这种灵活性在使它变得庞杂的同时，也变得更加强大。提到新词，英语几乎毫不阻拦地接纳。每年出版商都会推出包含大量新词的新字典。例如，过往十年里不仅出现了很多网络用语、计算机用语、手机用语（如“浏览器”、“下载”、“发短信”等），还诞生了大量青少年俚语（如“赞”、“正”、“残”、“酷”、“杯具”）。虽然一些守旧者强烈反对，但这些都被英语欣然接纳。 英语母语者也并非一直对自己语言的这种放任态度毫不在意。18世纪便有三位作家——约瑟夫·爱迪生（《旁观者周刊》的创立者）、丹尼尔·笛福（《鲁滨逊漂流记》的作者）以及约翰森·斯威夫特（《格列佛游记》的作者）希望建立一个委员会来规范英语。 所幸，自由贸易的原则占了上风。一种语言的成败并不取决于它的内在品质，“而全在于说这种语言的人拥有多大权力。” 英语随时代发展，到19世纪它已蔓延到日不落帝国的各个角落，自那以后它开始成为全球的语言。 英语的发展不仅见于其在英国殖民地的广泛应用，还体现在它在遥远国度的用途。例如，1940年，德国和日本协商建立反对英美的同盟，这两国的外交大臣交流时使用的便是英语。然而，不论英语如何地海纳百川，它日后的成功要归功于美国这个英语国家作为世界巨头的崛起，这其中也存在导致摩擦的重大原因。 英语成为全球通用的语言，其好处在于便利各国人民相互交流、进行商务往来。然而，语言不仅是国与国之间对话交流的媒介，还是文化和身份的宝库。在很多国家，英语日益显现出压倒性势头，将要破坏或摧毁当地的文化，有时甚至在英国也有如此令人悲叹的情景，目前横扫世界的语言叫做英语，但承载它的确是美国文化。 英国人对此倒没什么怨言。虽然有一些人对这些词语的消亡感到遗憾，如“bullet-proof waistcoat”演变成“bullet-proof vest”（均为“防弹背心”的意思）、每句话开头都加“hopefully （希望如此）”，完成时态彻底消亡，以及“presently”的意思从“尽快”变成了“目前”，

(家具行业)家具英文名称

家具种类 A Adjustable bed 可调床 Air bed 气床 Anti-slip strip for stairs （儿童床）防滑楼梯打击扶手Antique furniture 古式家具 Antique reproduction furniture 仿古家具 Armchair 扶手椅 B Baby crib 婴儿床 Backless wall-unit 不设背板的壁橱 Bamboo furniture 竹家具 Banqueting chair 宴会椅 Barstool 吧椅 Bathroom accessories 浴室配套装置 Bathroom combination 浴室组合柜 Bathroom consoles 浴室多用架 Bathroom furniture 浴室家具 Bathroom vanity 浴室盥洗台 Batten door 板条门 Bed base床架，床套 Bed base set 成套床架 Bedroom suite 卧室系列家具 Bedstead 床架 Bentwood furniture 曲木家具 Beside table 床头柜 Birch door 桦木门 Board-room and conference table 会议桌 Bookcase 书柜 Bookshelf 书架 Built-in kitchen 配套厨房家具 Bunk 双层床 Bunk bed 双层床 C Cabin bed 儿童多功能床 Cabin furniture for ships 船用家具 Canopy bed 带天篷的床，四柱床 CD-video storage cabinet边音响组合柜 Chair with castors 脚轮椅 Changing table 可调桌 Chest of drawers 多屉橱柜 Child cot 童床 Children’s bed 儿童床 Children’s bedroom suite 儿童卧房系列家具

世纪商务英语

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1. F In ter nati onal trade is only the excha nge of goods betwee n n ati ons. 2. T Countries trade with each other partly because of cost advantages. 3. T Trade means countries can provide a wider variety of products for their consumers 4. T International trade can greatly expand the market, which enables the suppliers to take advantage of economies of scale. 5. T Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for international trade.Exchange rate fluctuations may create many problems for intern ati onal trade 6. T Still in some cases, political reas ons can outweigh econo mic con siderati ons betwee n cou ntries. 7. T When we provide shipp ing in sura nee service for foreig ners, it can be see n as an example of in visible trade. 8. F Trade surplus means that a country ' s imports exceed its exports. 9. T Tariff and quotas are the examples of trade barriers. 10. T A duty levied on a specific shipme nt can be an import, a protective and a compou nd duty at the same time. 1. _________ is the reas on why in ter nati onal trade first bega n. a. Un eve n distributi on of resources c. Econo mic ben efit b. Patter n of dema nd d. Comparative adva ntage 2. If one cou ntry concen trates on the producti on of the goods in which it has a comparative adva ntage, and produces more tha n it can use, the n it will sell the left to other cou ntries. This reas on for in ter nati onal trade is called . a. econo mies of scale c. specializati on b. variety of style d. patter ns of dema nd 3. The producti on cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale. This is called _________ . a. econo mies of scale c. specializati on b. variety of style d. patter ns of dema nd 4. The followi ngs are the special problems for in ter nati onal trade except for _______ . a. using foreig n lan guages and foreign currency c. having risks b. under foreign laws, customs and regulations d. numerous cultural differe nces 5. _________ refers to an excha nge of services, labor or other non-physical goods betwee n cou ntries. a. In visible trade c. I nternatio nal trade b. Visible trade d. Bala nee of trade 6. I nvisible trade con sists of the followi ng items except for _________ . a. tran sport services across n ati onal borders c. in sura nee services across n ati onal borders b. foreig n tourist expe nses d. product excha nge across n ati onal borders 7. _________ is the differe nee betwee n the value of the goods and services that a cou ntry exports and the value of the goods and services that it imports . a. Trade balanee c. Trade deficit b. Trade surplus d. Trade barrier 8. Each country has to earn __________ to pay for imports. a. money c. cash b. foreign exchange d. currency 9. _________ is collected according to physical quantity. a. Revenue tariff c. Specific duty b. Protection tariff d. Alter native duty 10. Which is not the example of trade barriers? __________ a. Tariffs c. Import duties b. Quotas d. In come tax 1. 国际贸易intern ati onal trade 2. 比较优势comparative adva ntage 3. 规模经济econo mies of scale 4. 经济增长econo mic growth 5. 夕卜汇foreign currency 6. 有形贸易visible trade 7. 无形贸易in visible trade 8. 贸易差额bala nee of trade 9. 贸易顺差trade surplus 10. 贸易逆差trade deficit 11. 贸易壁垒trade barrier 12. 非关税壁垒.non-tariff barrier 13. 财政关税revenue tariff