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GRE阅读逻辑题讲解

逻辑题讲解版1.0版

写在前面：

1.请同学们先在讲义上做题，带着问题来看这个讲解版。此为1.0版。适当时候我会加入新的题目的讲解，将其升级为

2.0 或者

3.0版本。不过这个目前应该是够用了。

2.以下的正确答案用黄色标示，错误选项的错误理由用“impose few rules and regulations”标示。

3.逻辑题中的错误选项大多都是跟本题没有任何关系的。逻辑题的错误选项的编撰者遇到的最大的

问题就是由于逻辑题的文章篇幅较短，无法使用文章中已有的部分来编制错误选项。于是，只能从文章之外寻找一些线索了。

4.此处的17题虽然不多，但是有一定的代表性。请各位在课外多做一些其它的GMAT的逻辑题强化此方面的能力和意识。

5.当然，各位应该知道GRE的Verbal部分的逻辑题数量较少。主要还是纯阅读部分的掌握，还记得我们上课经常说的那些东西吗？我想我上课中经常重复的东西可能还在你们耳边“阴魂不散”吧？“三强词汇”，“四大金刚”，“取非” “同义变换”。。。。。。。

归纳题：

例子1：

T o be mentally healthy, people must have self-respect. People can maintain self-respect only by

continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating

these others morally.

Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above?

解释：此题采用公共元素直推法。读完题目后我们知道正确答案肯定要跟mentally healthy 和treating these others morally 有关。

(A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others.

(B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem.

(D) People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these others.

(E) People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those esteem.

其它的选项都跟这个没有关系

例子2：

Experienced pilots often have more trouble than novice pilots in learning to fly the newly developed ultralight airplanes. Being accustomed to heavier aircraft, experienced pilots, when flying ultralight craft, seem not to respect the wind as much as they should.

The passage implies that the heavier aircraft mentioned above are

解释：此题采用无关词排除法。读完题目后我们知道正确答案肯定要跟飞机的轻重和风有关。

(A) harder to land than ultralight aircraft

(B) not as popular with pilots as ultralight aircraft

(D) more fuel-efficient than ultralight aircraft

(E) easier to handle in wind than ultralight aircraft

其它的选项都跟这个没有关系，于是不予选择

例子3：

While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses, the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even years after the SBA program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite two percent of the national economy’s total receipts.

Which of the following does the author cite to support the conclusion that the results of the SBA program were disappointing?

解释：此题读完后应该知道作者认为SBA项目失败的原因是少数民族企业的收入占到国民经济的比例太低，即这是一个相对量，而非绝对量。因此A，B，E选项都是number这个绝对量。因此C中的small percentage符合题目要求，而D中的“repay federally guaranteed loans”与本题无关

(A) The small number of new minority enterprises formed as a result of the program

(B) The small number of minority enterprises that took advantage of the management and technical assistance offered

under the program

implementation

(D) The small percentage of recipient minority enterprises that were able to repay federally guaranteed loans made

under the program

(E) The small number of minority enterprises that chose to participate in the program

演绎题

假设题

例子4：

New Jersey has one of the lowest motor vehicle fatality rates in the country, and it is one of the few states that require extensive annual automobile safety inspections. Therefore, all states should adopt similar safety inspection procedures.

The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?

解释：此题中Therefore表明了逻辑关系中的前因后果。此题的推理过程为：新泽西的机动车死亡率低，而同时新泽西大范围地执行了年度的机动车安全检查。因此，作者因此就把该州的机动车死亡率低归因于该州实行了机动车的安全检查。所以，正确选项应该与此推理有关。

(A) Most states tend to impose few rules and regulations on the automobile drivers operating within those states.

(B) Most states are skeptical that annual automobile safety inspections can reduce fatality rates.

(D) Drivers in New Jersey are more safety conscious than are drivers in other parts of the country.

（E）A smaller number of people die on the roads in New Jersey than in most other states

例子5：

The federal government expects hospitals to perform 10,000 organ transplants next year. But it is doubtful that this many donor organs will be available, since the number of fatalities resulting from car and motorcycle accidents has been dropping steadily over the past decade.

The argument above makes which of the following assumptions?

解释：此题中Since和resulting from表明了因果关系。因此此题的推理过程为：因为死于机动车事故的人数下降，因此担心没有10000个器官可供使用。所以，正确选项应该与以上的关键词（器官，机动车事故，死亡）有关。因此只能选择A。

(A) A significant number of the organs used in transplants come from people who die in car and motorcycle accidents.

(B) The number of car and motorcycle accidents will increase significantly during the next year.

(D) In the past the federal government’s estimates of the number of organ transplants needed during a given year have been very unreliable.

(E) For any given fatality resulting from a car or motorcycle accident, there is a hospital in the vicinity in need of an organ for a transplant.

加强题

例子6：

Because incumbent members of Congress are given a great deal of attention by the news media and because they enjoy such perquisites as free mail privileges and generous travel allowances, incumbents enjoy an overwhelming advantage over their challengers in elections for the United States Congress.

Which of the following,if true,best supports the claim above?

解释：此题中Because表明了因果关系。此题的推理过程为：因为在朝官员得到了更多的媒体的关注以及享受了各种补贴，因此在朝官员比在野官员更容易赢得国会选举的胜利。所以，如要支持该推理必须要选择一个与此相关的选项。

(A) In the last congressional elections, incumbents met with a larger number of lobbyists than did challengers.

(B) In the last congressional elections, 98 percent of the incumbents in the House of Representatives who were seeking reelection won.

(D) The support that political station action committees provide to challengers for congressional seats often compensates for （相当于抵消的意思）the perquisites enjoyed by incumbent members of Congress.此选项的问题在于削弱了在朝的优势。但是必须要选择一个使在朝官员有优势的选项。因此，此选项有削弱题的意味

(E) Of all incumbent senators surveyed before the last congressional elections, 78 percent said that their challengers did not pose a serious threat to their chances for reelection.

用文章中没有提到的内容，直接加强文章结论

例子7：

Recent surveys show that many people who seek media help are under a great deal of stress. Medical research also shows that stress can adversely affect an individual’s immune system, which is responsible for combating many infections. Thus when a person is under stress, he or she is more likely to become ill.

Which of the following,if true,would most strength the conclusion above?

解释：此题中Thus表明了因果关系。此题的推理过程为：寻求医疗帮助的人处在巨大的压力之下以及研究表明压力会影响人的免疫系统。所以，如要支持该推理，必须要选择一个与压力和寻求医疗帮助有关的选项。

(A) Many businesses that provide health insurance for their employees also provide seminars on stress management.

(B) Many businesses report a significant decrease in absenteeism during periods when employees feel pressured by management.

(C) There is a marked decrease in the number of complaints （生病） presented at college infirmaries during vacation time. 此选项说明的是“压力小，得病的就少”

(D) There is a marked increase in the number of illness treated at college infirmaries around the time of examinations.此选项说的是“压力大，就会得病”

(E) Most people report that being in a hospital or an infirmary is a stressful situation.

相比较而言，还是D支持的力度最大了

例子8：

A test of the National Weather Service’s storm detecting radar systems found that the 1957 system is

ten times more reliable than the new computerized system. Therefore the technology used in the new radar system must

be less sophisticated than the radar technology used in the 1957 system.

The conclusion drawn above depends on which of the following questionable assumptions?

解释：此题中Therefore表明了因果关系。此题的推理过程为：因为1957年的系统比新的计算机化了系统精确10倍。所以，新的系统的技术没有1957年系统的系统复杂。本题假定系统技术的复杂程度决定着系统的可靠性。

(A) The reliability of storm-detecting radar systems is determined by the frequency of breakdowns.

(B) The level of sophistication of the technology used in storm-detecting radar system can be determined from the reliability of the system.

(D) Computer hardware is now a key component of the new storm-detecting radar systems used by weather forecasting services.

(E) Most of the significant advances in storm detecting technology were made in the 1950s

其它几个选项都出现了与本题不相关的内容。

削弱题

例子9：

Scientists now believe that artificial-hip implants, previously thought to be safe, may actually increase the risk of cancer in recipients after about 45 years of use. Though these implants do improve the quality of recipient’s lives, the increased risk of cancer is an unacceptable price to pay for these improvements. Therefore, they should be banned.

Which of the following,if true,is the strongest counterargument to the argument above?

解释：此题中Therefore表明了因果关系。此题原因为：人造臀部虽然能够提高受体的生活质量，但是会在45年后增加引发癌症的机率。所以，这种技术应该被禁止。想削弱这个命题就是要为这个技术“辩护”。选一个为其辩护或者高唱赞歌的选项吧！

(A) Artificial-hip implant surgery can cause severe complications, such as infection, chronic fever, and bone degeneration, and these complications can themselves be crippling or even fatal.未唱赞歌。

(B) Almost all artificial-hip implant recipients receive their implants at an age when they are unlikely to live more than an additional 30 years. 这样，受体在未到45年的时候就已经翘辫子了，因此此选项在为此种技术“辩护”

(C) Although artificial-hip implants increase the risk of cancer after about 45 year of use, a few of the cancers they induce

are not fatal. 依然承认了得癌症的可能性，“辩护”力度不及B。

(D) Since artificial-hip implants are not very common, banning them would cause little hardship. 相对比较中性。

(E) Although the benefits of artificial-hip implant surgery have remained substantially the same over

the past decade, the price of the surgery has risen considerably. 此选项强调是此技术的缺点：价格太高

此题的启示在于：从这四个错误的选项可以看出错误选项的类型：

1.相反的选项，如削弱题中的支持类的选项。如此题中的A和E

2.无关选项，如D

3.与正确选项形成PK关系，但是相比之下没有正确选项符合要求。

例子10：

Metropolis regulation limiting to four days the period during which milk can be sold to consumers after pasteurization is unreasonable. Under optimal conditions, pasteurized milk kept at 40 degrees Fahrenheit remains unspoiled for at least 14 days. If Metropolis current limitation were changed to eight days, milk prices would drop, but product quality would be unaffected.

Which of the following,if true,would most seriously weaken the conclusion drawn above?

解释：此题中虽然没有具体的信号词表明其逻辑关系。但是可以看出：因为在最佳情况下，即在40华氏度保存牛奶，牛奶14天都不会变质。所以，作者认为可以如果把牛奶的保质期调整为8天，牛奶价格将会下降。想削弱此命题有以下几种思路：

1、否定前提：牛奶不可能在最佳条件下保存。

2、否定前提：即便在最佳条件下保存，牛奶8 （<14天）就变质了

3、否定结论：将牛奶保质期调整为8天，牛奶价格也不会下降

以上任何一个思路都可以削弱该结论

(A) Most consumers keep milk no more than three days after purchase.

(B) A recent survey showed that 20 percent of Metropolis consumers favored extending the current

limitation on the sale of milk to 8 days.

(D) Milk kept longer than 14 days after pasteurization generally presents no medical dangers if consumed. 支持了该结论

(E) In Metropolis, conditions for handling and storing milk after pasteurization are seldom close to optimum.

因此选择E，其它几个跟事先的思路不符

例子11：

The country of Maravia has severe air pollution, 80 percent of which is caused by the exhaust fumes

of cars. In order to reduce the number of cars on the road, the government is raising taxes on the cost

of buying and running a car by 20 percent. This tax increase, therefore will significantly reduce air pollution in Maravia.

Which of the following,if true,most seriously weakens the argument above?

解释：此题中is caused by和therefore表明其逻辑关系：因为城市中80%的污染是由过

多的尾气排放导致的。政府正在提高买车和养车的费用20%，希望借此降低汽车的数量。所以，作者认为这样可以降低城市的污染。想削弱此命题有以下几种思路：

1、该国的80%污染并非来自于汽车尾气;

2、提高买车和养车费用并不会减少车的数量，于是不能降低污染;

任何一个选项应与上面的内容相关。

(A)The government of Maravia is in the process of building a significant number of roadways.

(B)Maravia is an oil-producing country and is able to refine an amount of gasoline sufficient for the needs of its pollution.

(C)Maravia has had an excellent public transportation system for many years.

(D)Ninety percent of the population of Maravia is very prosperous（富有） and has a substantial amount of disposable

income.(可支配收入)

(E)In Maravia, cars that emit relatively low levels of pollutions cost 10 percent less to operate, on average, than do cars

that emit high levels of pollutions.

削弱了文章手段达到目的的可能性。

II.解题方法2：它因法，即其它因素导致了结论而并非文中的那个原因

例子12：

The excessive number of safety regulations that the federal government has placed on industry poses more serious hardships for big businesses than for small ones. Since large companies do everything on a more massive scale, they must alter more complex operations and spend much more money to meet government requirements.

Which of the following,if true,would most weaken the argument above?

解释：此题中Since表明其逻辑关系：因为大公司的规模效应所带来的更复杂的操作和更多的开销。所以，作者认为关于安全的规定对大公司影响比小公司大。想削弱此命题有以下几种思路：

1、否定前提：大公司的规模效应不会带来更多复杂的操作以及更多的开销。

2、否定结论：小公司比大公司更容易受到安全规定的影响，即选一个对小公司不利的选项。

任何一个选项应与上面的内容相关。

(A) Small companies are less likely than large companies to have the capital reserve for improvements.

large companies.

(D) Large companies typically have more of their profits invested in other business than do small companies.

(E) Large companies are in general more likely than small companies to diversity the markets and

products.

8.解释题

例子13：

The population of elephant seals, reduced by hunting to perhaps a few dozen animals early in this century, has soared under federal protection during the last few decades. However, because the species repopulated itself through extensive inbreeding, it now exhibits a genetic uniformity that is almost unparalleled in other species of mammals, and thus it is in far greater danger of becoming extinct than are most other species.

Given the information in the passage above, which of the following is most likely the reason that other species of mammals are less likely than elephant seals to become extinct?

解释：此题中because和thus表明其逻辑关系：因为象海豹近亲繁殖而导致的遗传单一性。所以，作者认为象海豹相对于其它种群更容易有灭绝的危险。题目问的是其它的哺乳类动物没有象海豹那样容易灭绝的原因。答案必须跟遗传有关。

解释题的解答依靠常识

(A)Other species of mammals have large populations, so the loss of a few members of the species is not significant.

(B)Other species of mammals have increased their knowledge of dangers though the experience of generation after

generation of animals.

(C)In other species of mammals, hunters can readily distinguish between males and females or between young animals and

adults.

(D)In other species of mammals, some members of the species are genetically better equipped to withstand a disease or

event that destroys other members of the species.

(E)Other species of mammals have retained habits of caution and alertness because they have not been protected as

endangered species.

I.解释矛盾：

例子14：

During the day in Lake Constance, the zooplankton D. hyalina departs for the depths where food is scarce and the water cold. D. galeata remains near the warm surface where food is abundant. Even though D. galeata grows and reproduces much faster, its population is often outnumbered by D. hyalina.

Which of the following,if true,would help resolve the apparent paradox presented above?

解释：此题中奇怪现象就是h白天沉入食物少，水温低的湖底，而g留在食物丰富的湖面。但是h的数量多于g。

任何一个选项应该能够解释h的数量比g多，或者g的数量比h少。

A The number of species of zooplankton living at the bottom of the lake is twice that of species living at the surface.

B Predators of zooplankton, such as whitefish and perch, live and feed near the surface of the lake during the day.

C In order to make the most of scarce food resources, D. hyalina matures more slowly than D. galeata.

D D. galeata clusters under vegetation during the hottest part of the day to avoid the Sun’s rays.

E D. galeata produces twice as many offspring per individual in any given period of time as does D. hyalina. 该选项刚好相反

例子15：

For the United Stats meat industry, there is good news and bad news. The bad news in that over the last three years people in the United States have been eating less meat. The good news is that during this same time period meat producer’s profits have risen steadily.

Which of the following,if true during the last three years,contributes most to a resolution of the apparent discrepancy above?

解释：此题中奇怪现象就是美国人肉消耗量下降，可是美国的肉类生产商的利润却稳步上升。

解题思路如下，利润必然和需求和价格有关。

1、肉类价格上升所带来的正面影响超过了由于消耗量下降所带来的负面影响

2、美国的消耗量是少了，其它地方的需求量上升了。

(A)People have been eating less meat because they are more health conscious than in the past.

(B)In the United States many new restaurants that specialize in vegetarian meals have opened.

以上两个选项解释了为什么美国人的肉类消耗量下降，但是没能解释为什么利润却上升了。

(C)Competition from the growing fish industry has forced meat producers to sell meat at bargain prices in an attempt to

attract more consumers. 与价格应该上升相反

(D)Countries that are unable to produce enough meat for their populations have become a new and lucrative market for

United States meat producers.正好讲到需求量上升

(E)Meat producers have invested large amount of money on advertising in order to win back consumers who have

decreased their meat consumption. ”在广告上化很多钱“ 倒是说明了为什么肉类行业的利润下降（而不是上升），因为增加了一块新的支出。

9.填空题

例子16：

Observations of the Arctic reveal that the Arctic Ocean is covered by less ice each summer than the previous summer. If

this warming trend continues, within 50 years the Arctic Ocean will be ice free during the summer months. This occurrence would in itself have little or no effect on global sea levels, since the melting of ice floating in water does not affect the water level. However, serious consequences to sea levels would eventually result, because __________.

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

解释：此题说道水中融化的冰本身对于海平面没有什么影响。但是从文章最后一句应该可以知道肯定是其它因素导致了海平面的变化。

A large masses of floating sea ice would continue to form in the wintertime 此种因素不会对海平面有太大的影响

B significant changes in Arctic sea temperatures would be accompanied by

changes in sea temperatures in more temperate parts of the world

C such a warm Arctic Ocean would trigger the melting of massive land- based glaciers in the Arctic

D an ice-free Arctic Ocean would support a very different ecosystem than it does presently

E in the spring, melting sea ice would cause more icebergs to be created and to drift south

into shipping routes

因此此题选择C，其它没有讲到其它可能会引起海平面变化的因素。

10.句子作用题

例子17：

At a certain period in Earth’s history, its atmosphere contained almost no oxygen, although plants were producing vast quantities of oxygen. As a way of reconciling these two facts, scientists have hypothesized that nearly all of the oxygen being produced was taken up by iron on Earth’s surface. Clearly, however, this explanation is inadequate. New studies show that the amount of iron on Earth’s surface was not sufficient to absorb anywhere near as much oxygen as was being produced.Therefore, something in addition to the iron on Earth’s surface must have absorbed much of the oxygen produced by plant life.

In the argument given,the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

解释：文中说道科学家假设地球表明的铁吸收了植物产生的氧气。但“这个解释不充分”。“新的研究表明地表的铁远远不足以吸收那些氧气”。明显是前果后因的关系。

A The first is a claim made by the argument in support of a certain position; the second is that position. （此选项谈到第一句话支持第二句话）

B The first is a judgment made by the argument about a certain explanation; the second is that explanation.

C The first expresses the argument’s dismissal of an objection to the position it seeks to establish; the second is that position.

D The first sums up the argument’s position with regard to a certain hypothesis; the second provides grounds for that position.

E The first is a concession by the argument that its initial formulation of the position it seeks to establish requires modification; the second presents that position in a modified form.

因此，此题选择D。

详解GRE阅读最常见三种题型

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逻辑题讲解版1.0版写在前面： 1.请同学们先在讲义上做题，带着问题来看这个讲解版。此为1.0版。适当时候我会加入新的题目的讲解，将其升级为 2.0 或者 3.0版本。不过这个目前应该是够用了。 2.以下的正确答案用黄色标示，错误选项的错误理由用“impose few rules and regulations”标示。 3.逻辑题中的错误选项大多都是跟本题没有任何关系的。逻辑题的错误选项的编撰者遇到的最大的问题就是由于逻辑题的文章篇幅较短，无法使用文章中已有的部分来编制错误选项。于是，只能从文章之外寻找一些线索了。 4.此处的17题虽然不多，但是有一定的代表性。请各位在课外多做一些其它的GMAT的逻辑题强化此方面的能力和意识。 5.当然，各位应该知道GRE的Verbal部分的逻辑题数量较少。主要还是纯阅读部分的掌握，还记得我们上课经常说的那些东西吗？我想我上课中经常重复的东西可能还在你们耳边“阴魂不散”吧？“三强词汇”，“四大金刚”，“取非” “同义变换”。。。。。。。归纳题：例子1： T o be mentally healthy, people must have self-respect. People can maintain self-respect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem. They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally. Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements above? 解释：此题采用公共元素直推法。读完题目后我们知道正确答案肯定要跟mentally healthy 和treating these others morally 有关。 (A) People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by others. (B) People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem. (C) People who are mentally healthy must have self-respect in other to be treated morally by others. (D) People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these others. (E) People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those esteem. 其它的选项都跟这个没有关系例子2： Experienced pilots often have more trouble than novice pilots in learning to fly the newly developed ultralight airplanes. Being accustomed to heavier aircraft, experienced pilots, when flying ultralight craft, seem not to respect the wind as much as they should. The passage implies that the heavier aircraft mentioned above are

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美联英语提供：GRE阅读逻辑题和GMAT阅读逻辑题的对比两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1311910552.html,/test/waijiao.aspx?tid=16-73675-0 GRE改革之后，阅读新增只有一到四句话的超短文章，称之为微文。这种微文也就是ETS 模仿GMAT的逻辑题，填补GRE对逻辑推理能力考查的欠缺。我们就看一下GRE阅读逻辑题和GMAT阅读逻辑题的对比。以下就是对GRE阅读逻辑题和GMAT阅读逻辑题的对比的详细分析，总结了GRE阅读逻辑题的特点，方便大家备考。大家都知道，老GRE阅读从篇幅上分有长文章和短文章，而在新GRE阅读中不但保留原来的长文和短文，还增加了只有一到四句话的超短文章，我将其称之为微文。微文不但微小，还有微妙之感。试看下例(新GRE官方指南 P71)： In the United States between 1850 and 1880, the number offarmers continued to i ncrease, but at a rate lower than that ofthe general population Which of the following statements directly contradicts theinformation presented a bove? The number of farmers in the general population increasedslightly in the 30 years between 1850 and 1880.

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使用说明 (1) GRE阅读(No. 2—No. 9) (2) No. 2-1 (2) SECTION A (2) SECTION B (5) No. 2-2 (9) SECTION A (9) SECTION B (12) No. 2-3 (16) SECTION A (16) SECTION B (20) No. 3-1 (23) SECTION A (23) SECTION B (27) No. 3-2 (30) SECTION A (30) SECTION B (34) No. 3-3 (38) SECTION A (38) SECTION B (41) No. 4-1 (45) SECTION A (45) SECTION B (49) No. 4-2 (52) SECTION A (53) SECTION B (56) No. 4-3 (60) SECTION A (60) SECTION B (64) No. 5-1 (68) SECTION A (68) SECTION B (71) No. 5-2 (75) SECTION A (75) SECTION B (78) No. 5-3 (82) SECTION A (82) SECTION B (86) No. 6-1 (89)

SECTION B (93) No. 6-2 (97) SECTION A (97) SECTION B (101) No. 6-3 (105) SECTION A (105) SECTION B (108) No. 7-1 (112) SECTION A (112) SECTION B (116) No. 7-2 (120) SECTION A (120) SECTION B (123) No. 7-3 (127) SECTION A (127) SECTION B (131) No. 8-1 (135) SECTION A (135) SECTION B (139) No. 8-2 (143) SECTION A (143) SECTION B (147) No. 8-3 (150) SECTION A (150) SECTION B (154) No. 9-1 (157) SECTION A (157) SECTION B (161) No. 9-2 (165) SECTION A (165) SECTION B (169) No. 9-3 (172) SECTION A (172) SECTION B (176) No. 9-4 (180) SECTION A (180) SECTION B (184) No. 9-5 (187) SECTION A (187)

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