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八级翻译指南

英语专业八级考试翻译部分指南

题型特点分析

英语专业八级考试大纲中对翻译部分的要求是“能运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的文章和一般文学作品。速度为每小时250至300个汉字。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅；能运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英美报刊杂志上的文章和文学原著。速度为每小时250至300个英文单词。译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅。”这段话中“我国报刊杂志上的文章和一般文学作品”和“英美报刊杂志上的文章和文学原著”这两处表述值得我们高度重视，因为它们清楚地表明了八级考试中翻译的选题范围。而纵观2001至2010年的翻译试题，无论是英译汉还是汉译英，基本上是贯彻了这一出题思路的。

下面我们对八级考试翻译的这种题型特点，根据英国学者纽马克的翻译文本划分理论，从五个方面进行展开分析：

1）文本类型

八级考试翻译的原文通常属于表达型文本（expressive text）,它们既不同于说明书、试验报告般的信息型文本（informative text）,单纯以传递有用信息为主，较少涉及文笔修辞；也不同于诗歌、广告词等的启示型文本（vocative text）,主要强调语言形式的新奇创新，唤起读者的认同感和参与感。表达性文本兼具思想内容和表达技巧，文本既具有一定的信息量，同时也包含着一定的语言修辞手段。这种文本类型，要求我们在翻译时应当有意识地调动翻译课上学到的翻译技巧，灵活地加以应用，而不可一味地死译、直译，或天马行空般的重写、改写。

2）语域高低

语域（register）是语言学的术语，通常表示语言的使用场合和措辞的庄重程度，八级翻译选材由于通常是报刊文体或文学作品，所以语言较为书面化、庄重，语域程度较高，我们在组织译文语言时应当有意识地选用一些典雅的书面语，适当考虑一些修辞手段，保持句子连贯衔接等。

3）本土色彩

由于八级考试是全国性的水平考试，限时限地，不允许携带工具书，这

就决定了八级考试翻译部分的原文一般不含有需要查阅工具书的文化专有

项（culture item）如文化典故、生僻的人名和地名等，翻译的原文通常题

材也是和日常生活有关，对于所有考生都不会陌生，考生在考前模拟练习时，

可以避开一些含有较多文化名词、本土色彩浓厚的文章作为模拟试题，而选

择那些内容具有普适性的文章。

4）句型繁简

八级考试的原文通常句子长度适中，罕有繁复的句式和错综的结构，这

点与各类翻译竞赛不同，我们在答题时在句型处理上也要尽可能地保持合理

的尺度，既要避免口语化的短句，也要避免佶屈聱牙的欧化句式。

5）译笔尺度

译笔尺度通常指的是翻译时文笔尺度的把握，比如翻译奥巴马的就职演

说和翻译《哈里波特》，文笔尺度就大相径庭。翻译前者时应向原文作者靠

拢，尽可能贴近原文，而翻译后者时可以倾向于译文读者，多考虑文笔可读

性。八级考试的翻译是测试性翻译（sampling）,考生译文的读者是带着评

判目的的阅卷老师，所以我们在翻译时应该在保证忠实通顺基础上译笔适当

收紧一些，不能因为追求译文的流畅而滑向改写或重写。

常见错误类型

词义的把握与理解上的难点

词语是基本的语义单位，对词义的准确把握，在翻译过程中是极其重要的，每年的八级考试中，广大考生由于各种原因，在词义理解上总是出现各种偏差,如：

1）And tomorrow, we will dump a slightly larger amount, with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.（2009年英译汉真题）在本句中，concentrations一词被考生普遍忽略了，径直翻译为“集中，集合”,殊不知此处的concentration使用的是复数形式，表示的是“浓度”。考生出现这样的错误，表面上看是粗心，探其本源，却是来自英汉语的差异。汉语不是拼音文字，在名词单复数上没有形态变化，导致考生对英文的名词单复数不敏感。2）We, the human species, are confronting a planetary emergence—a threat to the survival of our civilization that is gathering ominous and destructive potential even as we gather here.（2009年英译汉真题）

在本句中，第二个gather不少考生将其翻译为“聚在这里共商对策”，这样翻译译文读起来很顺溜，但是却歪曲了原意，本文是美国前副总统戈尔获诺贝尔

和平奖时的致谢辞，该场合不是国际学术会议，商讨对策亦无从谈起，且原文gather一词也丝毫没有隐含“商讨对策”的意思。

上述是英译汉的例子，其实在汉译英中，词义理解也容易出问题。有人认为汉语作为母语，在理解上不存在障碍，其实这是种误区。英语是科学性语言，句法上讲究谨严细密，而汉语是文学性语言，英语相比，文学性强，逻辑严密性差，很多词语如果不涉及翻译，在汉语思维内部理解，倒是不费思量，但若译为英语就需要仔细甄别，挖掘出个中的深意。

3）愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。（2004年汉译英真题）

本句中“冷静”一词很多同学不假思索地翻译为“calm”或“sober”,其实在这句语境下，“冷静”并非表示镇静，而是指吃饭时的激情消退，故翻译为“our passions gradually recede”。

4）在得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。（2003年汉译英真题）本句中“横行霸道”一词出自孩子之口，有童趣诙谐之意，切不可如实地翻译为“play the despot”, “tyrannize”或“domineer”等贬义浓厚的词汇，而间接翻译为“behave like a little lord”就好多了，既保留了童稚味，又与全文风格统一。5）维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节，互不干涉。（2010年汉译英真题）本句中的“亲密关系”一词不可直译为“intimate relationships”,因为英语中intimate一词通常用于异性之间含有情感暧昧色彩，与本文的主旨“友谊”不相符合，所以我们换成“sound friendship”是恰当的。

句子理解和表达上的难点

英汉语的句法结构存在着天壤之别，有人曾形象地比喻道：“英语句子结构如参天大树，枝繁叶茂；汉语句子结构如万顷碧波，层层推进”。从属结构众多是现代英语的特点，从句往往环环相扣，短语不短。而汉语常用松散句、紧缩句和流水句。五四运动以后，受外来语影响，汉语句子字数增多，结构变得更加复杂，但与英语相比，仍然还是较短。所以一个合格的译者应当熟悉了解英汉语句法结构的这种差异，并在此基础上组织译文的语言。

6）They go on in strange paradox, decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, all powerful to be impotent.(2009年英译汉真题)

本句的句法结构十分具有迷惑性。很多考生把该句译为“他们行为矛盾，充满悖论，做出了悬而未决的决定，下了优柔寡断的决心，力争软弱无力”。抛开“达”与“雅”层面不论，这个句子在“信”的层面就犯了错误。此处decided 和resolved不是动词过去式，而是过去分词做状语，修饰主句中的strange paradox,上述译法误将decided和resolved当作动词谓语。所以正确的译文是“他们的所作所为前后矛盾，莫名其妙，起初决心已定，最终却迟疑不定；起初当即立断，最终却优柔寡断；起初无所不能，最终却一无所能。”

7）It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when the worlds fall away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconscious, bringing back all I have recently experienced to be explored and slowly understood.（2004年英译汉真题）

本句很长，句子结构也较复杂，有并列句和从句。其中考生最容易犯错误之处在于动词短语bringing back的逻辑主语，很多考生误认为是I,所以把句子翻译为“自我从潜意识里浮出，我回忆起自己最近经历的、需探究的、需慢慢领会的一切。”正确的译法是“自我从潜意识里浮出，带回了自己最近的见闻，体察探

究，慢慢领会。”

8）提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待工作、生活的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意义作出适当的估计了。（2005年英译汉真题）

这个句子是一个无主句，现代汉语中无主句出现频率很高，通常无主句在翻译时可以使用被动语态，“there be…”和“”it is…that…”等特殊句型，本句也不例外。翻译时可以译为“an appropriate judgment could be made from how carefully and conscientiously he approaches life, how he lives and works.”

篇章的连贯性与译文的修辞

八级考试翻译试题原题是书面语,通常具有一定的文学性,在翻译时需要在修辞、连贯性和文风等层面对译文进行综合把握，在传统的翻译实践理论“信达雅”中，这些属于“雅”的层面。虽然目前的英语专业翻译教学大纲和八级考试大纲对译文的要求总体以“忠实通顺”为主，但是修辞、文风等与“忠实通顺”并不能完全截然分开，考生在忠实通顺的翻译原文的基础上,尽可能地保留原文语言的音韵美、建筑美和其他修辞特点。

9）Most commonly we come to books with blurred and divided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biography that it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our prejudices.（2005年英译汉真题）该句状语部分asking of…是全句的信息重点,原句写的很工整,翻译时尽量贴近原文,保留这种排比结构，翻译为“我们总是要求小说情节真实，要求诗歌内容虚构，要求传记充满谀辞，要求史书印证成见。”

10）I say it is to wage war by land, sea, and air.（2006年英译汉真题）该句中邱吉尔充分表达了大英帝国决一死战的决心，“by land, sea and air”如果简单翻译为“在海陆空战斗”就显得索然寡味,气势荡然无存，所以需要展开反以为“在陆地战斗，在海洋战斗，在空中战斗。”

11）Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.（2003年英译汉真题）

本句中作者说明库珀笔下的美国人超前意识时使用了两个名词“ability”和“freedom”,乍一看这两个词语一是“能力”,一是“自由”,但是在本句中具有相同的语义功能,旨在表明美国人摆脱过去和现在的束缚,向往将来的心理状态,所以在翻译时出于保持句子连贯性考虑,两词都翻译为“自由”,全句是“库珀诠释了美国人的一种典型特征—超前意识，即能够站在未来的角度看待今天；能够摆脱过去羁绊，情牵将来。”

12）每个人都希望拥有自己的私密空间，朋友之间过于随便，就容易侵入这片禁区，从而引起冲突，造成隔阂。

本句中“私密空间”和“禁区”是同一所指，翻译时借助代词可以将后者一带而过，不必大张旗鼓地再次翻译成“forbidden area”之类。

如何准备八级翻译

打好语言基本功

八级考试翻译是属于笔译，要求扎实的中英文基本功，这里所说的基本功我

们可以把它概括为三个层面：语法、句法和惯用法。

语法是保持语言运用正确性的最宏观框架，考生必须对英汉语语法有个清晰的理解和把握，如英语语法中的时态、名词单复数、虚拟语气、非谓语动词，汉语语法中的复句知识等。这些知识如果通过其他题型如多项选择题等进行考察，学生可能应付裕如，但是在翻译中，由于根深蒂固的中英文思维差异，错误就纷纷浮出水面。在汉译英中，句子的时态统统变为现在时，主谓不一致，英译汉中，句子杂糅等。

在熟练掌握语法基础上，对英汉语的句法也要关心，看看句子如何高效组织内容，语意上的层次感是怎么表达的。我们国内的英语教育，在完成语法部分传授后，很少对学生强调句法知识的重要，殊不知句法知识对翻译和写作具有决定性意义，那么如何积累句法知识呢？我们可在平时对写的好的中英文句子细细品味，不光细究句意，而是体会语言的外衣和内在的意义是如何结合的，为什么同样的意思如果我们表达用一两段话的篇幅都讲不清楚，而文笔好的作者一两个句子就能轻松搞定，多按照这种方式思考问题就会逐渐积累中英文句法知识。

在语法、句法之外，我们还要重视词语的惯用法（usage）。英语相对其他西欧语言语法简单，但却为此付出代价，那就是各种规则之外的惯用法奇多，这些惯用法涉及不同词性词语的搭配，需要强化记忆。

增加词汇储备

英汉互译，从写作的角度来看，英译汉就是限定内容的汉语写作，汉译英就是限定内容的英文写作。既然是写作，词汇的储备就非常重要。我们这里没有使用词汇量这个说法，因为词汇的积累，不光是积累量，同时还要加强词汇的“质”。在现在的语言教育中，由于纷纷推出词汇表，广大同学很少使用纸质字典，导致学习新词汇时首关就没有把严，对词汇的理解似懂非懂，一知半解，认知词汇和写作词汇不区分，误认为英汉语词汇之间是一对一的映射对应。这样就导致在翻译和写作中，词汇使用方面捉襟见肘、错误百出，严重影响了表达效果。解决这一问题的关键是大量阅读中英文的好文章，边阅读，边积累词汇，这样在翻译时就可以任意驱遣，游刃有余。

进行针对性强的模拟训练

由于英语专业八级考试已经是有十多年历史的成型考试，各部分题型相对固定，风格通常不变，所以在准备八级翻译时可以针对性的选择一些英汉语原文进行模拟。英译汉部分，可以找一些名家的演说词或类似于“Reader Digest”难度风格的文章，汉译英部分可以找一些中文报章上的随笔或小品文。选材时不必强求有参考译文，而是最好在翻译完毕时找英文水平较高的人帮助修改，进行讨论。讨论中不必轻易否定自己的译笔，而是以自己的译文为基础，找出其中的硬伤，其他部分予以保留，这样做有助于树立信心，同时形成自己的译文风格和语言使用习惯。

学会合理地使用字典

当前的字典是纸质字典、电子字典和网络在线字典三分天下。可是令人遗憾的是大多数学生在平时的学习中，较多使用电子词典和网络在线字典，而对纸质字典重视不够。在准备八级考试翻译过程中，纸质字典具有不可替代的作用，相比电子词典和在线字典，纸质字典释义详尽，义项丰富，例句多。虽然使用纸质字典较为耗时耗力，但无形中降低了学习节奏，让学习者可以有充分的时间来品味体会词语的意义和用法。在众多的纸质字典中，我们推荐使用陆谷孙先生主编

的；?英汉大词典?。

推荐书目：

韩素英青年翻译奖竞赛作品与评析译林出版社

英美名篇选杨岂深杨自伍上海译文出版社

论语（中英文对照）中华书局

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——参考范本—— 【资格考试】2019最新整理- 英语专业八级翻译试题及一些翻译练习 ______年______月______日 ____________________部门

全国英语专业八级考试（TEM8）的翻译部分（汉译英）原文全文如下：得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。阅学生之译文，笔者发现有一个问题值得我们教师注意，即如何在动笔翻译前，能迅速正确地确定英译的主语。如： 1. 得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。学生译文（以下简称“学译”）：Before the illness， I was much petted by parents， doing everything at will in the home. 学译：Before I became ill， I have received all the favor of my parents， just like a little tyrant at home. 参考译文：Before I fell ill， I had been the bully under our roofs owing to my doting parents. 我们知道，汉语表达大多为“意合”结构，结构松散，以一个一个看似并列的短句“拼凑而成，彼此逻辑关系不明显；但英语则不同于汉语，它是形合语言，非常讲究句子内部的逻辑关系的”外化“，所谓”外化“，即，使用Connectives来表现其逻辑关系。我国译界有一个比喻：汉语句子的结构像”竹竿“，是一节接一节的；而英语

2019年英语专业八级考试模拟试题及答案：翻译篇

2019年英语专业八级考试模拟试题及答案：翻译篇1 长城，东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，横跨中国北部，全长六千多公里，号称“万里长城”，是中国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶，是世界伟大的建筑奇迹之一。中国最早的长城，远在公元前七世纪就已经出现了。公元前221年，秦始皇统一六国后，把秦、赵、燕三国原有长城连接起来，绵延万余里，奠定长城的规模，以后历代均有修筑。现存长城，是明代修建的。长城依山势蜿蜒起伏，宛如苍龙凌空飞舞，十分雄伟壮观，是无数中外游人的登临胜地。 Starting at Shanhai Pass in the east and ending up at Jiayu Pass in the west， the Great Wall traverses up and down over numerous mountains and valleys in five of China’s northern provinces and two autonomous regions. As it extends over a distance of more than 6000 kms， it is called in Chinese the Wanmlichangcheng which means “Ten Thousand Li Long Wall”. It is a symbol of intelligence of the working people of old days， and also one of the great architectural miracles in the world. Construction of the wall first began in the 7th century B.C. after Qin Shi Huang， the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty (221—206BC) achieved the unification of China in 221 B.C... He had the fortification walls of the three kingdoms Qin，Zhao and Yan linked up to be a continuous wall extending more than ten thousand li (a li = 1/2 kms)， which formed the essential size of the present-day Great Wall. Since then the later dynasties continued to repair and build the wall. The