研究生英语close答案

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Author G. K. Chesterton once said, “There is no such thing as an uninteresting subject; there are only uninterested people.” Listening is a skill that 1) _requires___ coordination of the listener?s mental powe rs with an outside force (the person or thing which is being listened to). In addition, listening is three-2)__dimensional__; listen critically with the ears, 3)___thoughtfully___ with the mind, and understandingly with the eyes.

1) Good listeners need to think around the topic by listening between the 4) __lines___, and anticipate the instructor?s 5) __next___ point.

2) Good listeners 6) ___summarize _____ what has been said and put instructor?s thoughts into their 7)_own__ words.

3) Good listeners listen with a pencil in their hands and take good 8) notes__ .

4) Good listeners try to get as much 9) _out_ of a lecture as from a chapter in a book.

5) Good listeners avoid supersensitive listening, i.e. not 10) __refuse____ to listen to anything they don?t agree with.

6) Good listeners sit near the 11) _front__ so as not to miss anything.

People who are good listeners manage to judge the 12) _ content __, and not the delivery. They realize that not all instructors are good lecturers. Some instructors have a very nervous demeanor ( 行为；举止) and may not 13)_act __ as though they are comfortable lecturing; it doesn?t mean that they have nothing of 14)_ value _ to say. And some instructors may have a(n) 15)__accent__ , or may speak softly. Again, while these things may be 16) __distracting___ to the listener, every 17)__effort__ should be made to ignore these physical problems and pay attention to the message.

Another area that good listeners can take 18) _advantage___ of is non-verbal communication. Facial expressions, gestures, body posture: all of these add to a lecture. Even something so minor as the instructor pacing back and 19) _forth _, stopping only to emphasize a point, is important. A good listener will couple what is being said with what isn?t being said (non-verbals) and draw 20) __ conclusions ___ .

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People need homes: children assume their parents? place as home; 1)___boarders_____ call school “home” on weekdays; married couples work together to 2)__build___ new homes; and travelers … have no place to call “home”, at least for a few nights.

So how about people who have to travel for 3) ___extended______ peri ods of time? Don?t they have the 4) __right____ to a home? Of course they do.

Some 5) __regular_____ travelers take their own belongings: like bed sheets, pillowcases and family photos to make them feel like home no matter where they are; some stay for long periods in the same hotel and as

a result become very 6) __familiar_____ with service and attendants; others may simply put some flowers

7)_by__ the hotel window to make things more 8)_homely______ . Furthermore, driving a camping car during one?s travel s and sleeping in the vehicle at night is just like home — only 9)__mobile____ !

And how about 10)___maintaining____ relationships while in transit? Some 11) __keep___ contact with their friends via internet; some send letters and postcards, or 12)__even___ photos; others may just call and say hi, just to let their friends know that they?re still alive and 13)__well___ . People find ways to keep in 14)__touch____ . Making friends on the way helps travelers feel more or less at home. Backpackers in youth hostels may become very good friends, even 15) __closer___ than siblings.

Nowadays 16)__few___ people are working in their local towns, so how do they develop a 17)__sense____ of belonging? Whenever we 18)__step__ out of our local boundaries, there is always another …home? 19)__waiting__ to be found. Wherever we are, with just a little bit of effort and 20)___imagination___ , we can make the place we stay “home”.

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Biological diversity is the variety of all life forms — the different plants, animals and microorganisms, the genes they 1)___contain_____, and the ecosystems to which they belong.

Millions of years of 2) __isolation_______ from other continents have resulted in Australian plants and animals evolving in ways 3)___different_____ from elsewhere. As a result, about 82% of our mammal species, 45% of our land bird species, 85% of our flowering plant species, 89% of our reptile species, and about 93% of our frog species are found 4)_ only ____ in Australia.

The 5)__major_ ___ threat to our biodiversity is the loss of habitat through clearing for agriculture, forestry, mining and 6)__urban____ development. This, combined with the effects of invasive plants and animals, and 7)__ _natural_____ events such as fire, drought and flood, threatens the survival of our 8)__ native species. Since European settlement, most of Australia?s ecosystems have been 9)_____extensively______ altered.

The result has been 10)___dramatic______ declines in the distribution and abundance of many species, and the 11)____extinction_______ of at least 17 native mammal species and ten terrestrial (陆栖的) bird species. The effects on aquatic (水栖的) habitats have 12)___contributed_________ to a decline in our native fish populations.

The benefits of conserving biodiversity are 13)____numerous_______. The world?s species provide us with all our food and many medicines and industrial products. There are also opportunities for

14)____developing_______ new or improved food crops from our biological diversity. Biodiversity is also

15)___important_______ for ecological processes such as regulating climate, producing soil, providing protection from erosion, 16)___storing_____ nutrients and breaking down pollution.

Biodiversity is culturally important and it 17)____maintains______ the aesthetic values of our landscapes. There is also the 18)___ view__ every species on earth has the right to 19)___survive_____ and that no single species or generation can 20)__ claim____ the earth as its own.

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The 51 million members of Generation X, born between 1965 and 1976, grew up in a very different world than 1)___previous_____ generations. Divorce and working moms 2)__created_____ “latchkey” kids out of many in this generation. This led to 3)__traits_ __ of independence, resilience (弹性) and adaptability.

At the same time, this generation expects immediate and ongoing feedback, and is equally comfortable 4)__giving____ feedback to others. Other traits 5)__include_____ working well in multicultural settings, desire for some fun in the workplace and a pragmatic (重实效的) approach 6)_to_ getting things done.

Generation X saw their parents get laid off or 7)__face__ job insecurity. Many of them also entered the workplace in the early ?80s, 8)__when__ _ the economy was in a downturn. Because of these factors, a Gen Xer doesn?t 9)__waste_ ___ time complaining if he is dissatisfied 10)_with_ __ the company — he sends his resume out and accepts the best 11)_ offer___ he can find at another organization.

At the same time, Generation X takes employability 12)___seriously_____. But for this generation there isn?t a career ladder. There?s a career lattice (格子). They can move laterally (横向的), stop and start, their career is more 13)__ fluid__.

Biodiversity Members of Generation X dislike authority and 14)__ rigid___ work requirements. Therefore, providing feedback on their performance should 15)__play_ _ a big part, as should encouraging their creativity and 16)__initiative______ to find new ways to get tasks done. As a mentor, you?ll want Gen Xers to work with you, not 17)_ for__ you. Start by informing them of your expectations and how you?ll measure their progress and 18)___assure___ them that you?re committed to helping them learn new skills. (Members of Generation X are eager to learn new skills because they want to 19)_ stay___ employable.) Gen Xers work best when they?re given the desi red outcome and then left 20)__ alone___ to figure out how to achieve it themselves. This means a mentor should guide them with feedback and suggestions, not step-by-step instructions.

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Over the last 70 years or so, researchers have been 1___probing_____ happy and unhappy people, and they?re finally focusing on the 2___factors_____ that make a difference.

1) Wealth Money can buy a 3___degree_____ of happiness, But once you can 4___afford_____ to feed, clothe and house yourself, each 5___extra_____ dollar makes less and less difference. Scientists find that, on 6___average__ , wealthier people are happier. But the link between money and happiness is 7___complicated___. In the past half-century, average income has 8____skyrocket_____ in industrialized counties, yet happiness levels have remained 9___static_____ .

Once your basic needs are met, money only seems to 10___boost______happiness if you have more than your friends, neighbors and 11__colleagues_____ . Dollars buy status, and status makes people feel better. This helps explain why people who can 12___seek____ status in other ways — scientists or actors, for example —may happily 13____accept_____ relatively poorly paid jobs.

2) Desire How much stuff do you need to feel good? In the 1980s, political scientist Alex Michalos at the University of Northern British asked 18,000 college students in 39 countries to 14___rate______ their happiness on a numeric scale. Then he asked them how 15___close______ they were to having all they wanted. He found that the people whose 16___aspiration____ — not just for money, but for friends, family, job, health, the works —furthest 17___beyond___ what they already had, tended to be less happy than those who perceived a smaller gap. Indeed, the 18___size____ of the gap predicted happiness about five times better than income alone. This gap measures might explain why most people 19__fail__ to get much happier as their salaries rise. Instead of 20___satisfying____ our desires, most of us merely want more.

How to Be an Effective Listener

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The Internet grew at a fast pace in the 1990s as the general population 1)____discovered________ the power of the new medium. However, the sudden popularity of the Internet 2)___caught_________ the legal system unprepared. Before 1996 there was little federal legislation on this 3)____form________ of telecommunication. In 1996 Congress passed the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, which made

4)___it_________ illegal to read private e-mail. The act extended most of the protection already

5)___granted______ to conventional mail to electronic mail.

Just as the post office may not 6)___read________ private letters, neither can providers of private bulletin boards, on-line services, or Internet 7)__access______ read private e-mails. However, the act permits employers to read their workers? e-mail. This provision 8)____was_______ intended to protect companies against industrial spying but has generated lawsuits from employees 9)___who________ objected to the invasion of their privacy.

Federal courts, however, allowed employers to 10)___secretly________ monitor an employee?s e-mail on a company-owned computer system, concluding that employees have 11)____no_______ reasonable expectation of privacy when they use company e-mail system.

Besides, the distribution 12)____of________ pornography became a major concern in the 1990s, as private individuals and businesses 13)___found_____ an unregulated means of giving away or selling pornographic images.

In 1996 Congress 14)___passed______ the Communications Decency Act, which forbade the dissemination（传播）of obscene or indecent material 15)____to_____ children through computer networks or other telecommunications media. The act included penalties of 16)___up______ to five years imprisonment and fines of up to $250,000 for knowing 17)___violations______. First Amendment advocates and on-line services immediately brought lawsuit to challenge the act 18)____as______ an unconstitutional restriction on free speech.

The Supreme Court agreed with these groups, 19)____concluding______ that the law was overly broad because, in attempting to protect children, it 20)____would_______ also limited the speech of adults.

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A “stereotype” is a generalization about a person or group of persons. We develop stereotypes when we are unable or 1)____unwilling_____ to obtain all of the information we would need to make 2)___fair_______ judgments about people or situations. In the absence of the “total picture,” stereotypes in many cases allow us to “fill in the blanks.” Our society often innocently creates and 3)___perpetuate stereotypes, but these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is 4)__unfavorable___ .

For example, if we are walking through a park late at night and encounter three senior citizens 5)__wearing____ fur coats and walking with canes, we may not feel as 6 )__threatened_____ as if we were 7 )__met______ by three high school-aged boys wearing leather jackets. Why is this so? We have made a generalization in each 8 )____case________ . These generalizations have their 9 )_____roots_______ in experiences we have had ourselves, read about in books and magazines, 10 )___seen_________ in movies or television, or have had related to us by friends and family.

In many cases, these 11 )____stereotypical___ generalizations are reasonably accurate. Yet, in 12 )____virtually________ every case, we are 13 )___resorting_______ to prejudice by ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without knowledge of the 14 )___total_____ facts. By stereotyping, we 15 )___assume______ that a person or group has certain characteristics. Quite often, we have stereotypes about persons who are members of groups with which we have not had 16 )___firsthand_________ contact.

Television, books, comic strips, and movies are all 17)__abundant___ sources of stereotyped characters. For much of its history, the movie industry 18)__portrayed___ African-Americans as being unintelligent, lazy, or violence-prone. As a result of 19)___viewing___ these stereotyped pictures of African-Americans, for example, prejudice against African-Americans has been encouraged.

Biodiversity In the same way, physically attractive women have been and 20)__continue___ to be portrayed as unintelligent or unintellectual and sexually promiscuous.

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benefit occupation summon respectable concern threaten commit perfectly perhaps address When the public demands “law and order” and when newspapers editorials talk about the “rising tide of crime,” they have in mind mostly street crime committed by the poor. Even the massive report of the President?s Crime Commission, the Challenge of Crime in a free Society, 1)___devoted_________ only two pages to the entire subject of white-collar offenders and business crimes. The deep 2) __concern__________ with street crimes is understandable. Unlike a swindler who merely takes the victim?s money, an armed mugger 3) __threatens____physical injury and even death.

Yet the fact remains that a great deal of crime in American society —4) ___perhaps_________ most crime, and certainly the most costly crime —is committed by 5) ___respectable_________ middle-class and upper-class citizens. The term “white-collar crime” was first used by Edwin Sutherland in an 6) ___address_________ to the American Sociological Association in 1939. “White-collar crime,” he declared, “may be 7) __defined__________ approximately as a crime committed by a person of respectability and high status in the course of his 8)___occupation________ .”

Sutherland documented the existence of this form of crime with a study of the careers of 70 large, reputable corporations, 9)___which_________ together had committed 980 violations of the criminal law, or an average of 14 convictions apiece.10) __behind_________ the offenses of false advertising, unfair labor practices, restraint of trade, price-fixing agreements, stock manipulation, copyright infringement, and outright swindles, were 11)____perfectly_______ respectable middle-class executives.

Sociologists now use the term “whitecollar crime” to 12)___refer_____ not only to crimes committed in the course of business activities for corporate 13)__benefit___. but also to crimes, such as embezzlement, typically committed by persons of high status for 14)___personal_________ benefits. As Sutherland pointed out, the full extent of white-collar crime is difficult to 15)___assess_________ .

Sociologists Many corporate malpractices go undetected, and many wealthy people are able to 16)___commit_________ crimes like expense-account fraud for years without 17)____being________ found out. More important, white-collar crimes are usually regarded as somehow less serious than the crimes of the 18)__lower__________ class, and they attract less attention from police and prosecutors.

Even the victims may be unwilling to 19)___prosecute____ because of the offender?s “standing in the community” and would rather out of court. A company that finds its safe has been burgled in the night will immediately 20)____summon________ the police, but it might not do so if it finds that one of its executives has embezzled some of its funds. To avoid unwelcome publicity, the company officials may simply allow the offender to resign after making an arrangement to repay the missing money.

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The deliberate violation of constituted law (civil disobedience) is never morally justified if the law being 1)___violated___ is not the prime target or 2)_focal____ point of the protest. While our government 3)__maintains___ the principle of the Constitution by providing methods for and protection 4)__of___ those engaged in individual or group 5)__dissent___, the violation of law simply as a technique of demonstration constitutes rebellion.

Civil disobedience is by 6)___definition_____ a violation of the law. The theory of civil disobedience 7)___recognizes____ that its actions, 8)___regard____ of their justification, must be punished. However, 9)___disobedience__ of laws not the subject of dissent, but merely used to 10)___dramatize__ dissent is regarded as 11)__morally__ as well as legally unacceptable. It is only with respect to those laws which offend the fundamental 12)__value___ of human life that moral defense of civil expressed individual dissent and disobedience can be rationally 13)___supported____.

For a 14)__just__ society to exist, the principle of 15)__tolerance__ must be accepted, both by the government in regard 16)__to__ properly expressed individual dissent and 17)_by___ the individual toward legally established majority 18)__verdicts____ . No individual has a monopoly on freedom and all must tolerate 19)___opposition___ . Dissenters must accept dissent from their dissent. They must be given the respect and the latitude which they claim for themselves. To disregard this principle is to make civil disobedience not only legally wrong but morally 20)___unjustifiable____.

工程硕士 研究生英语基础教程课后习题 Unit1-15 汉译英全部 精校版

工程硕士研究生英语基础教程(汉译英Unit1-15) Unit 1 B. 1. 她计划自己创业。 She plans to set up her own business 2. 态度也很重要。 Attitude also matters. 3. 她在客人们到达之前把所有家具都擦亮了. She had polished all the furniture before the gusts arrived. 4. 有些经理不知道如何与人打交道handle Some managers have no idea how to handle people. 5.我们完成那项工程的时间打破了记录(record) We finished the work in record time. 6. 她喜欢东西都摆好以后再开始工作。She likes everything to be in place before she starts working. 7. 她常常一天工作12小时。（put in） She often puts in 12 hours’ work a day. 8. 他是从报纸上得到这一信息的.（acquire） He acquired the information from the newspapers. 9. 我们部门有一个助理的职位空缺. ( Associate professor 副教授lecturer 讲师) There’s an opening for an assistant in our department. 10. 该组织旨在促进各国之间的友谊. The organization works to promote friendship between nations. Unit2 B. 1. 今晚她很可能给我打电话。（likely） She is very likely to ring me tonight. 2. 我看不懂这篇文章（beyond） Understanding this article is beyond my capacity. 3. 新刷的一层油漆可使房间焕然一新（transform） A fresh coat of paint can transform a room. 4. 做事不先考虑总会导致失败。（result in） Acting before thinking always results in failure. 5. 他估计那项工作需要三个月。（estimate） He estimated that the work would take three months. 6. 我们相信这个协议将会积极地促进两国之间的贸易。 We believe that this agreement will positively promote the trade between our two countries. 7. 新机场必将推动这个地区的旅行业。 The new airport will certainly push ahead the tourism in this region. 8. 网络经济将对人们的生活产生重要的影响。 Net economy will have significant influence on the people’s life. 9. 在昨天的会议上，他提出了一个新的经济发展计划。 At the yesterday’s meeting, he brought forward a new plan for the economic development.

研究生英语(下)-综合教程课后答案-何莲珍主编

研究生英语(下)-综合教程课后答案-何莲珍主编

1 第一单元 1. The tranquil atmosphere of the inn allows guests to feel totally at home. 2. Technological advances might ultimately lead to even more job losses. 3. In the aftermath of the shootings, there were calls for tighter controls on gun ownership. 4. Her kindness and generosity cancel out her occasional flashes of temper. 5. He was beginning to wonder if he would survive the ordeal 6. Foreign food aid has led to a drastic reduction in the numbers of people dying of starvation. 7. Perhaps her most important legacy was her program of educational reform. 8. There were food shortages and other deprivations during the Civil War. 9. The new economic policies could prove suicidal for the party. 10. The building will be completed around six months earlier than anticipated. 11. The experience was enough to keep him preoccupied for some time 12. The road to happiness is paved with adversities. 13. She aspires to nothing no less than the chairmanship of the company. 14. He might be influenced by nostalgia for the surroundings of hishappy youth. 15. In retrospect, I wish that I had thought about alternative courses of action. 二、1. Watching your baby being born is a mind-blowing experience(极其令人兴 奋的经历). 2. There is built-in storage space(内置储藏空间) in all bedrooms. 3. This handout focuses on self-protection measures(自我保护措施) under difficult climatic conditions. 4. I’m sure we could offer you some short-term employment (短期的工作). 5. So, how is it that we all, or at least many of us, have such a distorted and negative self- perception(歪曲的、否定的自我观念)? 6. Helen Hunt stars as a character undergoing life-changing events(改变了生活的事件) in Then She Found Me. 7. She has written a book that is beautiful because of the honesty and the raw emotion that is portrayed in all-encompassing details(无所不包的细节). 8. Having a decent job contributes to a good self-image(一个好的自我形象). 三、What then is a good mind? It is the whole mental …… 1、searches 2、connections 3、inventive 4、discerning 5、anticipates 6、future 7、individual 8、identifies 9、fallacy 10、self-discipline 四、翻译1、I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung 。。。。。。。the silent tarn-a pestilent and mystic vapor, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. (Edgar Allan Poe: “The Fall of the House of Usher”) 译文: 我如此沉湎于自己的想象，以至于我实实在在地认为那宅院及其周围悬浮着一种它们所特有的空气。那种空气并非生发于天地自然，而是生发于那些枯树残枝、灰墙暗壁，生发于那一汪死气沉沉的湖水。那是一种神秘而致命的雾霭，阴晦，凝滞，朦胧，沉浊如铅。 2、She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a 。。。。。。。。l of the night passing swiftly on toward further darkness but moving also toward a new sun. 译文:( 她的)容貌那么清秀，就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐约可见的小小的钟面，报告时刻的钟面。它皎洁而安静，深知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然越来越深沉，却也越来越接近新生的太阳。 2 1. I’ve been spared a lot, one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically

8年级(上册)英语基础训练答案

1..Section A基础练习参考答案 一、1. exercises 2. program 3. active 4. result 5. about / around 二、1. skateboarding 2. Twice 3. activity / activities 4. interesting 5. shops 三、1—5 CABBC 四、1. surfs the Internet 2. As for, hardly ever 3. once or twice 4. The result of 5. never does homework 五、1. What, do 2. How often does 3. doesn’t do 4. What, like watching 5. How often Section B基础练习参考答案 二、1. healthy 2. to drink 3. interviewer 4. better 5. differences 三、1—5CBAAD 6—10CCBCD 四、1. come home from 2. a lot of 3. Of course 4. look after 5. got good grades 五、1. Does, go 2. may be 3. look different from 4. How many, sleep 5. favorite, is Self Check基础练习参考答案 一、1. gets 2. to join 3. helps 4. does, do 5. shopping 6. is 7. listen 8. playing 9. (to) wash 10. doesn’t have 二、1. days 2. once 3. times 4. healthy 5. differences 6. less 7. her 8. better 9. skateboarding 10. activities 三、1—5CBAAC

考研英语试题及答案.docx

2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 Section II Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 21on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through 23with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in 24to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status, 25as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 28to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 30to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 31make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 32lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also 33changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 34, children are likely to have less supervision at home 35was common in the traditional family 36. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 39of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 21.[A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting 22.[A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because 23.[A] interaction[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation 24.[A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response 25.[A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else 26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding

研究生英语期末考试试卷

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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . 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Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. 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