山东自考(00015)英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难

Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia，there has been foreign languages fervor in China，with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．Parents hire private tutors for their school children；adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，中国也掀起一股外语热，在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。

From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．

从我个人的经验来看，英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解，即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。

The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．Take the Chinese English learners for example．" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not．It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.

讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例，"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样，英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。

"We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese

English learners than for people who

speak a western language other than

English because Chinese has nothing in

common with the alphabetic English and

China had little contact with the Western

world in modern history．Consequently，

the background knowledge of English

fascinates large numbers of interested

and determined English learners in

China but at the same time disheartens

quite a few．

中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我

们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、

吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、

羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说，为

这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易

事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死

记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说，

学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习

使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英

语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英

语国家的西方人要困难得多，因为汉

字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之

处，并且中国和西方世界在近代史上

很少接触。所以，在中国，英语背景

知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者，也使

许多人丧失信心。

The Western and Oriental values are

found to be in confrontation in learning

English．Native English speakers may

complain about Chinese confusion when

using "he" and "she"，for the two words

sound the same，though，different in

written forms in Chinese．As a result，

some native English speakers conclude

that the Chinese are unable to tell the

difference between the two sexes．But

native English speakers are more gender

blind than the Chinese when they

mention their cousins．The confusion

caused by the confrontation of Western

and Chinese values，to a certain extent，

affects the Chinese English learner's

comprehension of what he／she reads

and hears．Only by developing an

understanding and tolerance（忍受）of

different cultural values can a Chinese

English learner reach the goal of

communicating with native English

speakers．

英语学习中，东西方的价值观念是相

互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语

中"他""她"的用法，因为这两个字尽管

字形不同，读音却相同，他们因此常

常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出

结论，认为中国人不区分两种性别。

但是在涉及表亲的时候，英语母语的

人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲

突造成的语言上的混淆，在一定程度

上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读

或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中

国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的

理解和宽容，才能达到与英语母语者

交流的目标。

A Chinese English learner could not

have a good command of Eng1ish unless

he overcomes the cultural barriers(not

all，of course!)in learning English．Many

Chinese translate what they think about

in Chinese into English when they talk

or write．This kind of English inevitably

affects the fluency and flow of speech，

the amount of information conveyed，

and，above all，the quality of

communication．

学习英语的中国人，只有在学习英语

的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌

握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化

障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时

候，将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英

语，这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、

传达的信息量，最重要的是，影响交

流的质量。

The above is，not wholly，how difficult

English is．Some native speakers might

have said，"You foreigners don't use

good English! " at the time a foreigner

fails to understand what he is

saying．"Why should l?"1 would

protest，though．Still，I have to keep

asking myself：Is it possible for a

foreigner to command English?

尽管不完全，以上就是学习英语的困

难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候

可能会说："你们外国人不懂地道的英

语!"

我要反驳："我们为什么要懂?"我还要

问：一个外国人可能精通英语吗?

Text B Learning a Language 学

语言

Most students would like to know how

to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most

linguists and language teachers would

also like to know this．Linguists are

working on this problem in two

ways．First，they are trying to understand

how children learn to speak and

understand their native language. They

are also trying to learn how people learn

a second language．

大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地

学好一门语言，大部分语言学家和语

言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学

家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面，

他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母

语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研

究人是如何学习第二语言的。

Linguists are not sure how children learn

to speak．Some linguists think that

children are born with an ability to learn

and use a 1anguage．This does not mean

that they come into the world knowing

their native language. It means that，

along with many other things，they are

born with the ability to learn their native

language. With just a little exposure to

the language，and a little help from their

parents，they are able to learn to

speak．Another group of linguists does

not think this is correct．

语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话

的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有

学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指

一个人的母语是与生俱来的；而是指

一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力，

这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的

能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的

语言有一定接触，在父母的些许帮助

下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学

家则对此持有异议。

This second group of linguists thinks

that children learn to use a 1anguage

from their parents．They believe that

parents teach their children to produce

sounds and words in their

language．When children know some

words，their parents will begin to teach

them to say sentences．These linguists

do not think that parents teach their

children in the same way that adults are

taught a second language．Instead，

parents probably teach their children by

talking to them and correcting their use

of 1anguage. These linguists feel that

children learn their language mainly

from the environment . In this case，the

environment is their family and their

home. As you see，the first group of

linguists disagrees．

持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟

着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父

母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌

握一定词汇以后，父母就开始教他们

如何组织句子。但是他们认为，父母

教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第

二语言的方法。相反，父母是通过与

孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教

孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为，

儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言

的。这种情况下，语言环境是家庭和

生活环境。可以看出，第一派语言学

家对此并不赞同。

There are some other theories about how

children learn a language．Many people

are studying the process of

language learning by children．This

work is being done in many

countries．Linguists are not the only

people who are interested in this

process．Many psychologists，doctors，

and parents are also interested．People

who teach foreign languages are

interested, too．

关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他

理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研

究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学

家，许多心理学家、医生和父母都对

儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教

师也对这一过程很感兴趣。

Foreign language teachers are interested

in how children learn to speak their

native language for a very important

reason．If they knew how children learn

their native language，perhaps they

would have an easy way to teach adults，

as well as children, a second

language．This is a very interesting

idea．Some foreign language teachers

believe that adults learn a second

language the same way children learn

their native language . These teachers try

to make their students' learning similar

to that of children．These teachers speak

only the foreign language in the

classroom．They will not talk to students

in the native language．They try to

expose them to as much of the spoken

foreign language as possible．They do

not teach them any rules for using the

language．Most parents don't teach their

children rules for language usage，either.

They simply tell them how to say

something correctly．Foreign language

teachers using this spoken language

method do the same thing. For some

students，this method is successful．They

learn to speak quickly and easily．They

seem to enjoy using the language，and

they do not pay much attention to

whether they use exactly the right rules

for what they say．Some students,

however，cannot learn a language this

way．Linguists are trying to find another

way to teach them a language．

外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴

趣，有其很重要的原因。他们如果知

道儿童如何学习母语，就可能找到一

种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第

二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。

有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语

言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相

同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习

语言的过程组织教学：课堂上只讲外

语，不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽

可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式，

不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师

采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母

在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言

使用规则，而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话

是正确的。对一些学生来说，这种方

法是成功的，他们能够轻而易举地、

很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很

喜欢去用所学的语言，并不很在意是

否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些

学生则不适合这种方法，语言学家着

手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。

A second method，the rule-learning

method，sometimes works better with

these students．Some linguists believe

that learning a foreign language is

different from learning to speak one's

native language．They feel that students

must learn the rules for using the

language by memorizing them and

must practice saying things in the

language and using the rules

correctly．These linguists try to teach

students the rules of the language they

want to learn．Then they give them many

sentences in the language to say over

and over again．The students are

encouraged to make up new sentences，

using the rules that they have learned

and the words that they know．

另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适

合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学

习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通

过记忆来学习语言使用规则，必须练

习使用这种语言，练习正确地使用这

些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的

语法规则，再给学生一些例句让他们

反复练习，同时鼓励学生使用所学过

的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。

Some students are very successful with

this second, rule-learning method．They

learn the language quite quickly and can

use it well. They know the rules for

using the language and can speak the

language and understand it，too．For

many students, this is the best way to

learn a foreign language．For some

students, both of these methods may

work. Sometimes teachers use a

combination of these methods in class，

hoping that everyone will be able to

learn the language with one method or

the other. Some people can go to a

country and "pick up" the language

simply from hearing it and trying to

communicate in it．These people are

rare．

一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效

果非常好，他们学得很快，用得也好。

他们掌握了语言使用规则，能够使用

所学的语言，也能够理解别人的话。

对一些学生来说，这是学外语最好的

方法。对另外一些学生来说，两种方

法都行之有效。有时候，老师在课堂

上将两种方法结合起来用，目的是让

每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国

外通过倾听，与人交流等手段自然而

然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟

是少数人。

Most people try to learn a language by

taking classes and studying it in some

way. Most teachers will try different

ways to help students learn a language

quickly and easily．Linguists and

psychologists are trying to understand

how people learn and use a

language．Perhaps language 1earning

will be easier when they have a clear

understanding of how people learn and

use a language．

大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式

来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同

的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一

门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力

于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言

的。也许在解决了这个问题之后，语

言学习会变得容易一些。

Unit 2 Text A Caught

Between Two Cultures

夹在两种文化之间

I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For

the past six years I’ve been living in the

United States．I work as a salesgirl in a

large department store. Right now I’m

going through a difficult period of my

life which is hard for me to talk about．

我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直

生活在美国，是一家大百货商店的女

售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛

苦，自己也很难讲述。

A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong

for a visit．It was the first time I’d gone

back there since coming to the United

States．I was eager to see my parents，

my brothers and sisters，and my friends．

几个月前，我回香港探亲，这也是我

到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着

见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。

I really got a shock when I

arrived．Hong Kong was not the same

city that I left six years ago．Things had

changed so much that I didn’t recognize

parts of it．My elementary school was

gone．The houses on the street where I

used to live had been torn down and

replaced by office buildings．

到达时，我确实大吃一惊。香港已经

不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。

这儿发生了巨大的变化，一些地方都

认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经

不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房

子已被拆掉，代之而起的是办公大楼。

The shock from the physical changes in

the city，however，was nothing

compared to the confusion and hurt I

soon began to feel in my parents’

home．My family greeted me warmly

when I arrived．While my mother was

busy preparing a special dinner in my

honor，the rest of the family eagerly

asked me questions about my life in the

United States．I felt happy that day and

for a couple of days after，but then I

began to feel that something was

wrong．I noticed that my family，

especially my mother, would sometimes

glance at me in a strange way when I

was speaking．They gradually became

less warm and friendly toward me，and I

became uncomfortable and confused as

to（至于）why they were behaving that

way.

但是，我到了父母亲家里不久，就发

现了一些令我想不通的问题，情感上

也受到了挫伤。与之相比，香港外观

上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我

的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙

着备饭为我接风，家里其余的人迫不

及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之

后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我

就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我

注意到，在我讲话的时候，我的家人，

尤其是我母亲，会以一种奇怪的目光

看我。渐渐地，大家对我疏远起来，

不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到

不舒服，弄不明白他们为什么这样对

待我。

I decided to talk to my mother．She

asked me，“Have you forgotten your

Chinese way ?”I asked her what she

meant．She said．“You’ve forgotten the

place of women in a Chinese home．You

talk when you should remain silent．You

speak on matters that are of concern

only to men．You speak openly of your

inner feelings and desires．That’s not the

way of a Chinese woman．We keep our

thoughts and feelings to ourselves．”

我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我：“你忘

了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什

么。她回答说：“你忘了中国家庭里女

人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候，

你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关

的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内

心感受和愿望，这不是中国女人的做

法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。”

As my mother spoke，I realized what had

happened to me．American including

American women，are much freer in

expressing their thoughts and

feelings．Also American women feel as

free as men to speak or give an opinion

about any subject．They don’t take a

silent back seat during a discussion．I

guessed that through my association

with Americans during the past six

years，，I had gradually adopted some of

their ways．

听着母亲这样讲，我意识到了是怎么

回事。美国人，包括美国女性，都非

常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美

国男女一样，对任何问题都自由地发

表见解。在讨论中，她们不会做一个

沉默的旁观者。我想，过去六年和美

国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一

些做法。

During the next few days I tried to be a

Chinese woman．But it didn’t work．My

family remained distant from

me．They could no longer accept me

fully as one of them．I became more

uncomfortable and hurt as things were

said and done that made me feel that I

was an outsider,a stranger in my own

country．

接下来的几天，我尽力作一名中国女

性，可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们

无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡

却被视为外人，这使我更加不自在，

感觉受到了深深的伤害。

I cut my visit short by three weeks and

came back to the United States．But

coming back here didn’t lessen the

confusion and pain．In fact，I feel more

confused than before．I now feel

homeless．I don’t feel like an

American．Americans haven’t accepted

me．The women I work with at the store

are polite enough，but they don’t try to

get close to me or let me get close to

them．During the morning coffee break

they make plans to have lunch together

and go shopping．On Fridays they talk

about the disco place they’re going to

that night．My accent，my name，and

1

my oriental features mark me as a foreigner．They never include me in their plans 。I’ve felt for a long time that I wasn’t being accepted by Americans，but I’d felt that I was Chinese and that my home was Hong Kong．Now I no longer consider Hong Kong my home．And so I feel homeless．I’m caught between the old world where I no 1onger belong and the new world which has not yet accepted me．

我提前三周结束了这次探亲，回到美国。但是回来之后并没有减轻我的困惑和苦恼。事实上，我比以前更加困惑，感到无家可归。我感觉自己不是美国人，美国人也不接受我。商店里一起工作的女同事们都对我非常礼貌，但是她们不接近我，我也无法接近她们。上午工作休息喝咖啡时她们计划一起吃午饭，一起购物；星期五她们谈论晚上要去哪家迪厅，但是从未将我列入她们的计划。我的口音、名字和东方人的长相显示我是个外国人。长期以来，我感到自己是中国人，我的故乡是香港，自己不被美国人接受。现在我不再将香港视为我的故乡，因此感到无家可归。我被夹在两个世界当中——不再属于原来的世界，还未被新世界接纳。

Text B Culture Shock —The Initial Stresses 文化冲击—最初的压力

My friend Dr．Dong had a wonderful chance to go to Seattle to present a paper at a professional meeting．Having attended my course in Intercultural Communications，he consulted me to review some of the cultural differences he might experience．I also gave him the phone number of a friend of mine who lived in the area．When he got back，we met to review his experience．

我的朋友董医生有幸获得了一次去西雅图在一个专业会议上做学术报告的好机会。已经上过我的跨文化交际课程，他请我帮他温习一下他可能遇到的一些文化差异。我也把在当地居住的一个朋友的电话号码给了他。他回来后，我们又聚到一起回顾了他的经历。

Dr．Dong told me that the course information had helped him He experienced the typical stages of culture shock．He arrived expectant and happy and enjoyed his first days very much．At the medical conference，he felt quite confident of his area of research and was able to perform well in his presentation．But after a few days, he began to feel uncomfortable．His medical English was fine，but the social interaction skills were different，and he was unsure of the cues and the communication styles．

董医生告诉我，跨文化交际课上学的东西派上了用场。他经历了文化冲击的典型阶段。他满怀期待高高兴兴地到了美国，非常愉快地度过了最初几天。在医学会议上，他对自己的研究领域颇为自信，而且他所做的发言也相当成功。但几天后，他开始感到有些不适应了。他的医学英语不错，可是社会交往技能却是另一码事，他拿不准那些暗示及交际风格。

He worried more and more that he was misunderstanding simple English greetings and table talk conventions．When people greeted him with，“Hi，how’s it going ?”he thought they had asked him “where are you going ?”and answered with the name of the conference hall，only to get a confused stare from them．At a western style dinner，a colleague asked，“So how’re you enjoy in ’the States?”he thought he heard，“So how are you enjoying your steak?”and answered that he was having chicken，not beef．That time，his colleague smiled，and patiently repeated the question．At last，they both laughed at the error．

他焦躁不安，连简单的英文问候语以及餐桌交谈习俗也弄不懂了。有人用“嗨，一切都好吗?”和他打招呼，他以为是问他“你要去哪儿?”，答之以会议厅的名字，结果招来了疑惑的目光。在一次西式的晚宴上，一位同事问他：“你在美国过得好吗?”他听成了“你觉得牛排味道如何?”，回答他在吃鸡肉，不是牛肉。那次，那位同事笑了，并耐心重复了他的问题，之后俩人对这个错误大笑一通。

Such failures in understandings and communications were minor．But for Dr．Dong，they were the beginning of a sense of“cultural confusion”．By the end of the meetings，he felt a deep sense of“cultural stress ”and was worn out from having to pay attention to so many new expressions and ways of dealing [ n.买卖；待遇vt.给予]with things．He felt his handshake was not as firm as Americans’，found that people reacted[反应（常与to连用）]unusually when he modestly insisted his English

was not good after they complimented

him，didn’t know how to accept dinner

invitations properly and therefor missed

out on going to several lunches，and so

on．Eventually，he was so bewildered [vt.

迷惑；弄糊涂] that he felt the full

impact(冲击) of“culture shock”．

这类误解和交流不畅还是次要的。但

对董医生来说，它们是“文化困惑”

感的开始。在会议快要结束时，他深

深地感到了“文化压力”，为待人接物

时那么多的新表达方法和方式而感到

精疲力竭。他感到自己握手不如美国

人那么有力；人们称赞他时，他谦虚

地坚持说自己的英语不好，他发现别

人的反应异乎寻常；由于搞不清如何

适当地接受宴会邀请而错过了几次午

餐，如此等等，不一而足。最终他被

搞得不知所措，彻底感受了“文化冲

击”。

What is culture shock and why does it

occur ? The term was coined about 50

years ago by a Swedish scholar. His

seminal article ,“Culture Shock;

Adjustment to New Cultural

Environments ”has been reprinted and

revised for many textbooks and

magazines．He called it “the

occupational disease of people who have

been suddenly transplanted abroad”．His

use of the word“disease ”is a pun，

because it implies that it is like an

“illness”with its own “symptoms

and cure”．but also that the root cause

is also a feeling of “dis-”ease or

unsettled uneasiness

什么是文化冲击，为什么会存在文化

冲击?这一术语是大约50年前一位瑞

典学者最先创造使用的。其拓荒之作

《文化冲击：适应新的文化环境》为

许多教科书及杂志所再版和修订。他

将“文化冲击”定义为“突然移居海

外的人所患的职业病”。他用的

“disease”这个词是个双关语，因为

它暗示这如同一种“病，有其自身的

症状和疗法”，而且其根源也是一种

(dis)不(ease)适或心神不宁的感觉。

Think back on your own

experience．Have you ever moved from

one context to another ? Many students

feel this adjustment shock when they

change from one school to another，or

move from a small town to a big city．

回想一下你自己的经历。你曾从一个

环境迁到另一个吗? 很多学生，从一所

学校转到另一所，或从一个小镇到一

座大城市时，都会感到这种顺应冲击。

The sensations one feels in new

surroundings often include：Feeling like

an outsider，feeling unsure of oneself or

even feeling stupid；Sensing that one’s

language skills aren’t good enough，

missing jokes，colloquial phrases，

references to TV shows or pop songs or

other cultural“insider”information；

Feeling uneasy and unsettled，irritable

and increasingly short-tem-pered；

Feeling lonely and wanting to go

“home”，feeling more and more like a

stranger or outcast；Feeling

overwhelmed，overloaded，

daydreaming，staring blankly at things or

even staring at nothing；Becoming more

and more afraid of communicating and

of making mistakes，worried anxious．

在新的环境下人们的感受经常包括：

感到像个局外人，对自己没有信心，

甚至感到愚蠢；感到自己的语言能力

不足，领会不了笑话、口语化用语的

含义，也搞不懂电视节目及流行歌曲

或其他文化“内涵”的信息；感到不

适和不安，易激怒并且脾气越来越暴

躁；感到孤独并且想要回”家”，感觉

愈来愈像个陌生人和被抛弃的人；感

到不能自持．负担过重，想人非非，

失神发呆；越来越害怕交流和犯错误，

担心、焦虑。

These are all symptoms of initial culture

shock．With a new context come new

ways of doing things．Being uninitiated

and unsure of what to do ,people usually

have a strong sense of displacement in

the beginning．But the good news is that

we humans are very good at

adapting．Though almost all of us

undergo some degree of mental stress in

this period．after a few weeks or

months，we learn how to“read”our

new context．We become aware of the

new cues，the new expectations，and the

new ways of communicating. With some

trials and errors，and with a 1ot of

patience with ourselves , most of us

succeed in overcoming culture shock

and learn to enjoy our new context．

这些都是文化冲击的最初症状。新的

环境伴随着新的行事方法。最初若没

有积极性并且不知道该做什么，这种

移位感通常都很强烈。但是好在我们

人类很善于调整适应。尽管在转变过

程中都经历了某种程度的心理压力，

数周至数月后，我们就学会如何“解

读”新环境，逐渐懂得了新的暗示、

新的期望、新的交际方法。几经磨练，

加上自己的耐心，大多数人成功地克

服了文化冲击，学会享受新环境。

Dr.Dong’s visit to the US was only three

weeks long，but by the end of the

five-day medical conference，he was

already starting to feel more confident.

Sure he felt a little foolish about some of

the mistakes he had made，but he

quickly learned to laugh at his errors and

found that his colleagues smiled with

him．This broke down the barriers to

communication and helped him build

some good professional

relationships．And after the conference,

he contacted 联系the family I had

referred him to and had a very nice time

visiting them．There were some new

cultural surprises, but he discovered he

could better understand and adapt to

them．

董医生的美国之行仅仅3周的时间，

但未等5天的医学会议结束，他已经

开始感到比较自信了。当然他感到自

己所犯的一些错误有点儿愚蠢，但他

很快就学会调侃自己的过错，并发现

他的同事也在向他微笑。这些消除了

交流的障碍，帮助他建立了一些良好

的业务关系会议结束后，他同我提到

的那一家人取得联系，并愉快地拜访

了他们。在此过程中他又经历了一些

新的文化惊奇，但他发现他能够更好

地了解并适应他们。

By the time he returned to China，he was

feeling quite positive about this

American trip，and was glad for the new

experiences and new skills it had given

him．He had become successful in the

initial period in a new culture．Though

he had gone through some embarrassing

culture stresses，each had proven to be a

valuable learning experience，and in the

end had helped him overcome his

culture shock．

回到中国，他感到此次美国之行很有

意义，对此行的新经历和获得的新技

能感到高兴。接触一种新文化的最初

阶段，他取得了成功，尽管经历了一

些尴尬的文化压力，但每一次都证明

是颇有价值的学习经历，并且，最终

帮助他战胜了文化冲击。

Unit 3 Text A Books书

Knowledge may be acquired through

conversation，watching television or

traveling，but the deepest and most

consistent way is through reading．If we

consider the literate population of the

world，we may conclude that a few

spend their whole lives on academic

reading；many read something light for

pleasure， a few dip into something

more serious now and then；while very

many men，women and children never

advance beyond the sports page of a

newspaper，a fashion article or a comic．

知识可以通过交谈、看电视或旅游来

获得，但最深入、最经常的途径是读

书。如果我们考察一下世界上有阅读

能力的人，便可得出这样一个结论：

把整个一生用来阅读学术书籍是少

数；多数人只是看些闲书消遣；时常

浏览一些比较严肃读物的人也是少

数；而更多的男人、妇女和儿童只看

报纸上的体育新闻、时装介绍或连环

漫画。

If you have learnt to love books as a

child，the reading habit will never

desert you．But if this has not been your

good fortune，you tend to think of

reading as a bore．A few，but very few，

come to the habit late in life．The

circumstances which help to set a child

on the path to the literary adventure are：

a life even barely above real poverty，

so that there is scope in the family for

thoughts and activities not wholly

devoted to the struggle for making a

living；the availability of free books

either at home or in a public library；and

the possession of a character both

curious and independent．

如果从小就学会爱读书，那么你会永

远保持读书的习惯，但如果你没有这

种好运气养成爱读书的习惯，你就会

认为读书是件讨厌的事。有一些人，

为数不多，直到晚年才养成爱读书的

习惯。有助于使儿童走上读书道路的

环境是：

有一个略高于赤贫生活水平的家庭，

这样的家庭才有机会想些别的而不至

于全盘心思为谋生而奋斗；或者家中

有书，或者可在公共图书馆借书，做

到看书不花钱；本人具有求知欲和独

立性。

In order to desire to read one must be

curious．A few children are able to keep

this curiosity and their mental

independence alive despite the

educational system of their country．But

many fail to do so either because of an

overstrict system where what is most

important is memory work；or because

of a careless and lazy one where even

the basic disciplines of literacy are

ignored in the sacred name of free

expression．It is a wonder that at least a

few children survive their schooling and

emerge as people who can think，people

who are open-minded and

knowledgeable

一个人想读书，必须有求知欲。少数

儿童不论他们国家的教育制度如何，

始终能够保持这种求知欲和思想上独

立性。但多数儿童却做不到这一点, 这

要么是由于教育制度过于严格，把死

记硬背看作天下第一号大事；要么是

由于教育制度松散、使人怠惰，在“自

由表达”的神圣旗帜下，甚至连读书

写字这样的基本要求也被忽视。堪称

奇迹的是，至少有少数儿童竟然没有

被这种学校教育所糟蹋，而是脱颖而

出，成为善于思考、思路开阔、博学

多闻的人。

Thus，various circumstances are not

favorable for the reading habit．And we

may add to this the worldwide

atmosphere of violence and anarchy，the

New Dark Age in which we live

today．Many of us no longer have the

peace of mind necessary to a quiet hour

with a book．But it is precisely because

of our present troubles that we should

read．How，otherwise，are we to

understand the nature of hatred，of

cruelty，of power polities ? How，

otherwise，are we to take a stand on the

serious question of individual freedom

and authority ? How，otherwise，are we

to comprehend and perhaps solve these

urgent problems that face us?

因此，不利于培养阅读习惯的环境是

各种各样的，我们对此还可加一条，

那就是遍及全世界的暴力行为和无政

府状态——我们现在就生活在其中的

新黑暗时代。我们很多人再也没有静

下来读上一小时书所必需的那种心情

了。然而正是由于当前存在的各种问

题，我们更应该读书。否则，我们怎

能理解什么是仇恨、什么是残酷、什

么是强权政治呢? 我们怎能在个人自

由和权威这类严肃的问题上表明我们

的立场呢? 我们怎能理解而且可能解

决我们所面临的迫在眉睫的许多问题

呢?

Ideally then，a school system should be

one in which the love of learning，rather

than the acquisition of facts，is

cultivated；one in which the spirit (精

神)of enquiry is encouraged．Ideally，

family and governmental policy should

be to see that we have a great number of

books—any books．A person with a

book is a real person alive on the earth；

without a book he is a foo1．

因此，理想的教育制度应该培养学生

酷爱学习，而不是只是为了获取事实

应该鼓励探索精神。而理想的家庭和

政府方针应该保证我们有大量的书籍

——什么书籍都有。手不释卷是活在

世上真正的人；不然，就是一个傻瓜。

Text B The History of Books 书

籍的历史

The first known inventor of printing in

Europe was Johannes Gutenberg of

Germany．The first book printed in his

workshop was a Latin Bible．A few

copies of this first book still exist．They

are now over five hundred years

old．The Gutenberg Bible was printed on

a hand press with type made of

lead．Most of the copies were printed on

paper，but a few were printed on

vellum The books are about 12 inches

wide and 16．5 inches long．

欧洲第一个著名的印刷术发明家，是

德国的约翰.内斯.古腾堡。他在车间里

印的第一本书，是拉丁文圣经。第一

本书的一些复本现在还保存着，已有

500多年的历史了。古腾堡圣经是用手

控印刷机在铅字版上印成的。这些书

大多数印在纸上，但有几本印在羊皮

上, 这种书宽约12英寸，长约16．5

英寸。

Men who had been trained in

Gutenberg’s workshop soon established

(vt.成立，建立) themselves as

independent printers．By 1 500，about

fifty years after the first Bible was

printed, more than 30，000 books had

been printed．The Bible was still the

most popular book．Other church books

were also printed，as were Greek and

Latin classics，history books，and

astronomy books．

在古腾堡印刷所受过训练的人们，很

快就独立开业。到了1500年，大约在

第一本圣经印成后50年，已经印成书

30 000册以上. 圣经依旧是最流行的

书。此外，还印刷了一些教堂用书、

希腊和拉丁的古典名著、历史书及天

文学书。

The tools(工具)of the first printers

were simple and could be moved about

easily．At the end of the fifteenth century

there were more than a thousand printers

in Europe．Since many people could not

read Latin and Greek，books were soon

printed in various languages．The

printers also began to make the books

smaller，So that they could be handled

more easily．Furthermore the printers

began to make their books more

elaborate( 精致的，精巧的)，adding

pictures and ornamental letters at the

beginning of chapters．Gradually the

letters of the type were made smaller，

finer and more delicate．The letters

began to look less like manuscript

letters，and eventually[ adv.最终]，the

form of the letters was simplified to the

point where they were well—adapted to

the metal of the type．

最初的印刷工人所使用的工具很简

单，搬动起来也很容易。15世纪末，

欧洲印刷工人有一千多人。由于很多

人不懂希腊文和拉丁文，不久印刷书

籍就包括了各种语言。印书者开始把

书印得小些，以便携带起来更容易。

此外，而且他们开始把书印得更精致

了，在每一章之前增添插图和装饰性

字母，印刷字母逐渐做得更小、更细、

更精致。印刷字母开始看起来和手写

字母不同了。字母的形式终于大为简

化，完全适合铅字的要求。

Sometimes books were illustrated

with[用...说明]woodcuts．Blocks of

wood were carved so that the white parts

of the picture were below the surface of

the wood．When the surface was inked

and stamped onto paper，the dark part

of the picture was reproduced．The first

attempts，of course，were rather crude，

but eventually the block printers were

making meticulous and artistic

illustrations．Florence，in Italy and

Lyons，in France，became famous for

their illustrated books．

书籍的插图有时是木刻的。在雕刻标

志木头时，图画的白色部分是凹陷的，

在木头的凸出表面涂上墨水，并印在

纸上，图画的黑色部分就复印出来，

当然，起初的试作是相当粗糙的，但

渐渐地木刻印刷工人刻的插图，就变

得既细腻又有艺术性了。意大利的佛

罗伦斯，德国的里昂，都以出版插图

书籍而驰名。

In the seventeenth century，great

numbers of religious pamphlets were

printed．These pamphlets were not

always neat or artistic because the

writers were only interested in spreading

their ideas quickly，and the readers did

not consider the appearance of the book

important．The art of metal engraving

was developed about this time and

enabled printers to illustrate their books

with pictures of very fine，delicate

lines．The use of an engraving on the

first page of a book became popular．The

quality of the paper improved too．

17世纪印刷出版了大量的宗教宣传小

册子。这些小册子并不总是美观或富

于艺术性，因为作者仅仅是为了迅速

传播他们的思想，读者也觉得书籍的

外观并不重要。大约在这个时期，金

属雕刻术发展起来，这样一来，印刷

者能把他们书中的插图画得非常细

腻、精致。在书中的第一页上使用雕

刻图饰，成了流行的做法。纸张的质

量也提高了。

By 1800，hand printers could not

supply enough books to satisfy the

demand．Books were not printed fast

enough when hand-made paper and

wooden hand presses were

used．Fortunately，about this time，

many machines were invented that aided

in the mass production of such products

as cotton and woolen cloth．The

invention of new types of printing

machines and paper machines followed

on the heels of these inventions and

helped to speed up the production of

books．The paper machine produced

paper in rolls instead of sheets；and the

iron hand press enabled the printer to

use larger pieces of paper on which

more text could be printed in less

time．Finally，the linotype was invented，

a machine which could cast all entire

line of type at one time．

到1800年，手工印刷者出版的书已满

足不了人们的需要。用手工纸和木制

的手工印书的速度不够快。幸好，这

个时期发明了许多机器，促使大量生

产诸如棉布和毛料这样的产品。随着

这些发明而来的，是新型印刷机和造

纸机的相继发明，这就加速了书籍的

印刷和发行。造纸机生产的纸，不再

以张数计，而是以卷数计了。使用铁

制手印机，印刷者能用更大的纸张印

书，这样在较短的时间里就能印出大

量的书。后来铸字机也发明了，这种

机器一次就可以铸造出整整一行铅

字。

In the twentieth century，many books

have been produced in paperback

editions．Although these books do not

last as long as those with cloth or leather

bindings，they are much cheaper．Thus，

many poor people who could not afford

books before，can now buy them．Today

books are available to everyone because

they are no longer expensive，they do

not take long to produce，and，

consequently they are no longer

2

rare．Because of this progress in book production，more and more people are learning to read．More and more people are now writing books，as well as reading them，so that the literature of the world is being constantly enriched．20世纪，许多书籍都以平装印刷发行。这些书虽然不如那些用、布面或皮面精装的书籍那么经久耐用，却便宜得多。因此，许多过去买不起书籍的穷人，现在也能购买。今天，书籍人人都可以得到，因为书籍不再昂贵了。书不需要很长的时间就能印刷出来，因此也不再稀罕了。由于书籍的印行发展很快，愈来愈多的人都在读书。愈来愈多的人不仅仅在读书，也在写书。因此，世界上的著作也日益丰富起来。

Unit 4 Text A Don’t Let Anger Get the Best of You 别让怒火击溃你You’re late for a job interview when traffic slows to a crawl In the supermarket，a customer wheeling a full cart cuts ahead of you in the express checkout line．You spend months on a project，and your lazy colleague gets the promotion．

交通阻塞，车辆缓慢地爬行，你因此而面试迟到；超市里你排在快速结账口，有个推着满满一车货物的顾客正好插在你前头；为一个项目，你耗费了几个月的心血，而结果你那懒惰的同事得到了提升。

Do you feel angry ? Before you lose your temper，take a deep breath and remember this：Anger hurts．Studies have found that high levels of anger and hostility are related to greater risks of heart disease，poor immune responses，and even a tendency to get fat．Men with high levels of anger were three times more likely to develop heart disease than the calmer，a Harvard School of Public Health study found．And in women，arguments with spouses raise hormone levels and lower immunity—a real problem，since lower immunity may raise women’s risk of cancer．

很恼火是吧? 在你怒火爆发之前，深吸一口气，记住：怒气伤身。一个又一个研究表明，怒火冲天及产生敌对情绪会增加患心脏病几率、免疫系统衰竭，甚至还有发胖的危险。哈佛大众健康研究院的一项研究表明：怒气冲冲的男性得心脏疾病的可能性要比脾气温和的同龄人高出3倍以上! 至于女性，与配偶争吵会增加荷尔蒙分泌而降低免疫力，这是个严重的问题，因为免疫能力降低会加剧女性患癌症的可能性。

It doesn’t seem to matter whether you release the anger or hold it in，experts say．The effects on your health are the same．“Anger is anger, ”says Redford Williams，M．D．，director of the Behavioral Medicine Research Center at Duke University Medical Center and coauthor of the book Life Skills．“Both are harmful to health．”

专家指出，发泄或抑制怒气，其后果没什么两样，两者对健康造成的影响是一样的。“生气就是生气，两者都对健康构成危害。”杜克大学医学院行为药物研究中心主任、《生命的技巧》的合著者医学博士莱德福?威廉姆斯这样说。

The good news is that it is possible to control your anger．“By evaluating (评估)it and using different techniques，you can calm down，”Williams says．“That’s what’s nice about us humans．We can always do something or not do something to change our behavior．”

乐观的消息是，愤怒可以控制。“对整件事做出评价，然后，通过使用各种方法，你可以让自己不再生气，”威廉姆斯说，“这也是人类的奇妙之处：我们总能做些什么或不做什么来改变行为。”

Take Stock对自己进行一次预测或评估

Many people who are angry don’t recognize themselves as angry，according to Knoxville Psychologist Richard Driscoll．He suggests that you ask yourself these questions to measure your anger quotient：Do you feel that you are frequently mistreated by others ? Do you often consider minor inconveniences to be personal attacks against you ? Do you complain often ? Do you exaggerate the actions of others or take their insults personally ? On the road，do you frequently curse other drivers，to the point that driving has become unpleasant?

诺克斯维尔的心理学家理查德?杰斯科尔认为，许多发火的人都不承认他们在生气。他建议你可以问自己如下几个问题来判断发怒的程度：你是否觉得别人经常待你不好? 是否经常把一些小的不方便看做对你个人的攻击? 你时常抱怨吗? 你有没有从主观出发夸大了别人的行为或对你的冒犯? 在路上驾车时，是否频频咒骂别的司机以至于驾车成了一件很不愉快的事？

Keep a Record保留记录

To get a better sense of what makes you

mad，keep a journal of situations that

make you angry．Reflect on why they set

you off and make you feel

mistreated．Ask yourself honestly

whether your anger is justified．By

writing down feelings and situations，

you’ll become more aware of the

events that make you angry and maybe

even avoid them．

如果要更好地了解是什么触怒了你，

就准备一本日记，记下你是在那些情

况下生气的。再回想一下为什么当时

那些事情会激怒你或让你觉得别人待

你不公正，诚实地问问自己发火是否

有正当理由。当把这些感受和情形写

下时，你会对让你生气的事情了解得

更透彻，或许能避免这种事情再度发

生。

Change or Accept改变或者接受

When you feel anger welling up，take a

change-it or accept-it approach ．If，for

example。your neighbor’s garbage is

fluttering into your yard yet again，it’

s time to put your problem—solving

skills into motion．Calmly discuss the

situation，and look for ways to change

it．——

当你开始觉得怒火中烧快要爆发了，

采取“改变它”或是“接受它“的策

略。比如，你邻居家的垃圾又一次落

到了你的院子里，是时候把你解决问

题的技巧变为实际行动了和邻居平静

地谈一下情况并寻找改变这种情形的

办法。

If you can’t do anything about the

situation—the rude driver who just cut

you off has left the scene ,work to put

your anger on hold right then and

there．Accept that you can’t do anything

about it，take some deep breaths，and

move on to something else．

如果你对有些事无能为力——一个粗

鲁的司机抢了你的道并扬长而去一要

尽量当场就控制住你的怒火。

接受你对此毫无办法的事实。做几次

深呼吸，将注意力转移到别的地方去。

Don’t Take It Personally不要片

面主观

How many times have you said to

yourself．“That shouldn’t have

happened to me”or “I don’t deserve

that”? Such thinking can easily set off

angry feelings．But smart people realize

that，sometimes，the

water-on-the-back-of-a-duck approach is

the best way to deal with many of life’s

unfair treatments．“Many of us have a

God-like or little-kid-1ike thought that

we shouldn’t be imposed on，defeated,

or have things happen to us，”

Deffenbacher says．“That’s a high-1evel

demand．The fact is that you cannot

avoid the unpleasant things that happen

to you．”The better able you are to

accept that，the less angry you’ll be．

有多少次你对自己说类似“这不应该

发生在我身上”或者“我太委屈了”

之类的话? 这种想法很容易引爆内心

的不快情绪。不过聪明人知道，生活

中总有太多不公平，有时候逆来顺受

是最好的处理办法。“我们中有不少人

有着神一般的，或者说是像小孩子一

样不现实的想法，认为别人不能强加

于我们什么，我们不该有挫败感，不

能让某些事在我们身上发生，”丹芬班

齐博士说。“那样要求太高了。事实上，

总是会有不愉快的事情发生的，躲也

躲不掉。”你越能接受它们，也就越

不会动不动发脾气。

Stop Dwelling on the Past别再沉

湎于过去

If you still remember a minor infraction

long after it happened，it’s time to

forget it．Life has moved on，and so

should you．Practice understanding

people who have done you minor

wrongs．Think of the problems as having

been caused by the situations，not the

people．If it’s a more serious matter,

such as childhood abuse or an unfaithful

spouse，consider seeing a doctor to help

you work through and release the pain，

says a psychologist．

如果你对一次已经过去很久的小挫折

依然耿耿于怀，是时候释怀了。生活

还在继续，你也该向前看。尝试着去

理解那些曾对你不公正的人，试想这

些问题是由环境造成的，而非人为因

素。如果情节比较严重，例如儿童时

期受到虐待或配偶对你不忠诚，可以

考虑去看几次心理医生，让他帮助你

解脱痛苦，走出阴影。

Adjust Your Routine调整你的习惯

If you’ve been keeping track of your

anger，you know what sets you

off．Use that information to avoid

upsetting）situations．For instance，if

you know that the grocery store is

crowded on weekends，shop after

work．By avoiding frustrating

situations，you avoid anger．Finally，the

ways you react to upsetting situations

and express your anger come from a

combination of several factors，including

genetics，up—bringing，and

culture．Your response also varies

according to your mood and even how

tired you are．

如果你留意自己发火的过程，你便会

知道怒气的源头在哪里，掌握了这点

就可以避免碰上这种会让你生气的情

形。

例如，你知道食品杂货店到周末往往

挤满了人，那就索性平时下班后去购

物躲过了这种让人烦恼的场面，你也

就可以少恼怒一回。最后，你对令人

心烦的事物的反应vi及表达怒气的方

式都要来自于一些综合因素，如遗传、

所受过的教育及文化环境等。当然，

你的反应也会因心情或疲劳程度的变

化而变化。

Fortunately，angry people can learn to

become happy people．“We just have

this personality type that sometimes gets

US into trouble，”williams says. “You’

ll always have that tendency to get

angry．But you can probably control it

to keep it from damaging your health．”

令人庆幸的是，易怒的人可以学着成

为快乐的人。“很多人生来就是这种脾

气，有时会让自己陷入麻烦，”威廉

姆斯说，“这种人就是容易动怒。但或

许可以将这种秉性加以控制，以致它

不会危害健康。”

U4 B The Art of

listening

There is no point in talking ,however

assertively, if no one is listening

and ,conversely,no point in listening if

we are not truly attentive to others, if we

are not analyzing the content of their

communication and if we are not

assessing how their tone of

voice ,manners, facial expressions and

so on, add meaning to the werds they

use.

如果没有人倾听，无论您如何满怀信

心地交谈都没有意义，反之亦然。如

果我们根本没有真正关注对方，没有

分析对方所传递信息的内容，没有评

估对方的语调、风格、表情等因素怎

样添加言辞含义，那么倾听也就没有

什么实际意义了。

Think abort eretyone’s basic rights.How

can you show respect for others if you

do not give them your full attention ---

actively listen to them---hearing them

out rather than impatiently waiting for

your turn to talk. Don’t you expect the

same of others ---to be listened to and

taken seriously? Yet I’m sure you’ll

agree that few people have good

listening skills.It’s quite easy t become

distracted by our own thoughts about

what we’re going to do or say next.

请考虑一下每个人拥有的基本权利。

如果根本没有全神贯注地倾听对方讲

话，而是极不耐心地等待时机发表自

己的见解，您如何能够表明对他人的

尊重呢？难道您就没有与他人同样的

期望吗？希望他们能认真地倾听自己

讲话。我相信您一定也认为很少有人

具备良好的倾听技能。由于一直思考

自己下一步行动或者该说什么，我们

很容易走神。One reason for discussing

listening here is because of concerns

expressed by people attending

assertiveness courses, many of whom

are helped by improving their listening

skills.For example ,non-assertive people

who are shy often find it difficult to

begin conversations with

others,especially on social occasions

when they feel they have no aptitude for

small talks.

我们在这里讨论―倾听‖，因为许多参加

过自信力培训的人都对―倾听‖较感兴

趣，非常关心。其中许多人通过提高

倾听技能而获益匪浅。例如，缺乏自

信的人往往比较害羞，他们常常觉得

难以同他人沟通，尤其是在那些他们

认为不适宜闲谈的社交场合。

Many people find it relatively easy to

communicate on a professional level, on

which the content of conversation is

technical ,technological or business

oriented, but have difficulty in stepping

from behind their desks and chatting

with superiors,co-werkers,clients and

customers on a more personal level.On

training courses participants previously

unknown to each other—but some keep

silent during refreshment breaks where

social chitchat is required.

许多人发现专业知识交流往往相对容

易，因为大家谈论的是技术、科技或

商业问题。但是，他们却难以走出工

作环境，与上司、同事及客户进行更

加个人化的沟通。培训中，原本彼此

不相识的受训者迅速开始交流与工作

相关的问题，即共同目标，但在课间

休息应进行一般社交的闲谈时，他们

却保持沉默。

Concentrating on others—finding out

their experiences, beliefs and

attitudes—is the way forward。Active

listening can really help you know more

about them and establish a basis for

solid communication。

密切地关注他人，了解他们的经历、

信念与态度，这是一种推进交流的方

式。积极倾听确实有助于您深入了解

他人，并为有效的沟通奠定基础。

At the other end of the pole are the ―hort

fuse brigade‖,who find that differences

of opinion too often escalate into

aggressive outbursts。If this is your

tendency , you too will benefit from

paying more attention to others。Here

too,listening is of paramount

importance.

另一个极端是―脾气暴躁族‖，他们发现

观点的不同经常渐渐演变成带有攻击

性的勃然大怒。如果您性格中具有这

种倾向，也会通过更加关注他人而受

益无穷。同时注意一点，倾听依然至

关重要。

Then there are the non-assertive

individuals whose self-confidence

plummets when others don’t listen to

them。Well ,admit it, haven’t you ever

been made to feel inadequate or bored

when others interrupt you in order to

express their own views, or change the

subject before you’ve finished speaking?

How do you cope with people who

continually interrupt, or whose

topic-hopping makes it virtually

impossible for you to maintain a

dialogue? How do you stop your boss

when he is in full flow , to explain that

you are unsure of something he has

said?

某些缺乏自信力的人往往会因为他人

没有倾听自己的讲话而失去信心。不

妨承认这一点，当某些人打断您的讲

话、表达他们的观点或在您没有讲完

之前就转移了话题时，您是否感到对

方比较失礼或讨厌？如何应对那些频

繁打断您讲话或不断转移话题，以至

让您几乎无法继续讲话的人呢？您如

何在经理滔滔不绝地讲话时打断他，

讲明自己对他所说的某些内容还不太

清楚呢？

First, let’s examine the situation of those

who have a communication block

because of a lack of social社交

assertiveness. 首先，我们来看看那些

因缺乏社交自信力而存在沟通障碍者

的困惑所在。

Rule Number One: far better to be a

good listener than a person who talks a

lot but has nothing to say! Second

rule:by watching carefully ,listening

attentively and questioning

skillfully ,your attention will be drawn

away from your sellf-consciousness.

规则一：做一名优秀的倾听者远远胜

过口若悬河、漫无边际地交谈！规则

之二：仔细观察、认真倾听和有效提

高，您的专注力将脱离自我意识。

If the person with whom you wish to

start a conversation is unknown to

you,you could always begin with a

non-threatening statement to ―test the

water‖--- something like, ―There are

more people here than I expected。‖ The

other’s response and general attitude

will show whether he wishes to open

communication with you。If you are

given the green light, continue by asking

questions to establish common ground。

Let me give an example:

如果并不认识那位您想与之交流的

人，您随时可以通过一种不带有任何

威胁性的语气来―投石问路‖，例如，―想

不到来了这么多人！‖对方的回答及总

体态度将说明他是否希望与您交谈。

如果对方发出了愿意交谈的信号，您

就可以通过继续提出其他问题来确定

基本氛围。请看下面的例子。

Anxious party-goer: I work with Mike 。

Are you a friend of his?急切的社交聚

会常客：我是迈克的同事，您一定是

他的朋友吧？

Stranger: Yes ,we play badminton

together .陌生人：对，我们经常在一起

打羽毛球。

Still anxious party-goer: That’s

interesting; I used to play a lot。Which

courts do you use?依然急切的社交聚

会常客：太有趣了，我以前也经常打，

你们在哪个场地打球？

Now casual acquaintance:The ones at

the Pickstaff Leisure Center at

Bratford.一般性的熟人：布拉德福的匹

克斯达夫休闲中心。

More relaxed party-goer: What do you

think of the Leisure Center?相对放松的

社交聚会常客：您觉得那个中心如

何？

Acquaintance : I think it’s gone downhill

since the latest takeover。We used to

book courts week in advance, have a

drink afterwards –a good evening out .

熟人：我认为那里自从被接管之后已

经每况愈下。以前，我们可以提前一

周预定球场，然后去酒吧。这样就可

以很轻松地度过一个晚上。

Relaxed party-goer:What’s it like now

then?轻松的社交聚会常客：现在那里

怎么样了？

Possible new friend:Well ,take what

happened last week。We had our game as

usual and then…潜在的新朋友：嗯，就

拿上周来说吧，我们像往常一样去打

球，之后….

Generally, people like to talk about

themselves and their experiences。Listen

attentively and you will realize that they

also offer free information on which you

can build.

通常人们谈论自己和自己的经历。通

过积极倾听，您一定会意识到他们还

会提供其他一些您感兴趣的信息。

In the above example at first the stranger

reveals that he plays badminton。Now a

person who talks rather than listens

could go on to bore the new acquaintace

with his new experiences of playing the

game。Instead he chooses to offer some

free information of his own---―I used to

play a lot ‖---which provides the

acquaintance with an opening later if he

chooses to follow it up。He then goes on

to ask，―Which courts do you use‖,which

shows an interest and invites the

acquaintance to give more detail。His

next question ，―What do you think of

the Leisure Center?‖further opens up the

communication process。Note that he

asks―What do you think …‖rather than

―What’s the Leisure Center like?‖The

latter would tell him about the Leisure

Center; the former gives information

about the acquaintance’s views,

opinions,feeling,etc。Thus,relationships

are built ,not by lengthy

self-disclosure ,but by listening

attentively and showing a genuine

interest in the other person。

在上述例子中，陌生者首先表示自己

喜欢打羽毛球。这时，急切的社交聚

会常客可以积极地向这位刚刚结识的

朋友述说自己打羽毛球的经历，而不

倾听。但他选择了提供某些随意性的

信息：―我以前经常打！‖这样就为对方

奠定了继续这个话题的基础。然后，

他继续提问：―你们在哪个场地打球？‖

这就等于告诉对方自己比较感兴趣并

要求对方继续提供一些详细信息。下

一个问题：―您觉得那个休闲中心如

何?‖进一步启动了沟通程序。注意其提

问方式，―您觉得那个休闲中心如何?‖

而非―那个休闲中心如何？‖后面的一

句将介绍该休闲中心的有关情况，前

面的一句则将介绍这位朋友的观点、

看法与情感等信息。这样一来，没有

通过长时间的自我介绍，而是通过积

极倾听和表明对对方的关注，双方就

建立起了一定的关系基础。

Unit 5 Text A The Most

Important Day in My Life 我一生中最

重要的那一天

Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog

when it seemed as if a tangible white

darkness shut you in，and the great ship，

tense and anxious，groped her way

toward the shore? I was like that ship

before my education began，only I had

no way of knowing how near the

harbor was．

你曾经在浓雾茫茫的时候到过海上吗?

那时会有这样的感觉，周围是白茫茫

的一片，什么也看不见。轮船焦急万

分又小心翼翼地摸索着靠近海岸。开

始接受教育之前，我就好像是那条船，

只是不知道海岸还有多远。

The most important day I remember in

all my life is the one on which my

teacher，Anne Mansfield Sullivan，came

to me．I am filled with wonder when I

consider the immeasurable contrast

between the two lives which it

connects．It was the third of March，

1887，three months before I was seven

years old．

我的老师--安. 曼斯菲尔德?萨莉文小

姐来到我家的那一天，是我一生中最

重要的日子。每当我回想起正是那一

天连接了我生活的两个完全不同的阶

段时，心中就感慨万端。那是1887年

3月5日，再过三个月，我就满七周岁

了。

On the afternoon of that exciting day，I

guessed vaguely from my mother's signs

and from the hurrying to and fro in the

house that something unusual was about

to happen，so I went to the door and

waited on the steps．

在那个激动人心的下午，我从妈妈的

活动和家里人们的忙乱中猜到要有什

么不平常的事情发生。我走到门口，

在台阶上等着。

I felt approaching footsteps．I thought it

was my mother and stretched out my

hand．Someone took it，and then 1 was

caught up and held close in the arms of

the person who had come to reveal all

things tome，and，more important than

that ,to love me．

我感到有入朝我走来，以为是妈妈，

就伸出了手，有个人握住它，把我拉

了过去，紧紧地抱在怀里。这个抱我

的人，就是那个将为我揭开生活的帷

幕，也将把她满腔的爱倾注给我的人。

The morning after my teacher came she

3

led me into her room and gave me a doll．When I had played with it a little while，Miss Sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the word"d-o-1-1"．I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it．When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was filled with childish pleasure and pride．Running downstairs to my mother I held up my hand and made the letters for doll．I did not know that 1 was spelling a word or even that words existed；I simply made my fingers go in monkey-like imitation．In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way many words．among them，"pin"，"hat"，"cup"，and a few verbs like "sit"，"stand'' and "walk"．but my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name．第二天上午，老师把我领进她的小屋里，给我一个洋娃娃。玩了一会儿后，萨莉文小姐在我的手掌上慢慢地拼写着''洋娃娃"这个单词。我对这个手指游戏非常感兴趣，尽力照着去做。最后终于成功地把这个单词拼对了，自己非常高兴和骄傲。我下楼向妈妈跑去，伸善手指，拼出了"洋娃娃"这个单词。当时我并不知道我在拼写单词，甚至也不知道单词的存在，我只不过用手指像小猴子般地模仿老师。后来的几天，用这种我也不理解的方法，我学会了拼写很多单词，其中有"别针"、"帽子"、"杯子"和几个动词，比如"坐"、"站"、"走"等。我和老师生活了几个星期之后，我才明白了每个东西都有自己的名称。

One day while I was playing with my new doll，Miss Sullivan gave me my old doll，too．She then spelled"d-o-1-1"and tried to make me understand that"d-o-1-1"applied to both．Earlier in the day，we had a struggle(n.斗争；争斗) over the two words "m-u-g" and "w-a-t-e-r"．Miss Sullivan had tried to impress it on me that "m-u-g'' is ''mug'' and "W-a-t-e-r'' is "water"，but I persisted in mixing up the two．I became impatient and, seizing the new doll，I dashed it on the floor，breaking it into pieces．I was not sorry after my fit of temper．In the dark，still world，I had no strong sentiment for anything．

那天，我正在玩一个新洋娃娃，萨莉文小姐把以前那个旧的也给了我，然后她拼写出"洋娃娃"，想让我明白"洋娃娃"这个词对两个东西都适用。那天早些时候，我俩就一直在做"杯子"和"水"两个词的文章，她想让我明白"杯子"就是"杯子"，"水"就是"水"。但我总是弄混，我烦了，抓起那个新洋娃娃，摔到地上，成了碎片。我发脾气之后，一点也不后悔。在这个黑暗、寂静的世界中，我对任何东西都没有太深的感情。

My teacher brought me my hat，and I knew we were going out into the warm sunshine．We walked down the path to the well house．Someone was drawing water，and my teacher placed my hand under the spout．As the cool stream gushed over one hand，she spelled into the other word water，first slowly，then rapidly．I stood still：my whole attention was fixed upon the movements of her finger．Suddenly I seemed to remember something I had forgotten——a thrill of returning thought ——and the mystery of language was revealed to me．I knew then that the "w-a-t-e-r" meant that wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand．That living word awakened my soul and set it free．

老师给我拿来帽子，我知道要出去沐浴和煦的阳光了。我们顺着小路向井房走去，有人正在打水，老师把我的手放到出水口上．当清凉的水流过我的一只手时，她在另一只手上写出了"水"这个单词，先是慢慢的，然后逐渐加快。我一动不动地站着，全神贯注地感觉她手指的动作。突然，我好像记起了某些我已经忘掉的东西，觉得一种过去的印象又回到了头脑中。从此，语言对我不再神秘，我明白了"水"就是那股清凉的、奇妙的、从我手上流过的东西。这个活生生的词唤醒了我的灵魂，打开了我智慧的窗户。

I left the well-house eager to learn．Everything had a name and each name gave birth to a new thought．As we returned to the house，every object which I touched seemed to be full of life．That was because I saw everything with a strange，new sight that had come to me．0n entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken．I felt my way to the fragments and tried in vain to put them together．Then my eyes were filled with tears , for I realized what I had done，and for the first time I felt sorry．

我离开井房，急切地想学更多的东西，任何事物都有自己的名称，每个名称

都给我带来了一个新的概念。回家的

路上，我触摸到的一切都充满了生命

的活力，这是因为我以一种陌生的新

眼光来看待一切。走进家门，我想起

了摔碎的洋娃娃，摸索着向那堆碎片

走去，想把它们弄在一起，没有成功。

这时，我眼里侵满了泪水，因为我意

识到我做错了事情，而且，第一次觉

得后悔。

I learned a lot of new words that day．It

would have been difficult to find a

happier child than me when I lay in my

small bed that night and thought of the

joys that day had brought to me，and

for the first time I longed for a new day

to come．

那天，我学会了很多生词。夜里躺在

床上，想起了白天的欢乐，我觉得世

界上几乎没有比我更幸福的孩子了。

有生以来，我第一次向往新的黎明的

到来。

Text B He Led a Useful Life 有价

值的一生

Benjamin Franklin would seem right at

home among us if he were alive today.

In fact，he did a lot to shape our way of

life．Right now you are probably

nodding your head and thinking，"Oh，

yes-we learned a11 about old B．F．in the

fifth grade"．But let's see whether you

really know "all about him"．

如果本杰明．富兰克林还活着，我们

会对他很熟悉。事实上，他做了许多

对我们的生活方式发生重大影响的事

情。你可能会立刻点头说："对，是的，

我们在五年级的时候就知道富兰克林

的故事了。但是-让我们来看一下，你

是否真正"完全了解他"。

You probably know that he was a stout

old fellow with a bald head who flew a

kite with a key fastened to it and signed

the Declaration of Independence．All

that is true，but there is a lot more to

know about this man who had so many

useful ideas and served his country in so

many different ways．

你或许知道他是位健壮的秃顶老人，

曾经把钥匙系在风筝线上，还签署了

《独立宣言》。这都是真的，但是关于

他还有许多事情有待我们了解，他还

有许多有价值的想法，并为自己的国

家在许多方面做出了贡献。

Franklin had a practical mind．When he

saw a problem，he tried to do something

about it．The houses of Philadelphia

were built of wood and easily caught

fire．Neighbors tried to help each other，

but they could do little to save a burning

house．So Franklin organized a

fire-fighting company．Philadelphia's

fire loss became so low that the first

fire-insurance company in the United

Sates was soon set up there．Ben

Franklin was one of its directors．He also

persuaded the city to pave and light its

streets．Again，the fact that people had

trouble keeping their houses warm in

winter set Franklin's active mind to

work．He decided that the big fireplaces

were to blame．Because they were set

deep into the wall．they did not let

enough heat reach the middle of the

room．So he drew some plans and

hired an ironworker to make the

potbellied Franklin stove．It stood in the

middle of a room and threw off heat in

every direction．

富兰克林擅长实践，一旦发现问题就

立即着手解决。费城的房子都是木制

的结构，很容易着火。一发生火灾，

即使邻里之间都来帮忙救火，也作用

不大。因此，富兰克林就组建了一个

消防公司。

这大大降低了费城的火灾损失，这使

美国第一家火灾保险公司得以很快成

立了。

富兰克林担任了其中一个部门的经

理。

他还说服市政府为城市铺设道路并安

装路灯。

此外，富兰克林活跃的思想甚至使他

还考虑如何解决人们冬天房间取暖困

难这一问题。

他判断出问题出在大壁炉这儿，

因为壁炉深深地砌在墙里，热量不能

充分散发到房间里。

于是他就画了一张设计图，并雇铁匠

按图纸铸造了一个大肚子的炉子--被

称为富兰克林炉子。

把炉子放到房间中央，这样热量就能

向各个方向散发了。

He did not patent the invention．He was

too busy with his discoveries to bother

with making money．Although he was a

wealthy man by the time he was

forty-two，money by itself did not

interest him．He valued it because it

enabled him to retire from

business．Then he had time to spend on

other things that seemed more

worthwhile．What he really cared for

most of all was science．

富兰克林没有申请发明专利，因为他

总是忙于发现新问题，根本无暇顾及

挣钱。虽然四十二岁时，他已经是位

富翁了，但并不是金钱本身使他感兴

趣。他在乎钱是因为有了钱他就不至

于为了谋生而忙碌不止，他就能摆脱

繁琐事务的羁绊把精力投入到他认为

更有意义的事情上。他真正喜欢的是

科学本身。

Franklin was always trying to answer the

question：What makes things act the way

they do? At that time learned men

were puzzled about electricity．They

wondered whether it was in some way

like the lightning in a thunderstorm．It

might be，but how could you prove

it--by coaxing some electricity down his

kite string．That act made him famous in

America and Europe．But，of course，

Franklin did not stop here．He found a

way to make the knowledge useful：he

invented the lighting

富兰克林一直在试图回答这么一个问

题：是什么使物体按照各自的规律运

行? 当时知识界都对电的现象迷惑不

解。人们猜测这是不是像雷雨时闪电

一样。可能如此，但怎样证实呢?富兰

克林证实了这一问题--他通过风筝线

把闪电从天空导下来。这使他一下子

名声响誉欧美。但是，富兰克林当然

不会就此止步。他发现了利用这一知

识的方法：那就是避雷针。

Franklin would gladly have spent the

rest of his days in quiet study and

research．But he was fl very important

person now，and the country needed him

for public service．Disagreement

between the colonies and the British was

becoming quite serious．Pennsylvania

needed a representative in

England．Would Dr．Franklin accept the

post ? He would．He went to London

and stayed there for more than ten

years．He did his best and might have

helped to delay the war．But both sides

were too angry to reach

agreement．Franklin returned home just

as the Revolutionary War began，

arriving in time to sign the Declaration

of 1ndependence．

富兰克林很高兴把余生的时间投入到

安静的学习和研究中。但是，他当时

已经是位重要人物了，国家需要他为

公众事业服务。随着殖民地与英国本

土之间矛盾的加剧，费城需要一位驻

英国的代表。富兰克林会接受这个位

置吗？他接受了。他来到英国并且一

呆就是十多年。他竭力避免战争的爆

发。但是双方都怒不可遏，难以达成

协议。

就在独立战争爆发前，富兰克林回到

了美国，及时地赶回来签署了《独立

宣言》。

He was now seventy years old and his

health was not good．He would gladly

have settled down at home．But America

needed help from France to carry on the

war，and she asked Dr．Franklin to win

this help He answered．"I am like a

worn-out piece of carpet．If there is one

corner left which can be useful to my

country．1 will be honored．"．

当时他已经七十多岁了，而且身体情

况很不好。他很高兴能回家安享晚年。

但是，美国要继续这场战争必须取得

法国的支持，这需要富兰克林博士去

赢得支持。他答复到："我就像一条破

旧的地毯，哪怕有一个残留的角能有

益于我的祖国，我也感到万分荣兴。"

His first step was to "turn over" all his

money as a loan to the Congress．He

wanted to prove his faith in the new

American government and encourage

others to support it．Then he set sail for

France．

他采取的第一步措施就是把自己所有

的积蓄都作为贷款交给了国会。他想

以此来表明他对国会的信任，并鼓励

他人支持国会.然后他启程来到法国。

In Paris，Franklin was warmly

welcomed．Although he was a simple

man，he was a shrewd diplomat．He

spoke very poor French，but he always

chose the right words for the

occasion．He finally persuaded King

Louis of France to declare war on

England．That was an important

achievement．It was only with the aid of

the French fleet that Washington was

able to win the war and American

independence．

在巴黎，富兰克林受到了热烈的欢迎。

他虽然单纯直爽，但同时又是位精明

的外交官。他法语讲得并不好，但总

是能针对不同的场合选择最恰当的语

言。最后，他终于说服路易国王对英

国宣战，这是一项重大的成就。只有

在法国舰队的援助下，华盛顿才能率

领美国人民赢得这场战争并取得美国

独立。

Benjamin Franklin returned to

America．He was very old now，and in

poor health．But still he did not settle

down and retire to his comfortable

home．He sat through the long

arguments on the terms of the

Constitution．Twice，the meetings would

have failed if he had not helped the

delegates to agree．

本杰明富兰克林回到了美国。他已步

入垂暮之年，身体状况很差。但他并

没有就此停下来，引退回到舒适的家

中他坐着听完了关于宪法条款的长时

间的争论。如果不是他帮助代表们达

成一致，有两次会议都要以失败而告

终。

Ben Franklin died in 1790 at the age of

eighty-four．He had spent all his adult

life helping people．Years before，he had

told his mother that that was his

aim．When he died he did not want

people to say，"He died a rich man．"All

he hoped was that people would

remember him and say，"He led a useful

life．"

本杰明富兰克林于1790年逝世，享年

84岁。他倾尽毕生的力量来帮助他人。

早在多年前他就曾对母亲表达了自己

的愿望。他不希望人们在他死后评价

说："他死的时候非常富有。"他所希望

的是人们会记着他并说："他的一生是

有价值的。

Unit 6Text A The British

Educational System 英国

的教育体系

All over the world，the mention of

English education suggests a picture of

“public schools”，and it suggests in

particular the names of certain very

famous instructions—Eton，Oxford and

Cambridge; but People do not always

realize what place these institutions

occupy in the who1e educational

system．Oxford and Cambridge are

universities each haying about 12，000

students out of a total of over 250，000

students at all British universities．Eton

is a public school，and the best known of

the public schools. which，in spite of

their name，are not really public at all，

but independent and private secondary

schools taking boys from the age

thirteen to eighteen years．The public

schools in reality form a very small part

of the whole system of secondary

education；only about one out of forty

English boys goes to a public school，

and one out of 1，500 goes to Eton．

一提起英国教育呈现在人们面前的往

往是一幅“公学”的画面，特别是一

些著名的教育机构——伊顿、牛津、

剑桥等；但是人们往往不了解这些机

构在英国整个教育体系中所占的位

置。牛津和剑桥两所大学分别拥有大

约12 000在校生，而全英在校大学生

的总数超过250 000。伊顿是所公学，

也是最著名的公学, 尽管名字叫公

学，其实并不是真正意义上的公立学

校，而是所独立的私立中学。它只招

收13-18岁的男孩。实际上，公学仅仅

是英国整个中学教育体系中的一小部

分；在英国仅有1／40的男孩能进入

公学读书，而1 500个中只有1个能上

伊顿公学。

Apart from the so-called public schools

there is a complete system of state

primary and secondary education．which

resembles in general the state education

in most other countries．A11 children

must, by law , receive fulltime education

between the ages of five and

sixteen．Any child may attend，without

paying fees，a school provided by the

public authorities, and the great majority

attend such schools．They may

continue，still without paying fees，until

they are eighteen．In presenting an

overall picture of English education it

would be reasonable to concentrate on

the state system alone and refer briefly

to the public schools．However，

a1though the public schools are not

important numerically，they have been

England’s most peculiar and

characteristic contribution to educational

methods and they have an immense

influence on the whole educational

practice and on the English social

structure．For a hundred years most men

in leading positions in

banking ,insurance ,high finance，some

industries ,the army，the church and

conservative politics have been educated

at public schools．Things are beginning

to change but it will take time．Among

the universities Oxford and Cambridge

hold a dominant position．Of cabinet

ministers who went to universities，

nearly all went to one or the other of

these two，and to Oxford in particular．

除了所谓的公学之外，英国还有一套

完整的国立小学、中学教育体系，这

同大部分国家的国立教育大体相似。

法律规定所有5～16岁的孩子必须接

受全日制教育，任何孩子都可免费到

由政府当局开办的学校读书。大部分

孩子都上这类学校，并且可以一直读

到18岁。要全面介绍英国的教育，应

单独集中介绍其国立教育体系，同时

简要介绍其公学教育。然而，尽管从

数量上讲公学所占的地位不算重要，

但它对英国的教育方法做出了最特

殊、最具特色的贡献，对整个英国的

教育实践和社会结构产生了重大的影

响。近百年来在银行、保险、高级金

融、工业、军队、宗教、保守政见等

领域的顶尖人才大都曾在公学接受过

教育。尽管近来情况开始有所变化，

但短时间内变化还不明显。牛津大学

和剑桥大学在大学教育领域处于领先

地位。读过大学的内阁大臣中几乎都

上过这两所大学中的某一所，特别是

牛津大学。

A student who receives further full—

time education after the age of eighteen,

either at a university or at a teacher’s

training college or at some other college

giving training of a special type，can

usually receive a grant from the public

authorities to cover his expenses，or

most of them，unless his parents have a

large income．But the number of young

people who can enter universities is

limited by the capacity of universities，

which is less than enough to take all the

young people who have the basic

qualifications for university

admission．In practice，therefore，entry

to universities is competitive．But

university degree courses are also

available at polytechnics，and entry to

the Open University is less restricted．

学生满18岁后，若要进一步接受全日

制教育，可以选择读综合性大学、教

师训练学院或者其他提供专门培训的

学院。政府当局通常可以提供给学生

助学金以支付其全部或大部分学费，

除非学生的父母收人很高不需要资

助。但是由于受到大学容量的限制，

上大学的青年人的数量是有限的，这

些大学的数量不能容纳下所有具备基

本入学资格的学生。因此实事上，上

大学是有竞争性的。但是学生还可能

选择上工科学院的学位课程，而且上

函授大学所受限制则小得多。

The academic year begins after the

summer holidays and is divided into

three“terms”．with the intervals

between them formed by the Christmas

and Easter holidays．The exact dates of

the holidays vary from area to

area．being in general about two weeks

at Christmas and Easter，plus often a

week or more at Whitsun，and six weeks

in the summer，beginning rather

late．Schools outside the state system

decide on their own holiday dates，

generally taking a month off at

Christmas and Easter and eight weeks in

the summer ．The three terms are not

everywhere called by the same names；

indeed some schools call the January—

March period“the Spring Term”，others

use“Spring Term”for the period April

—July．Some call the January term

“Winter term”(which is logica1).others

call it“Easter Term”．

每学年的开始从暑假后的学期算，并

且分为三个“学期”，由圣诞节、复活

节两个假期间隔开来。各学校的具体

放假时间因地区差异而不同，大致上

圣诞节、复活节各两周的假，加上通

常一周或更长一点的圣灵降临节假期

和六周的暑假，暑假开始得相当晚。

不受国家教育体制限制的学校自行决

定放假时间，通常是圣诞节、复活节

各放一个月，暑假放八周。这三个学

期在不同的地区叫法不完全一样。实

际上一些学校称一至三月学期为“春

季学期”，另外一个称呼是称四至七月

学期为“春季期”。另外一个称呼是称

四至七月学期为“春季期”。一些地方

称一月学期为“冬季学期”(这是逻辑

上的叫法)，而有另外一个称呼则是“复

活节学期”。

Day-schools mostly work Monday to

Friday only．from about 9 a．m．to

between 3 and 4 p.m．Lunch is provided

and parents pay for it unless they prove

to the authorities that they cannot well

afford to．All primary school children，

including those in independent schools，

were given milk free of charge until

1970 when the Government abolished

this benefit．

大部分日校周一至周五上课，大约从

早晨九点上到下午三点或四点。学校

通常提供午饭，但学生父母要付钱，

除非他们向官方证明自己负担不起。

所有的小学包括私立学校都向学生提

供免费的牛奶，直到1970年政府取消

了这一福利。

Text B Higher Education in

the United States 美国的高

等教育

In the United States,a student who has

finished high school may want to

continue in higher education．There are

several ways to continue in higher

education in the United States．There are

universities, colleges，community

colleges，and technical or vocational

schools．Each of these kinds of higher

education will be described below．

在美国，一名中学生高中毕业后，如

果想继续接受高等教育，他可以有以

下几种选择方式：综合大学、四年制

4

学院、社区学院、职业或技术学院。对这几种高等教育方式，下文将分别加以介绍。

A university is much larger than a college．It is larger for two reason. First，a university in the United States usually has several different colleges in it. Each college within a university has a special subject area．There may be a college of liberal arts where humanities，social science ,natural science, and mathematics are taught．There may be a college of education where students learn to be teachers．There may be a college of business where business subjects are taught．All of these colleges may be part of one university. Sometimes，in a university，each college is called a“school”：“The School of Liberal Arts”，“The school of Business”or“The School of Education"．Second，a university always has programs for advanced or graduate study in a variety of subjects．There may be a medical school，a law school，and other advanced programs．

综合大学比四年制学院规模大，表现在两个方面。首先，美国综合大学通常设有若干个学院。每个学院都有专门的学科领域。一般设有文学院，开设的课程有人文学科、社会科学、自然科学和数学等。也可能设有教育学院，学生可以在这里通过学习成为教师。也可能设有商学院开设商业课程。所有这些学院可能仅占一所综合性大学的一部分。有时，综合大学内的每一个学院都可被称为学院：文学院、商学院、教育学院。其次，综合大学总是设有多种学科的高级专业学院或研究院，比如医学院、法学院或其他高级专业学院等等。

Students in the United States must have a high school diploma or its equivalent, to enter one of the colleges in a university．Most students have completed regular high school programs．Some older students may have the same amount of education even though they have not completed high schoo1．These students have the equivalent of a high school degree．University students may study for an undergraduate degree in the arts or sciences．If they complete a course of study in the arts，they receive Bachelor of Arts degrees．In the sciences，they receive B．S．degree．Students may leave university at this time，or they may choose to go on for a graduate or professional degree．

在美国，学生要入综合性大学的学院学习，必须有高中毕业证或者具有同等学力。大部分学生都完成了正规的高中教育课程，一些年龄大的学生尽管没有完成正规的高中学习，但也接受了同等程度的教育。这些学生具有高中同等学力。大学学生可以通过学习获得理学或文学的本科学位。如果完成了文科的课程学习将获得文学学士学位，理科的学生将获得理学学士学位。大学毕业后，学生可以离开学校或选择继续攻读研究生学位或专业学位。

A university may get money for its expenses from several different sources．It may get some money from the state government．If so, it is a publicly funded university．It may get money only from private sources：contributions ,tuition(fee for teaching)，investments，and other sources．If this is the case．it is a privately funded university．Finally，a university may be funded by a religious group．

综合大学经费的资金来源可有以下几个方面。若是依靠政府提供资金，就是公办大学。也有的学校资金依靠私人来源：捐献、学费、投资及其他来源等等，这种类型的学校是私立大学另外一种类型的就是靠教会支持的大学。

A university program for undergraduates usually takes four years．In this way，a university and a college are alike．College students usually spend four years in school also．A college，however，usually has only one or two kinds of programs．A college does not have graduate or professional programs in a variety of areas．

综合性大学本科教育计划通常是四年。这一点和四年制学院相似。学院的学生通常也要在学校渡过四年的时间。但是四年制学院通常仅有一到两种类型的课程计划。学院在各种领域不设研究生或专业课程教育。

A college is also like a university in the kinds of students it has．College students，like university students，usually have a high school diploma when they enter college．If a college student completes a course of study in the arts，he or she receives a Bachelor of Arts degree．In the sciences，the students receive A Bachelor of Science degree．If college students want to continue for a

graduate or professional degree，they

must go to a university．

在学生类型上，四年制学院的和综合

性大学的差不多。同综合性大学的学

生一样，四年制学院的学生在入学时

通常都有高中毕业证。如果四年制学

院的学生完成了文科的课程学习，也

获得文学学士学位。理科的学生获得

理学学士学位。如果四年学院的学生

想继续攻读研究生学位或专业学位，

必须到综合性大学去。

The college is usually funded in one of

the three ways．It may be publicly or

privately funded．Or，it may be funded

by a religious group．

四年制学院经费来源通常也不外乎上

文所列的三种方式。可能是公立的也

可能是私立的，或者可能是教会资助

的。

Compared to universities and colleges，

community colleges in the United States

are quite different．The programs of

study in the community college usually

last only two years．Many different

subjects are taught in the community

college．but not all subjects．Not all of

the subjects are taught in the community

college．Not all of the subjects are the

usual school subjects．The community

college may give courses in dental(of the

teeth)technology，auto mechanics，

sewing。and many other nonacademic

subjects．The community college may

also have courses in the regular

academic subjects like science，math，

languages，literature，and other courses

in the humanities．

在美国，社区学院同综合性大学和四

年制学院相当不一样。社区学院一般

是两年制，并开设许多不同的课程有

些课程是平常学校所不开设的。社区

学院可能会开设牙科技术、汽车机械、

缝纫及其他一些非学术性课程等，也

开设一些常规的文化课程，比如像自

然科学、数学、语言课、文学及其他

一些人文学科等。

Many different types of students study at

community colleges．Not all students

have a high school diploma．Many

students are adults with children，and

sometimes with grandchildren，of their

own．The community college serves the

community，and anyone who lives

nearby may go．When community

college students complete a two-year

program，they receive an associate of

arts or associate of science degree．They

may then go to a college or university

for two more years to get the bachelor’s

degree．However，the student may get a

job instead，or just stop going to schoo1

社区学院内有各种类型的学生。有些

学生没有高中毕业。许多学生都是有

孩子的成年人，有时候有些学生都有

孙子了。社区学院为社区服务，住在

社区附近的任何人都可以入社区学院

上学。社区学院的学生完成两年制学

业后可以获得准文学学士学位或准理

学学士学位。然后他们可以到综合大

学或学院继续上两年以获得学士学

位。也可能就停止上学，开始工作了。

Community colleges are nearly always

publicly funded，by the state，country，

or city government．They are not usually

funded by religious groups．

社区学院几乎都是由州、县、或市政

府出资成立的。一般不由教会资助。

The community college gives training

for a variety of jobs，and also has all

academic program．The technical or

vocational school，however, has only job

training．Its programs may last a short

time or a long time．Some programs take

six months．while other programs may

take two years or more to complete．

社区学院为各种类型的工作提供培

训，同时也开设文化课程。但是职业

技术学校只进行工作培训，时间可能

短也可能长。有些培训期要要半年，

有些可能要两年甚至更长。

Students in the technical or vocational

school may have a high school diploma.

Many，however，do not have the

diploma．，Many people go to a technical

or vocational school instead of going to

high schoo1．When they complete their

training，they may be able to get a good

job right away．The technical or

vocational school provides training for

work in areas such as electronics，

carpentry，plumbing，and others．

有些职业技术学校的学生已经高中毕

业但是大部分没有高中毕业证。许多

人选择读职业技术学校而不是高中，

结束培训后可能会立即找到一份好工

作职业技术学校为一些工作领域提供

培训，比如电子、木工、水管装修等

等。

The technical or vocational school may

be funded in any of the ways already

described．It may be publicly or

privately funded，or it may be funded by

a religious group．Other sources of

money for this kind of school are trade

unions or charity organizations．

职业技术学校经费来源可能是上述资

助方式中的任何一种。它可能是公办

的也可能是私立的，或者可能是由教

会资助建立的。这类学校的其他资金

来源还有工会或慈善组织。

Students who have finished high school，

and even some who do not go to high

school may choose from these four kinds

of higher education in the United

States．High school students who want

further academic or professional training

may go to a college or

university．Students who want both

academic and nonacademic training may

go to the community college．Students

who want to get job may go to a

technical or vocational schoo1．Students

may choose the kind of higher education

that they like best．

在美国，高中毕业的学生甚至一些不

想上高中的学生可以从这四类高等教

育方式中选择一种。想进一步接受学

术或专业教育的高中学生可以上综合

性大学或四年制学院。学术和非学术

性的培养都想接受的学生可以上社区

大学。想早工作的学生可以上职业技

术学校。学生可以从中选择他们最喜

欢的高等教育方式。

Unit 7 Text A Christmas

圣诞节

Christmas is a religious holiday．It is

celebrated on December 25 as the

birthday of Christ．

圣诞节是个宗教节日，每年12月25

日基督生日，人们欢庆圣诞。

Most churches have Christmas Eve

services．The services usually begin just

before midnight on Christmas Eve and

end early Christmas morning．

大多数教堂都举办圣诞夜宗教仪式，

这些仪式一般从圣诞夜开始，一直持

续到圣诞节大清早。

It was not until the 4th century that the

church in Rome began to celebrate

Christmas．Midwinter festivals had

always been celebrated by many

peoples．The approach of the winter

time，as the days grew shorter and colder

and the sun seemed to threaten to

disappear entirely，was a time of

fear．But the shortest day also meant that

winter was leaving and that ahead were

spring，the warmth of the sun and the

return of vegetation to the fields．

直到公元4世纪，罗马教堂才开始庆

祝圣诞。（作为汉译英考过了）各族人

一直都在冬天欢庆节日。冬天是个让

人害怕的时节，天变短了，变冷了，

太阳好像有全部消失的危险。但白天

最短也意味着冬天即将离去，春天就

要来了，温暖的阳光，田野里植物返

青也不远了。

Christmas is a family holiday．Stores，

post offices，banks，and businesses close

for the day．Schools and colleges close

between Christmas and New Year’s

Day．People stay at home and spend the

time with their families．Everybody tries

to come home for Christmas．

圣诞节是个家庭节日。店铺、邮局、

银行、商行都要关门。中小学和大学

在圣诞和新年间放假一周。人们在家

里和家人团聚，每个人都努力赶回家

过圣诞。

People send cards or Christmas

greetings to their families and

friends．Some families send and get

dozens of Christmas cards through the

mail．They wish their friends“A Merry

Christmas’’and“A Happy New Year”．

人们给家人和朋友寄上贺卡，表达圣

诞的祝福。有些家庭要通过邮局寄送

和接收成打的贺卡，祝愿朋友“圣诞

快乐”、“新年快乐”。

The day before the vacation begins，

schools have Christmas parties and

programs．The children sing Christmas

songs and recite Christmas poems．They

trim their Christmas trees with strings of

colored lights．They put glass ornaments

on the trees．They throw little pieces of

white paper over the trees and put white

paper or a white sheet around the feet of

the trees，so that they seem to be covered

with snow．Sometimes they hang

Christmas cookies and little candies

around them．

放假的前一天，学校要举行圣诞聚会，

表演节目。孩子们唱圣诞歌曲，朗诵

圣诞诗篇，用一串串的彩灯装饰圣诞

树。他们把玻璃装饰品挂在树上，把

白纸片撒在树上和周围，用白纸包住

圣诞树的底部，仿佛白雪皑皑。有时，

他们也挂上圣诞点心和糖块。

The use of mistletoe as part of Christmas

decorations in private houses is common

in the United States．A spring is fastened

to a chandelier in the living room and

the youths regard it as their privilege to

kiss any pretty young girl who wittingly

or unwittingly stands under it．Kissing

under the mistletoe originated in Britain

in the early 17th century．The custom

was for a berry to be removed from the

bough[报] every time a girl was kissed

under it．When all the berries had been

removed the kissing came to an end．

美国家庭普遍用榭寄生作为圣诞节装

饰的一部分。把一个弹簧系在起居室

的枝形吊灯上，小伙子们把亲吻有意

无意地站在树下的漂亮姑娘看做他们

的特权。这一风俗源于17世纪的英国，

最初是这样的：每当树下一个姑娘被

亲吻时，人们就会从圣诞树枝上拿走

一个浆果，浆果拿没了，亲吻活动也

就结束了。

Little children hang up their stockings

on Christmas Eve near their beds，and

they believe that when they are asleep，

Santa Claus will come to visit them．He

comes down from the North Pole and

drives a big sled．In the sled are toys for

all the good children．Eight little

reindeer pull the sled there through the

air．Santa gets out when he comes to the

roof of the children’s house．He comes

down the chimney with a bag of toys．If

the children have been good, he will fill

their stockings with candies, fruits and

toys，and he also puts some toys under

the tree．

小孩在圣诞夜把长筒袜挂在床边，他

们相信睡着的时候，圣诞老人就会来

看他们。圣诞老人驾着大雪橇从北极

来，雪橇上放着给好孩子准备的礼物。

八头小驯鹿在空中拉着雪橇，到孩子

家房顶时，圣诞老人走下雪橇，背着

大口袋，顺着烟囱到屋里。要是孩子

表现好的话；他就会用点心、水果、

玩具塞满长筒袜, 树下，圣诞老人也放

些玩具。

On Christmas morning，children look

into their stockings．They open their

Christmas packages and examine their

gifts．Usually the whole family has a big

Christmas dinner in the afternoon or

evening．The Christmas dinner，which is

similar to the Thanksgiving feast，is

traditionally distinguished by a plum

—Pudding dessert．

圣诞节清早，孩子们看各自的长筒袜

内有什么，他们打开圣诞包，．看收到

了什么礼物。一般来说，在下午或晚

上，整个家庭要好好地吃顿圣诞家宴。

这顿家宴和感恩节的宴席差不多，传

统的特色是要有葡萄干、布丁甜食。

Sometimes American families trim trees

outside their homes．They put electric

lights in a tree growing near the door

and at night，they turn on the lights.

Many towns have very large Christmas

trees set up outdoors in the parks．

有些美国家庭也要修剪装饰户外周围

的树，在门口的树上挂起电灯，晚上

打开电灯。许多城镇在公园内的露天

场地上都竖起很大的圣诞树。

In many rural sections of the country

and in sections of some cities，candles，

placed near the windows，light the

paths of singers who go from house to

house singing．

在一些乡间和城市的地方，人们把蜡

烛放在窗口，为挨家挨户唱圣诞歌曲

的歌手照明道路。

The air is filled with Christmas songs，

and the stores are decorated in red and

green，the traditional Christmas

colors ．Dozens of Santa Clauses

welcome the customers．

空气中弥漫着圣诞的歌声，商店也装

饰得红红绿绿——这是圣诞的传统颜

色。许多圣诞老人招呼着顾客。

The common people have created

legends of Santa Claus as a symbol of

their deep love for children．However，

the businessmen and the advertising

companies on the main roads have

turned Santa Claus into a cold

commercial attraction．

普通群众创造了关于圣诞老人的各种

传说，以表达对孩子深深的爱意。主

要街道两旁的商人和广告公司则把圣

诞老人当作了冰冷的商业诱惑。

Christmas is the biggest time for selling

goods and American newspapers and

magazines make a countdown before

Christmas：“Twenty—one shopping

days before Christmas，twenty days

before Christmas．．．”．“Employ your

time, for time glides on with speedy

foot．”

圣诞节是最繁忙的销售季节，美国各

报纸杂志在圣诞节前纷纷打出倒计时

牌，“距圣诞节还有21天购物时间”，

“距圣诞节还有20天购物时间”，“抓

紧时间购物，时间转瞬即逝”。

Text B Thanksgiving Day 感恩

节

Thanksgiving Day comes on the fourth

Thursday in November．Every year，the

president writes a letter to the people．He

writes that the fourth Thursday in

November will be a national holiday．All

the stores．banks，schools and offices

close。The people can spend

Thanksgiving Day with their families．

感恩节是11月的第四个周四。每年，

美国总统都要给美国人民一封信，信

中说，11月的第四个周四是全国性的

节日。这一天，所有商店、银行、办

公场所都不上班。人们同家人欢庆感

恩节。

When the Pilgrims landed in 1620 near

Cape Cod，Massachusetts．their first year

was very hard．The winter was much

colder than they were used to and many

people died．Fortunately，the Indians

were friendly to them．They showed

them how to plant corn and helped them

with fishing and trapping．

1620年，英国首批清教徒在马萨诸塞

的科德角附近登陆。他们在美洲的第

一年非常艰难，冬天很冷，他们不习

惯，许多人死了幸运的是，当地印地

安人对他们很友好，教给他们怎样种

玉米，帮他们打猎、捕鱼。

Conditions began to improve in the

spring of 1621．The Pilgrims planted a

large crop and in the fall，they had a

good harvest．Besides, there were a lot

of wild vegetables and fruits．Fish and

game were plentiful．Therefore，they

were able to get enough fresh meat

despite their lack of skill or experience

in hunting and fishing．Their health

improved with the warm weather and

their better diet．

1621年春天，情况有了好转，清教徒

们种了很多庄稼，秋天获得了大丰收。

除此之外，当地野菜、野果很多，鱼

和猎物也应有尽有。虽然他们打鱼、

狩猎的技能和经验并不多，但也能够

吃上足够的鲜肉。随着天气变暖，食

物增多，他们的健康状况也有了好转。

In the fall，they looked over the past year

and were both regretful and

thankful．Only fifty of the original one

hundred passengers remained．The price

in human lives and the tragedy had been

great．0n the other hand，they saw new

hope for the future．They were happy

and thankful．They knew they had

enough food for the second winter with

the splendid harvest．They had eleven

crude houses for protection against the

severe winter．Seven were for families，

and four for communal use．The

Pilgrims wanted to celebrate the end of

their first year in their new home with a

real holiday．Governor Bradford decided

on December13，1621，as the day of

giving thanks to God．

秋天时回想过去的一年，这些清教徒

们既感到遗憾，又充满感激。最初的

一百人仅活下来一半，生命和所遭受

痛苦的代价十分巨大。另一方面，他

们看到了未来的希望，既感到高兴，

又充满感激。他们知道获得了丰收，

第二个冬天的食物已经足够了。他们

建了十一座抵御严寒的简陋房屋，七

个供家庭用，四个公用。他们想在年

底好好庆祝一下在新房子里度过的第

一年。布拉德福总督决定在1621年12

月13日庆祝，表示对上帝的感谢。

The Pilgrims fired a gun at dawn on that

first Thanksgiving．Afterwards they

moved to the meeting—house in a

procession and had a church service of

thanksgiving．After that，they set long

tables outdoors．A great feast and three

days of celebration began．They invited

their Indian friends, who brought with

them deer meat，pop-corn，turkeys，

many kinds of vegetables，and especially

pumpkins，which are today both food

and decoration for almost every

Thanksgiving table．

第一个感恩节早上破晓时，清教徒们

鸣枪表示对上帝的敬意，然后排成一

队走进公用房屋，举行感恩节宗教仪

式。宗教仪式之后，他们在户外摆上

长桌，盛宴开始了，欢庆持续了三天。

他们邀请了印地安朋友参加。印地安

朋友带来了鹿肉、爆米花、火鸡、许

多种蔬菜，还有南瓜。如今，几乎在

每一个感恩节的餐桌上，南瓜既是食

品，又是装饰。

On the whole，it was a wonderful

holiday for the Pilgrims after their

winter of starvation and

tragedy．However，they paid for this

luxury during the following

winter．There was little food for anyone，

and they did not have a Thanksgiving

feast until the next fall．

总的来说，经过了一个冬天的饥荒和

不幸，清教徒们这个节日过得很愉快。

不过，下一年冬天，他们的“奢华”

遭到了报应。他们没有吃的，直到又

一年的秋天，才欢庆了第二个感恩节。

In the following decades，Thanksgiving

Days were frequently held，sometimes a

year，sometimes every other year,

depending on the circumstances．

以后的数十年间，人们经常过感恩节，

根据不同的情况，有时一年两次，有

时两年一次。

President George Washington

proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day in1789

as an expression of gratitude for the

establishment of the new government.

Other presidents proclaimed such days

for various reasons.

乔治?华盛顿总统1789年宣布庆祝感

5

恩节以表示对新政府成立的感谢。后来的总统也因各种原因宣布欢庆感恩节。

On October 3，1863，it was proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln as a national holiday to be observed on the last Thursday in November. At that time，the country was in the middle of a bitter civil war．The states were under no obligation to accept the proclamation，but many of them cooperated．Each president since Lincoln has proclaimed a Thanksgiving Day for the nation as a whole．In 1939 President F．D．Roosevelt moved the day to the third Thursday in November to stimulate (刺激)business activities by separating it more widely from Christmas．In 1941 he moved it forward again to the fourth Thursday and conceded that there had been no rise in holiday buying．

1863年10月3日，亚不拉罕.林肯总统宣布11月的第四个周四全国欢庆感恩节。那时，美国正处在残酷的内战当中，虽然各州在法律上没有义务执行这一声明，但大多数州都照办了。自林肯以后的每位总统都宣布感恩节是全国性的节日。1939年，罗斯福总统把感恩节移到了11月的第三个周四，以与圣诞节的间隔拉长，促进商业活跃。1941年，他又把感恩节移回11月的第四个周四，承认感恩节前移没有带来假日购物的增长。Thanksgiving has hardly changed at all since 1621 in its intention and manner of celebration．Thanksgiving is a family holiday，for it is customary(习惯的)for all members of the family to gather at the home of the father and mother. All over the country，husbands and wives,sons and daughters, grandchildren and great—grandchildren travel from city to town ，from town to village，or from village to farm to spend the day at their old homes. Many speak to their parents or grandchildren by 1ong distance telephone．

自1621年，感恩节几乎没有改变它的初衷和庆祝方式。感恩节是一个家庭节日，家庭的所有成员都习惯这天聚在父母家中。全国上下，夫妻、子女、曾孙、玄孙从城市赶到乡镇、从乡镇赶到村庄、从村庄赶到农场在老家一起度过这一天。许多人通过长途电话同父母、孙子、孙女通话，祝他们节日快乐。

The family eats a large traditional dinner which is practically the same all over the country，no matter whether it is in the South or North．The table is always loaded with many different kinds of delicious food Naturally，the main course is the turkey．Pumpkin pie is often served in remembrance of the Indians’gift to the first settlers．In most homes ,there are traditional games after dinner．Many people go to football games. The churches hold Thanksgiving services．Thanksgiving is a chance to renew friendship．Above all，Thanksgiving Day is a time for remembrance and for giving thanks．

不管在南方还是在北方，全家人都要吃一顿传统的各地大致一样的感恩节晚餐。餐桌上有各种佳肴，当然，主菜是火鸡，也经常吃南瓜饼，以纪念印地安人最初的帮助。大部分家庭晚饭以后，会有传统的游戏。许多人去看足球比赛，教堂里举行感恩节宗教仪式。感恩节是一个加强友情的好机会。总之，感恩节是纪念和感谢的日

子。

Unit 8Text A How to Give a Good Speech 怎样做好演讲

We are all called upon to make a speech at some point in life，but most of us do not do a very good job．This article gives some suggestions on how to give a good speech．

生活中我们都会有被邀请就某一问题做演讲的时候，但是大多数人都做得不很好。这篇文章就如何才能做好演讲提出了一些建议。

So，you have to give a speech——and you are afraid．You get nervous，you forget what you want to say，you stumble over words，you talk too long，and you bore your audience．Later you think. “Thank goodness，it's over．I’m just no good at public speaking．I hope．I never have to do that again．”

好吧，你不得不做一次演讲。但你怕，你紧张，你忘记了想说的话，你结结巴巴地讲话，你讲话的时间过长，你使听众厌烦。讲完后你会这样想“谢天谢地，总算讲完了。我就是不善于在公众面前讲话。我希望我再也不要干这种事了。”

Cheer up! It doesn’t have to be that bad! Here are some simple steps to take a pain out of speech-making．First of all，it is important to plan．Do your homework．Find out everything you can about your subject．And，at the same time，find out as much as you can about your audience．．Who are they ? What

do they know about your subject ? Do

they have a common interest? Why are

they coming to hear you speak? Put

yourself in their shoes as you prepare

your speech．

别泄气演讲并不一定就那么令人不愉

快。下面向你介绍一些解除演讲痛苦

的几个简单步骤。首先，重要的是要

拟个计划，作好准备，找到与你演讲

题目有关的一些材料。与此同时，要

尽可能多地了解你的听众。他们是谁?

他们对你讲的主题有何了解? 他们是

否有共同的兴趣? 他们为什么来听你

的演讲? 在你准备演讲时，要设身处地

为他们着想。

Ask yourself the purpose of your

speech．What is the occasion? Why are

you speaking? Are you introducing

another speaker? Moderating a

discussion ? Giving a lecture?

Convincing someone ? There are many

possible speaking roles , and each one

has its own special characteristics．Make

sure you know into which category you

fit．Don’t spoil your speech by

confusing one speaking role with

another．

你要问问自己，你演讲的目的是什么?

是在什么场合?你为什么要演讲? 你是

在介绍另一位演讲的人，调解一次讨

论，还是在讲课，还是在劝说某人? 讲

话人的角色可以有许许多多，而且彼

此各有自己的特点。你一定要搞清楚

自己属于哪一类。不要把一种讲话的

角色和另一种角色弄混而使自己的演

讲砸锅。

Let us suppose that you have been asked

to introduce the main speaker at a

meeting．First，find out the most

important and interesting things about

the speaker．Then, summarize this

information in a few words．It is all right

to tell a joke if it is in good taste and will

not embarrass the speaker．And，most

important,be brief．Remember，you are

not the main speaker；you are

introducing the main speaker．

让我们假设，你要在会上介绍一位主

讲人。首先就要了解清楚一些有关讲

演者最重要和最有意思的事情。然后，

用几句话把这些加以概括。如果格调

高雅并且不使讲演者难堪，讲几句笑

话也是可以的。最重要的是简短。记

住，你不是主讲人，而是在介绍主讲

人

If you are a moderator，you should

begin by giving a quick introduction of

the people on the panel．After that，you

should try to keep the discussion running

smoothly，and you should try to focus

on the connections between the

speakers．Keep yourself in the

background．Don’t talk too much，and

don’t cut in．Be skillful and

considerate．

假如你是一个主持人，你应该先简短

介绍在座的人员。之后，你应该保持

讨论的顺利进行，重点放在演讲人之

间的内容衔接上面。你要站在暗处，

不要说太多，也不要插话。还要有技

巧，考虑要周到。

If you are giving a lecture or explaining

an idea，gather as many facts as you

can on your subject．Spend plenty of

time doing your research．Then spend

plenty of time organizing your material

so that your speech is clear and easy to

follow．Use as many examples as

possible，and use pictures, charts or

graphs if they will help you make your

points more clearly．Never forget your

audience．Don’t talk over their heads，

and don’t talk down to them．Treat your

audience with respect．They will

appreciate your thoughtfulness．

假如你在上课或在解释一个概念，你

要收集有关这一主题的材料，越多越

好。你要花大量时间进行研究。然后

花大量的时间组织材料，以使你的演

讲清楚和易于理解。如果例子和图表

有助于你更清楚地阐明你的观点的

话、就尽可能多地采用。永远也不要

忘记你的听众，不要讲得太深，也不

要讲得太浅，要尊重你的听众。他们

对你周到细心的准备是会非常欣赏

的。

If you are trying to sell something，you

will need to convince your audience．Do

you want them to vote for Candidate A?

Are you offering them a new improved

tooth brush ? This kind of speech is

usually dramatic，but here too，you

must do your research and know your

facts．

如果你在设法进行销售，你就需要使

你的听众信服。你想要他们投票支持

候选人甲吗? 你是向他们推销一种改

进型新牙刷吗? 这种讲话通常是很生

动有趣的，但是在这里也是一样，你

也必须作一些研究，要熟悉你要讲到

的一些事实。

When you are making your speech，try

to relax．Speak slowly and clearly and

look at people in your audience．Use

simple vocabulary and expressions

whenever possible．Stop for a few

seconds now and then to give your

audience a chance to think about what

you have said．Make sure that everyone

in the room can hear you．If it is a large

room or an auditorium，you will

probably have to use a microphone．

演讲时，要极力放松。讲话要慢、清

楚，眼睛看着你的听众。只要有可能

就要用简单的词汇和表达方式。不时

地停下几秒钟，让你的听众有机会想

想你所讲过的东西。要确保屋子里的

每一个人都听到你的讲话。如果是个

大屋子，你或许应当用扩音器。

Just remember：be prepared．Know your

subject, your audience,and the

occasion．Be brief．Say what you have

to say and then stop．Let your

personality come through so that you

make person-to-person contact with your

audience．

记住：要有准备。要了解你讲演的主

题，你的听众和场合。要简短。说你

必须说的，然后就结束。让你的个性

显示出来，这样你就能和听众交心。

If you follow these simple steps，you’

11 see that you don’t have to be afraid

of public speaking．In fact，you may

find the experience so enjoyable that you

ask to make more speeches! You’re not

convinced yet? Give it a try and see

what happens．

如果你遵守这些简单的步骤，你就明

白没有必要害怕在公众面前讲演。实

际上，你会感到这种经历是饶有兴味

的，你会想要再做更多的演讲。现在

你还不相信?请试一试，看情况会如何。

Text B The Mystery of Speaking

Effectively 有效讲话的奥秘

Why is that some people have a

seemingly natural ability to get attention

and respect when they speak ? What is it

that makes others listen and pay

attention to their words? It isn’t

necessarily a question of status, or the

content of what they say．Such people

often don’t speak“Oxford’’English，

express themselves using perfect

grammatical constructions, or even use

appropriate words．What they do have is

resonance．Such people tend to have

beautiful，rich voices and to use the

lower end of their voice range. Observe

and listen to others．People who speak

quickly and breathily in a high—pitched

voice do not appear as assertive as those

who speak more slowly using deeper

voice tones．The lower pitch conveys

control and confidence．

为何某些人在讲演时似乎能够自然而

然地吸引听众的注意力并赢得足够的

尊重呢? 哪些因素有助于听众倾听并

留意讲演内容呢? 这并非取决于演讲

者的身份或演讲内容。这些人通常并

未使用“牛津”英语，亦未通过完美

的语法结构进行自我表述，措辞决不

是完美无缺，但他们能够引起听众的

共鸣。这些人往往具有优美流畅、丰

富多彩的语音，并能够有效运用语音

幅度中的低音部分。观察和倾听他人

的说话，那些语速较快、呼吸急促、

音调较高的人似乎不如那些语速较

慢、音调低沉的人更富有自信力。音

调低沉说明具有一定的控制力和足够

的自信心。

It would be ridiculous to suggest that

from now on you self-consciously lower

the tone of your voice when you speak,

but you can begin to achieve greater

resonance by practicing the way you

breathe．Try this . Stand in front of a

mirror breathing naturally．Now draw a

deep breath. Does your chest expand ?

Do your shoulders rise? I think so．You

are breathing“high”，using your rib

rather than your abdominal muscles. Try

again，this time putting your hands

across your stomach. When you breathe

in, consciously keep your shoulders

lowered and fill your lungs from the

abdomen—you will feel your stomach

expanding. If you practice abdominal

breathing，you will be utilizing all，not

just the top，of your lungs. which in

itself must be beneficial．You will also

be engaging your diaphragm more，and

this in turn will the lower end of your

voice range and add resonance to your

voice，conveying more authority.

如果我们建议大家从现在开始，在今

后的生活中讲话时有意识地降低音

调，那样似乎太荒谬了。但您可以开

始通过演练自己的呼吸方式来加强语

音的共鸣感不妨尝试一下，站在一面

镜子前自然地进行呼吸。现在，深呼

吸一口气，您的胸腔是否有所扩张? 肩

膀是否有所提升?我认为一定会的，因

为您正在运用肋间肌，而非腹肌进行

深呼吸。请再试一次，这次将双手交

叉放在胃部。当您吸气时，有意识地

降低自己的双肩，并使空气从腹部进

入肺，这时您一定会感觉到胃部正在

扩张。如果您练习用腹肌进行呼吸，

您将运用整个肺部，而不仅仅是肺的

顶端，这样一定大有裨益。您还可以

更多地运用膈膜，这样将更加有助于

语音幅度中的低音，并增加语音的响

亮度，进而增强说服力。

Words delivered in a monotone soon

become just that’monotonous! Your

delivery will need light and shade if you

want to keep the attention of your

listener．Assertive delivery requires

smooth-flowing,resonant inflection；

the voice will be relaxed with enough

volume to be heard distinctly without

being overpowering.

采用单调、乏味的语音进行讲话，很

快就会令人厌倦。如果希望吸引听众

的注意力，您的演讲风格中将需要加

入一定的抑扬顿挫。自信型的演讲要

求流畅自然、声音洪亮且富于变化，

语音自然且音量适中,以便听者可以比

较轻松地听清您讲话的内容。

However，there are some occasions

when assertive behavior requires a little

more power than generally

recommended for everyday

conversations．If you were to see a small

child about to put her hand into an

activated food-processor，it would be

inappropriate to say，in a low-pitched，

relaxed way，“I’d prefer you not to put

your hand into that food-processor．”

Assertive，yes；practical，no!

Obviously，there are occasions—when

someone’s personal safety is at risk，for

instance—when more force of delivery

is required．

不过，有时自信型的行为模式需要比

日常对话具有更大的影响力。若看到

一名儿童正在将手放入一台正在运转

的食品加工机中，您就不应采用一种

低沉、自然的口气对她说：“我希望你

不要把手放入食品加工机中。”这种

方式属于自信型吗?属于!实用吗?不实

用! 显然，当他人面临一定的危险时，

您的讲话方式应更加坚定有力。

The content of the communication

doesn’t have to become

aggressive.however．In the above

example，a loud，sharp“NO”to stop the

action immediately and demand

attention．followed by a forceful

explanation of why that was a dangerous

thing to do，would be an appropriate

response，whereas“Stop ! Don’t do

that you stupid child!”would be an

inappropriate (though human and

understandable)one．The whole child is

labeled as“stupid”rather than the action

itself being criticized．Appropriate

volume and intonation without

aggressive tones will give the other

person the message that you mean

business

不过，讲话内容本身未必要带有一定

的攻击性。在上述例子中，合理的做

法应该是通过大声、尖利地说“不”，

来及时劝阻这个儿童的危险行为并引

起他的注意。随后有力地说明那样做

为何十分危险。然而，“停下，你这傻

孩子，不要这样做!”却是一种不当的

方式(尽管较人道并且可以理解)。因为

这样做是在批评这个儿童是“傻孩

子”，而不是批评行动本身。是认真的，

谈正事的. 适当的、不带攻击性和诋

毁性的语音语调将能够促使对方意识

到你这样做是“对事不对人!”

Another common failing is that when we

are tense，overworked or just irritable，

we often respond with a force totally

inappropriate to the situation．

另一个常见的误区是我们处于紧张状

态、劳累过度或明显急躁时，往往会

采用一种根本不适合当时具体情况

的、比较烦躁的答复方式。

To give an example：you are reading an

interesting article in the Sunday papers.

Your partner is reading the supplement

and constantly interrupts，reading aloud

witty bits and snippets．It’s breaking

your concentration and making you

disturbed．

You say nothing，but when she then

asks something which requires a

response，like“Do you want a coffee?”

you respond“No，I don’t；we only had

one half an hour ago．Why are you so

talkative ! ”

比如您正阅读《星期日时报》刊登的

一篇有趣的文章中，你的配偶正在阅

读副刊并频繁地打搅您，大声地阅读

着幽默短讯和新闻片段，不断干扰您

的注意力并让您心烦意乱。您没说什

么，但是当她向您提起了某个问题并

要求您回答时，如“你想喝杯咖啡吗?”

您回答到：“不，不想喝!我们半小时之

前刚喝过。你可真算得上是喋喋不休!”

The intensity of the response reflects

your annoyance at the previous

interruptions and is certainly unfair，and

totally inappropriate to the situation. (It

might also reflect irritation at your own

lack of assertion when earlier you should

have said something like，“Can you

read that to me 1ater ?This article is a bit

complex and I need to concentrate．”)

这种严厉的答复方式表明您对配偶先

前频繁打断自己的思路感到愤慨，当

然，这样做对于对方而言显然是不公

平的，而且完全不符和当时的实情。

这或许也反映出您因缺乏自信而显出

气愤，您早该说：你能否稍后再读给

我听?这篇文章比较复杂，我需要全神

贯注地阅读。

There are occasions in everyone’s life，

social and business，when the skill of

using appropriate volume and force

needs to be practiced．For

example ,when you have given an

assertive request in clear，level tones and

that request is ignored，you have two

choices：give up the fight and put up

with the situation as it is，or make your

request again，this time with a little

more force．If you take the latter course，

you could either change the way of your

request，making it a directive which

will give the message more“punch" and

／or increase volume，altering

intonation to match the emotion behind

the delivery．If you are interested in

this，you can have a try．

在日常生活、社交及工作中，有时我

们需要妥善地运用适度的音量和影响

力的技能。比如当您用一种明确的平

声调，满怀信心地提出某种要求时，

而他人根本没有理睬您的要求，这时

您有以下两种选择：放弃争论，听之

任之；再次提出这一要求，这次需要

加强一定的分量。若采用后一种选择，

您或者可以通过改变方式来重新提出

要求，使之更加具有命令性，从而强

调信息的重要性；或提高音量，改变

音调，以便符合演讲背后的情感要求。

若对此感兴趣，您不妨一试。

Unit9 Text A The Web Lifestyle

网络生活方式

Today in the United States，there are

over 22 million adults using the Web，

about half of whom access the Internet

at least once a day．Meanwhile，the

variety of activities on the Web is

broadening at an amazing rate．There is

almost no topic about which you cannot

find fairly interesting material on the

Web．Many of these sites are getting

excellent traffic flow．Want to buy a dog?

Or sell a share? Or order a car? Use the

Internet．

当今美国有2200万个成年人在使用网

络，他们中大约半数人要每天至少上

互联网一次。同时，网上活动方式正

以惊人的速度变得更加多样化。任何

一个主题你都能在网上找到与之有关

的非常有趣的材料。许多网站正变成

极好的商业交易渠道。想买狗吗?或者

卖股份?或者定购一辆汽车?那就用网

络吧。

Where are we going to get the time to

live with the Web ? In some instances，

people will actually save time because

the Web will make doing things more

efficient than in the past，being able to

get information about a major purchase，

for example，or finding out how much

your used car is worth，or what your

cheapest way of getting to Florida

is．That is easy to find on the Web，even

today．In other instances，people will

trade the time they now spend reading

the paper，or watching television，for

information or entertainment they will

find on the computer

screen．Americans，particularly young

ones，will spend less time in front of a

television，more on the Web．

我们哪有时间消磨在网络上?一些实例

表明应用网络能更节约时间，因为网

络能使我们更有效率地处理一些事

情，能搜索到某一重要购买品的信息，

例如帮你判定你那辆旧车的价钱，或

者去佛罗里达州的最便宜的方法。即

使是现在，这些都很容易在网上找到

答案。其他情况，人们会把现在花费

在读报、看电视等获得信息或消遣的

时间转用到电脑屏幕前来。美国人特

别是年轻人花费在网络上的时间将比

花费在电视上的时间多。

One great benefit of the Web is that it

allows us to move information online

that now resides in paper form．Several

states in America are using the Web in a

profound way．You can apply for various

permits or submit applications for

business licenses．Some states are

putting up listings of jobs——not just

state government jobs，but all the jobs

available in the state．I believe，over

time，that all the information that

governments print，and all those paper

forms they now have，will be moved on

to the Internet．

网络的一大好处在于我们可以在线移

动这些现在存在于纸上的资料。美国

有几个州的网络运用的范围很广。你

可以在网上申请各种形式的许可证或

提交营业执照申请书。一些州在网上

张贴工作职位列表——不仅仅有本州

政府提供的工作，而且有本州所有可

供选择的工作。我相信随着时间的变

化，现在政府印刷出版的资料，以及

所有以纸张形式存在的资料都将会被

6

转移到互联网上。

Electronic commerce notches up month by month，too．It is difficult to measure，because a lot of electronic commerce involves existing buyers and sellers who are simply moving paper-based transactions to the Web．That is not new business．Microsoft，for example，purchases millions of dollars of personal computers(PC)online instead of by paper．However，that is not a fundamental change；it has just improved the efficiency of an existing process．The biggest impact has occurred where electronic commerce matches buyers and sellers who would not previously have found each other．When you go to a book site and find an obscure book that you never would have found in a physical bookstore，that is a new type of commerce．

电子商务每月也在扩展。很难数清有多少，因为许多电子商务涉及到现存的买卖双方仅仅是(单纯地)把纸上交易转为网上。这不是新的商业形式。例如微软公司就是通过网络而不是纸上形式收购了数百万美元的液晶显示器。但是这不是根本性的变化，因为它仅仅提高了现存交易过程的效率，而电子商务最大的影响在于它使先前素不相识的买卖双方联系在一起。你进入某个网上书店并发现一本你在普通书店不容易找到的书，这是一种新型的商业。

Today, about half of all PCs are still not connected to the Web．Getting communications cost down and making all the software simple will bring in those people．And that，in turn，will move us closer to the critical mass that will make the Web lifestyle everyone’s lifestyle．One element people underestimate is the degree to which the hardware and software will improve．Just take one aspect：screen technology．I do my e-mail on a 20-inch liquid crystal display(LCD)monitor．It is not available at a reasonable price yet，but in two years it will be．In ten years，a 40-inch LCD with much higher resolution will be commonplace．

目前大约有半数的私人电脑还没有上网。降低信息费并简化软件将吸引这部分人。这样就能逐级接近使网络生活方式成为每个人的一种生活方式这一重要阶段。人们往往低估硬件和软件发展程度这一因素。仅仅举一个例子：显示器技术。我在20英寸的液晶显示器上发电子邮件，现在该显示器价格仍然不菲，但是不出两年就会便宜下来。不出10年，可能40英寸的高清晰度的液晶显示器就会很平常了。

The boundary between a television set an a PC will be blurred because even the set-top box that you connect up to your cable or satellite will have a processor more powerful than what we have today in the most expensive PC．This will，in effect，make your television a computer．电视与电脑之间的界限将会变得模糊起来，因为连接有线或卫星的顶置式电视机将来会安装上一个处理器，它的功能会比我们现在最昂贵的电脑还要强大。这实际上将使我们的电视成为电脑。

Interaction with the Web will also improve，making it much easier for people to be involved．Today the keywords we use to search the Web often return to too many articles to sort through，many of them out of context．If you want to learn about the fastest computer chip available，you might end up getting responses instead about potato chips being delivered in fast trucks．In the future，we shall be either speaking or typing sentences into the computers. If you ask about the speed of chips，the result will be about computers．not potatoes．Speech recognition also means that you will be able to call in on a phone and ask if you have any new messages，or check on a flight，or check on the weather．

网络与人之间的相互作用会日益加强，会更便于人们操作。现在我们在网上搜索关键词常常会得到太多的文章以至于我们无法从中归类选择，其中许多是脱离背景毫不相干的。比如你想了解目前运转速度最快的电脑芯片(computer chip)速度是多少，你得到的答案可能是关于快运货车运送薯片(potato chips)的速度。但是将来我们可以通过语音或手动输入句子到电脑。如果你再问“speed of chips”，答案会是关于电脑的而不再是关于马铃薯片的。语音识别系统意味着你可以通过电话输入询问最新消息或检查航班或天气。

To predict that it will take over ten years for these changes to happen is probably pessimistic．We usually overestimate what we do in two years and underestimate what we can do in

ten．The Web will be as much a way of

life as the car by 2008．Perhaps before．

估计实现这些变化需要10年时间的话

可能太悲观了。我们通常过高地估计

了我们两年内要实现的目标，但对于

10年目标又往往估计得过低。到2008

年甚至更早一些，网络可能就像汽车

一样成为我们的一种生活方式。

Text B What Are Computers 计算

机是什么

Since their first appearance on earth，

men have gathered information and have

attempted to pass useful ideas to

others．The carvings of word-pictures on

the walls of ancient caves as well as

symbols on stone tablets represent some

of man’s earliest efforts to convey

information．Scenes of hunting，maps of

battles，and stories of heroes were put

down for all to see．

自从人在地球上出现以来，就着手收

集信息并设法将有用的想法传达给其

他人。石碑上及古代岩洞壁上刻的图

形文字和符号，都体现出人类早期传

递信息所做的努力。这些狩猎场面、

战斗地图和英雄故事被“记录”下来，

供大家观看。

But as civilizations grew more complex，

better methods of communication were

needed．The written word，the carrier

pigeon，the telegraph，and many other

devices carried ideas faster and faster

from person to person．In recent years

one type of machine，the electronic

computer，has become increasingly

important in the lives of all people in the

industrialized nations of the

world．Computers are now widely used

aids for communication，calculation，and

other activities．Their effect becomes

more important every day．

但是，社会文明日趋复杂，人们需要

有更好的通讯方法。文字、信鸽、电

报和其他许多手段使人们之间传递消

息越来越快。近年来，一种被称为“电

子计算机”的机器，在世界各工业国

家人们的生活中已变得愈来愈重要。

计算机已经成为通讯、计算及其他活

动中广泛使用的辅助工具，其作用日

益重要。

Man has always been interested in

extending the range of his senses and the

power of his mind．Through the years，

he has invented many instruments to

help him see better and understand

more．He invented the telescope．for

example，to be able to look at faraway

objects．To see the very small things in

the world．he developed the

microscope．Radios，telephones ,and

telegraphs are means by which man has

extended the range of his senses of

hearing and speech．

人类一向希望扩大自己的感官和智力

的范围。多年来，人类发明了许多仪

器以便能够看得更清，懂得更多。例

如，为了能够观察远处的事物，人类

发明了望远镜；为了观察世界上非常

细小的东西，研制了显微镜。无线电、

电话及电报都是人类赖以扩大自己的

听觉和说话功能范围的手段。

While developing his power of thought，

man first began to identify and count

objects．He began to ask the questions

“What is it?”and“How many?‘It was

a long time ago that this numbering and

comparing of things began．Early man

used his fingers and his toes as the first

counting aid．Perhaps each of his fingers

and toes represented one of the animals

he owned，the measures of grain he had

stored，and the piles of firewood he

needed each day．Whatever it was that

early man counted．he soon needed

something more than his fingers and toes

to keep adequate records．We know，for

example，that in early times shepherds

cut notches in their staffs as they led

their flocks to pasture．Each notch

probably represented one sheep．Regular

checks showed when a ewe was left

behind or when a new lamb was born．

在发展思维能力的同时，人类首先开

始学习识别和点数物件，并且开始问：

“这是什么?”“有多少?”等。这种将

物体进行编号和比较的方法在很久之

前就开始了。早期的人类最初利用手

指和脚趾作为点数辅助工具。也许他

的每个手指和脚趾代表他拥有的一头

牲畜，是其谷物储藏量的计量单位，

表示他每天所需的木柴堆数。不管早

期人类所点数的是什么，很快他们就

需要比手指和脚趾更有效的工具，以

便记录做得更详尽。例如，我们知道

古时候牧羊人把羊群赶往牧场的时

候，会在牧杖上刻V形凹痕，每个刻

痕就可能代表一只羊。定期检查，他

们就可以了解一只母羊什么时候掉队

的，一只羊羔是什么时候出生的。

Using a different method，a farmer

might have had a pile of stones in front

of his granary representing the amount

of grain stored．More stones were added

as more wheat was brought from the

fields at harvest time．When craftsmen

exchanged cloth or pots for the grain，

stones were taken away from the

pile．The farmer then had a continuous

record of the grain stored．

另外一种不同的方法是，农夫可能在

谷仓前堆放一堆石块，以代表其贮藏

谷物的数量。收获季节从田野里新收

获了小麦，就在石堆上加几块石头。

当手艺．匠用布匹和陶罐来交换谷物

时，农夫就从石堆上取掉几块石头。

这样农夫对自己贮藏的谷物就有一个

持续不断的记录。

As times changed and the number of

people increased，potters and weavers

moved into cities and lived away from

farmers in villages．The exchange of

goods had to be done through a third

person，the merchant．Coins came into

use，and records of exchanges were

needed．Sailors boldly moving into

unknown waters needed aids for

efficient navigation．Notched sticks or

piles of stones would never do．

随着时代的变化和人数的增加，制罐

匠和织布匠便从乡村移居城市，货物

交换不得不通过第三者——商人——

进行。

货币开始使用，货物交换需要记账，

贸然闯人陌生水域的水手需要有效的

航海辅助工具，带刻痕的牧杖和石堆

不足以满足这些要求。

New ways of helping with counting and

recording information evolved．Some

marks were taken to represent certain

quantities, and other marks were taken

to represent relationships between

quantities．New devices to aid in the

manipulation of numbers were added to

make jobs faster and more

accurate．Electronic computers are

among the fastest and most versatile

instruments now in use for sorting and

comparing．Computers provide the

means for greater speed and accuracy in

working with ideas than was previously

possible．With the development of these

new tools，it is as if man has suddenly

become a millionaire of the mind．

用以计算和记录信息的新方式发展起

来了。一些符号用来代表一定的数量，

其他一些符号则用来代表各数量间的

关系。有助于数字操作的新装置应运

而生，因此数据处理工作可以做做得

更迅速、更精确。电子计算机就是目

前使用的一种最迅速、最通用的遴选

比较仪器。计算机的速度之快，精确

度之高是以前的信息处理仪器比不上

的。由于这些新工具的研制成功，人

类似乎突然成了智能百万富翁。

Although man has been growing

mentally richer ever since he started to

think，the electronic computer allows

and will continue to a11ow him to

perform tremendous“mental”tasks in a

relatively short time．Great scientists of

the past produced ideas which were the

basis for great advances，but their ideas

sometimes had to wait for years before

they were understood sufficiently well to

be of practical use．With the

computer．the ideas of today’s

scientists can be studied，tested，

distributed，and used more rapidly than

ever before．

自从开始思维，人类大脑日益发达，

但无论现在还是将来，电子计算机使

人类在较短时间内完成各项庞杂的

“脑力”工作。科学先哲们提出的各

种见解固然是重大进展的基础，但他

们的见解有时候要等待数年方能被人

充分理解，显现出其实用价值。有了

电子计算机，当代科学家们的设想可

以比先前更迅速地为人研究、验证、

传播和运用。（运动已经开始改变我

们的生活了。）

Unit10 Text A Working

Women --—East and West 东西方的

职业妇女

Work，for most American and Chinese

women aged 55 and under，involves

responsibility( n.责任，责任心；职责)

for a household，a child or children，and

a jo

b outside the home as well（也）．It

all adds up to a busy life．How is it

going for them —for us?

对于大多数55岁或55岁以下的美国

妇女和中国妇女来说，工作包括家务、

照顾一个或几个孩子以及一份家庭以

外的工作，所有这些加起来就是忙碌

的生活。她们现在的情况怎么样?我们

中国的情况又怎么样呢?

Experts have observed [ vt.&vi.观察]

that life forms a different sort of

pyramid for women in China than in the

United States．In China，nearly all young

mothers are employed(被雇佣) outside

the home，with their numbers

decreasing as they approach middle

age．The reasons are clear：the second

income of the woman is an absolute(绝

对的) necessity(必要性) for a young

family with a child or two．Later on，

when the children grow up，the older

couple [ n.夫妇；(一)对；几个] can more

easily live on the husband’s earnings

plus the wife’s pension [n. 养老金]，

and fewer middle-aged women continue

in employment．

专家学者已经注意到，对中美两国妇

女来说，生活形成的“金字塔”形状

各不相同。在中国，几乎所有年轻的

母亲都有职业，但随着年龄步人中年，

人数越来越少。原因很清楚：对于有

一两个孩子的夫妇来说，妻子的这第

二笔收入绝对是必要的。以后，孩子

长大了，老两口靠丈夫的收入加上妻

子的养老金，生活就不太困难了。中

年妇女继续工作者为数不多。

The pyramid for American women is the

opposite ．with fewer young women

employed , and the number increasing at

older ages．Man y young mothers have

found it more efficient to stay home，

care for children themselves，and then

find employment later when the children

are older and more independent. But

rising costs of living are requiring more

young American women to help support

their families，and it is increasingly true

that young American women want to

have jobs．

美国妇女的“金字塔”形状恰好相反：

年轻妇女工作的人数较少，而岁数较

大时，人数却增加了。许多年轻的母

亲觉得呆在家里自己照顾孩子效果更

好，等孩子长大些后，能比较独立地

生活了，再去找工作。但是，生活费

用的增加需要更多的美国年轻妇女帮

助养家，而且美国年轻妇女想出去工

作也日益成为事实。

But the American working mother often

feels troubled by the complexity of her

life．Childcare is unreliable and

expensive.

Childcare workers have low status and

are not well educated and are poorly

paid—they are often women who are

unable to get better jobs．Thus the

American working mother always has

the worry that her child is not being as

well cared for as she hopes，and the

Cost of babysitters or private enterprise

daycare centers can cost half or more of

her salary．Other worries distract[分心]

her from good performance{工作n.} at

her job：What if the babysitter gets sick?

What will her employer think if she has

to stay at home with a sick child? What

if the car ,necessary to get the child to

the daycare center and herself to and

from her job，breaks down? Few people

live close enough to their work or the

childcare center to accomplish this on

foot or by bicycle，as in China．

但是，有工作的美国母亲往往对生活

的复杂性感到苦恼。让人看小孩既不

可靠费用又高。保育员社会地位低下，

没受过良好的教育，收入很低——这

些人往往是找不到更好工作的妇女。

因此，美国有工作的母亲总是担心孩

子不能像她希望的那样受到很好的照

顾，而且保姆费或私营幼儿园的收费

要花掉她工资的一半或者更多。还有

其他的烦事让她不能好好地工作：保

姆病了怎么办? 要是必须留在家里照

顾生病的小孩，老板会怎么想呢?要是

送孩子上幼儿园和自己上下班的汽车

坏了怎么办? 很少有人能像在中国那

样，住的离单位和幼儿园都很近，只

要步行或骑车就行了。

In China，grandmothers play an

invaluable role in taking care of children

and households while the young parents

are at work．It seems like an ideal

arrangement -- the grannies become

important members of the family，and

they are housed and fed[吃] in return—

although in crowded homes that most

American would not enjoy．In America，

an older woman who had to fill this role

would be likely to feel she was being

made a kind of servant．She may feel

lonely sometimes，but generally is

proud[骄傲] of being self—

sufficient．Both she and her family tend

to feel she deserves[值得] to be free of

childcare now，having reared the large

family of the 1950s baby boom．

在中国，年轻的父母工作，祖母在照

看孩子和料理家务上起了不可估量的

作用。这好像是一种理想的安排：奶

奶成了家庭中的重要成员，供吃管住

是对她们的报答——虽然住的地方很

拥挤，大部分美国人不喜欢这样。在

美国，必须这样做的老年妇女可能有

被当作佣人使用的感觉。但尽管有时

候觉得孤独，总的来说，美国老年妇

女以自立而感到骄傲。经历了50年代

的生育高峰，把很多子女都抚养大了，

她和家人都感到她现在不应再看小孩

了。

On the job，Chinese women seem more

confident，despite their traditional pretty

manners，than do American women in

their work p1ace．American women

seem less inclined to speak up easily to

the boss．Young Chinese women at work

seem more bold and less

self-conscious．The work unit is more

like a large family，where the youngest

workers feel at ease[i:z] with the“mom”

and“dad”of the group．American women

act either as if they doubt hat they really

belong at work among the men，，or they

are constantly looking for evidence of

discrimination against them．

在工作单位，尽管中国妇女有传统的

温文尔雅的举止，她们在工作中表现

出的自信心似乎比美国妇女更强。美

国妇女似乎不愿向上司大胆表述自己

的意见。中国的年轻妇女在工作中似

乎更大胆、更自然。工作单位更像一

个大家庭，最年轻的工作人员和这个

大家庭的“妈妈”、“爸爸”在一起工

作毫不感到拘束。美国妇女表现的要

么好像怀疑自己竟然能同男子一样地

工作要么好像不停地寻找歧视妇女的

证据。

At home，while Chinese men seem to be

performing more household duties such

as cleaning，cooking，shopping and

caring for children than they used to，and

American men are also becoming much

more willing to“help”，it seems only

realistic to say that people the world

over still regard these as basically

women’s tasks and therefore women’

s responsibility，no matter who may do

them on any given day．They are a

heavy burden on both Chinese and

American women，but Chinese women

seem to shoulder them more firmly and

more cheerfully．

在家里，中国男子在诸如打扫卫生、

洗衣、煮菜烧饭、买东西、照顾孩子

等家务活方面似乎比过去做得多了，

而美国男子也比过去变得更加乐意去

“帮助”做这些家务，好像惟一现实

的说法是：全世界的人仍然把这些工

作看做本来就是妇女的事，是妇女的

责任，而不管是谁哪一天干了这些活。

这对中美妇女都是一个沉重的负担,

但是，中国妇女似乎更坚决、更乐意

地挑起这副担子。

American women do have varied and

complex concerns：in addition to work at

home and on the job，a woman feels that

she must make an attractive home that

reflects her family’s status，she must

present an attractive appearance at

work，and above all，she must be a good

companion to her husband．

美国妇女确实有各种各样的复杂事情

需要关心：除了家务和工作之外，她

还觉得必须整理收拾出一个能反映家

庭社会地位的、吸引人的家；工作时

必须有讨人喜欢的外表；更重要的是

必须做丈夫的好伴侣。

Chinese women are freer of the

competition for status，especially as

represented by their homes and both

men and women have a great deal of

companionship in their work

unit．Chinese women also look attractive

at work，but they achieve it more

casually and simply，and do not seem

to feel that their career progress depends

on the way they look．

中国妇女没有那么多社会地位上的竞

争，特别是没有家庭代表的社会地位

的竞争，而且，不论男女，在各自的

工作单位上都有许多朋友交往。中国

妇女在工作时也很漂亮，但只是比较

随意、简单地梳妆打扮一下，好像没

有感到她们的事业取决于她们的外

表。

Which system is better for the woman?

What we expect in life and what we are

used to would strongly influence our

evaluation．Looking at women in both

China and the United States，one

cannot help but be impressed[印象] with

their-our-strength，competence and

general good cheer．Our nations could

not run without us．

哪一种制度对职业妇女更好呢? 生活

中我们所期望的和我们已经习惯的一

切都会对我们的评价有很大的影响。

看看中美两国妇女，人们不能不对她

们的——我们的——力量、能力和总

的乐观精神有深刻的印象。我们两个

国家，离了妇女谁也运转不了。

Txit B Women’s Liberation 妇女

解放运动

Have you heard of the women’s

liberation movement? It began in the

1960s and was started by women who

were concerned about their identity，

their role in society，their work，and the

view of women that many people

held．Now many American women are

deeply concerned about these

things．These women would like better

and more interesting lives for all women

everywhere．

听说过妇女解放运动吗? 它开始于20

世纪60年代，最初由一些妇女发起。

她们关心女性对自身的认识、女性的

社会角色、女性的工作及人们对女性

的态度。现在，许多美国妇女都很关

心这些问题她们希望普天下所有的妇

女都能过上更好、更有趣的生活。

There are many aspects of the women’s

liberation movement．Some women

7

agree with all of the goals of women’s liberation．They want full equality with men in every aspect of life．In marriage，they want husbands and wives to share all of the work and responsibilities of a home and family．In work，they want women and men to have the same jobs and the same chance to succeed．They want women to be paid just as much as men for the same work．Other women agree with only some of the ideas of women’s liberation．They want the same pay if they hold the same job as a man．At home，however，they do not expect their husbands to share in the cleaning，cooking，and other household jobs．

妇女解放运动有许多方面。有些妇女赞同妇女解放运动提出的所有目标，想同男子在生活的各个方面都平等。家庭中，她们希望夫妻二人共同操持家务，共同承担对家庭的责任；工作中，她们希望男女同工同酬，有同样获得成功的机会。有些妇女仅赞同妇女解放运动提出目标的一部分，她们希望如果男女从事同样的工作，妇女能得到同男子一样的报酬，但在家中，她们不指望丈夫帮忙做饭、打扫卫生和做其他的家务。

It is necessary to remember that the women’s liberation movement is not concerned only with concrete issues．The movement is also concerned with attitudes and beliefs．One typical example of this concern is the issue of a woman’s identity．A woman’s identity is what she thinks of herself as a person，who she thinks she is，and what she thinks she can do. Some women do not think they are capable of doing anything important．The women’s liberation movement would like to help these women improve their views of themselves．Many women who are concerned with women’s liberation have taken jobs，have helped others, have raised healthy children，and have done many other things to contribute to their communities．They have shown that they are capable of being good leaders and of doing many important things．

应该记住，妇女解放运动不仅仅涉及具体问题，还涉及女性自身的态度和观念。一个典型的例子就是女性的自身认识问题。女性自身认识指妇女作为个人，怎样看待自己，认为自己是谁，自己能干什么。有些妇女认为自己什么重要的事情也干不了。妇女解放运动旨在帮助她们改变对自身的看法。许多关心妇女解放运动的女性有自己的工作，帮助过别人，抚养了健康的孩子，为自己所在的社区做了许多事情。她们已经证明妇女能够做许多重要的事情。

A second issue of the women’s liberation movement is the question of women’s roles．Should a woman work outside the home? Should she work if she is married and has children? Or should she stay home to take care of her husband and children? What will the rest of society think of her if she enters a profession or has a career[事业]? What will other people think if she wants to stay home and raise a family? These questions do not have just one correct answer．Every woman must decide her own role．The women’s liberation movement is trying to make it possible for a woman to decide what she wants to do．The movement also wants to make it possible for her to do the best and the most she possibly can．

妇女解放运动的另一个问题就是妇女角色的问题。妇女应该在外面工作吗?婚有了孩子后是应该工作，还是应该在家相夫教子? 她如果踏人职业圈，社会上其他人会怎样看呢? 如果她想在家料理家务、相夫教子，其他人又会怎样看呢? 这些问题没有惟一正确的答案，每个妇女应该自己决定自己的角色。妇女解放运动就是要努力实现妇女自己能决定要做的事情，还要帮助妇女实现自己做得最好、最多。

If a woman decides to take a job outside the home，there are many important questions which are raised．Can she get any job she is capable of and qualified for? Or are some jobs closed to her because she is a woman? If she gets a job and some of her fellow workers are men doing the same work，will she be paid as much as they are? These issues are considered important in the United States．The government has passed some laws to try to help women get any job for which they are qualified，and to help them get the same pay as a man for doing the same work．The government has also passed a law to encourage businesses that get money from the government to be fair to women and minority groups．This is called the Affirmative Action Law．It says that if a company is not fair to women and other minority groups，the government will

not do business with that company．This

encourages businesses to provide equal

opportunities for women．

如果一个妇女自己想在外面工作，这

就出现了许多问题。她是否能够得到

她有能力且有资格去做的工作?否因为

她是女性，许多工作她就得不到?如果

她得到一份工作，同事中有男性和她

做同样的工作，她能得到和他们一样

多的报酬吗?在美国，人们认为这些问

题非常重要。政府已经通过不少法令

帮助妇女获得她们有资格去做的工

作，帮助她们实现同工同酬。政府还

通过了一条法令，鼓励那些从政府处

得到财政资助的商行平等地对待妇女

和少数民族，这条法令被称为“机会

均等计划法案”。它规定，如果哪家公

司对待妇女或少数民族有失公平，政

府将停止对该公司的财政资助，这样

就鼓励了各商行为妇女提供平等的就

业机会。

Many people agree with the ideas and

goals of women’s liberation．They feel

that women ought to be considered equal

to men in every way．They feel that a

woman should be able to decide to stay

home and raise a family，or to stay

home and not raise a family，or to go

out and work，or to have a job outside

the home and the family as well．They

feel a woman should be able to do

anything that she wants to do and can

do．Other people are opposed to

women’s liberation．They do not think

that woman should have the same jobs

and the same pay as men．They believe

that men should do all of the important

work．They feel that women should stay

at home，taking care of men and

children．Many husbands do not want

their wives to work outside the

home．Some women agree with these

men．People who support women’s

liberation do not feel that it is bad for a

woman to remain at home if she wants

to．They believe that work in the home is

important and should be respected．But

they want to make sure that a woman

works at home because she wants to, and

not because she can’t get a job outside

the home，or because she does not

believe that she can do anything useful

in her community．

许多人都赞同妇女解放运动的观点和

目标。他们认为妇女在各方面都应得

到同男子一样的待遇，妇女应该自己

决定是在家相夫教子、操持家务；还

是呆在家里，同丈夫做“丁克”一族；

还是出去工作；还是工作孩子两不耽

误。他们认为妇女应该去做她们自己

想做、自己能做的事情。也有些人反

对妇女解放运动，在他们看来，男女

不应同工同酬，男子应做所有重要的

事情，妇女就该呆在家中照顾丈夫、

孩子，他们不愿妻子出去工作。有些

妇女也赞同这些男子的观点。如果一

个妇女愿意呆在家中，支持妇女解放

运动的人并不感到这是坏事。在他们

看来，在家操持家务和在外工作一样

重要，也应受到尊重。但这样的前提

是妇女自愿在家，而不是因为在外面

找不到工作，或者她认为自己不能在

社区做任何有用的事情。

The women’s liberation movement is

trying to give women a chance to show

what they can do．Perhaps a woman will

find the cure for our most serious

disease．Perhaps a woman will solve the

energy crisis．Perhaps women and men,

working together，will be able to

accomplish important things better and

sooner than men would if men were

working alone．If the women’s

liberation movement is successful, we

will have a chance to find out．

妇女解放运动努力给妇女一个展示自

身能力的机会。许哪位妇女能够找到

治疗人类最严重疾病的方法，或许哪

位妇女能够解决能力危机或许男女共

同工作比男子单独工作能更好、更快

地完成重要的事情。如果妇女解放运

动能够成功，我们就有机会找出这些

假设的结果。

Each man and each woman must decide

whether he or she agrees with the ideas

of the women’s liberation movement

completely，partly，or not at

a11．Whether you agree or disagree with

women’s liberation, you know that it

has begun to change our lives．

每个男子和每个女子都必须决定自己

是否完全赞同妇女解放运动的观点，

部分赞同妇女解放运动的观点，还是

根本就不赞同妇女解放运动的观点。

不管赞同与否，妇女解放运动已经开

始改变我们的生活了。

Unit11 Text A My Father's

Shadow 父亲的影子

My husband，Gary，and I were flying to

Hawaii from New York City to show our

five-month-old son，Timmy，to our

parents for the first time．But what

should have been a mission of joy filled

me with apprehension．For five years I'd

hardly spoken to my father．Loving but

stern in the manner typical of Chinese

fathers，he had made particular demands

on me，and though we were very much

alike，we'd grown very far apart．

我和丈夫加里正由纽约飞往夏威夷，

去让我父母见见我们刚出生五个月的

儿子--蒂米。这本该是件快乐的事情，

却令我十分忧惧。五年了，我几乎没

和父亲说过话。父亲具有典型的中国

父亲的风格：慈爱而严厉，对我寄予

厚望。尽管我们的性格极为相似，但

父女关系却已变得很疏远。

When I became a teenager，my father

held up my mother as a model of

feminine behavior．But she was social，

while I preferred books to parities．He

pressed me to mingle with his friends'

children．I insisted on choosing my own

companions．He assured I'd follow in my

mother's footsteps and enroll in the local

university to study teaching，and that

I'd marry into one of the other

long-established Chinese clans on the

islands and settle down，as he and my

mother had．

早在我的少女时代，父亲就让我把母

亲作为女性的榜样。母亲擅长社交，

可我喜欢读书不愿扎堆。父亲强迫我

与他朋友的孩子做朋友，我却坚持自

己选择伙伴。父亲坚持认为我应该重

复母亲的路，读当地大学，学师范专

业，嫁一位久居当地的华裔望族，像

他和母亲一样，定居在夏威夷。

But I didn't settle．As bullheaded as my

father，I escaped to the University of

California，where I fell in love with a

haole，as we called Caucasians from

the mainland．Gary had blue haole eyes

and sandy haole hair．I announced that

we were getting married--in Berkeley，

not Hawaii．No large，clamorous clan

wedding for me．My parents came and

met Gary just two days before our

small，simple wedding．Afterward we

moved to New York，as far from the

islands as we could get without leaving

American soil．

但我没有那样做。同父亲一样倔强，

我"逃"到加利福尼亚大学读书，并爱上

了一位外族人加里，就是我们通常所

说的来自美国大陆的白种人。他有着

白种人的典型特征--蓝眼睛、沙色头

发。我宣布我们要在伯克利结婚，而

不是夏威夷，也没有盛大、热闹的家

庭式婚礼。就在距我们不具规模、形

式简单的婚礼只有两天的时候，我父

母才来跟加里见了第一次面。婚后，

我们搬到了纽约，尽可能远地离开了

夏威夷，但又不用离开美国本土。

My father's subsequent silence showed

his disapproval．He didn't visit；neither

did I．When my mother telephoned，he

never asked to speak to me，and I never

asked for him．We might have gone on

like that. the habit of separation

hardening into a permanent

estrangement．Then Timmy was born，

and I felt an unexpected tidal pull back

to the is1ands．

父亲随后的沉默反映出对我的不满。

他没来看过我们，我也没回去过。母

亲来电话时，他从不要求跟我讲话，

我也从不要求跟他讲话。我们可能会

就这样僵持下去，分离的习惯渐渐硬

化为永久的疏远。后来蒂米出生了，

我莫名其妙地产生了想回家看看的强

烈愿望。

On the long flight to Hawaii，memories

of my childhood. when I was my father's

small shadow．came flooding back．I

was three years old，running behind him

as he walked between the banana trees

in the plantation town where he taught

high schoo1．When grew tired，he

carried me on his shoulders．From there

I could see forever．"You are my

sunshine my only sunshine。"he would

sing．"You make me happy when skies

are gray．" I laughed，taking his devotion

as my due．

在回夏威夷的漫长旅途中，孩提时的

记忆潮水般涌上我的心头。那时我才

三岁，还是父亲的"小东西"。父亲在镇

上一所中学教书。每当他穿行于种植

园的香蕉树中间时，我则在他身后奔

跑。跑累了，父亲就让我坐到他的肩

膀上，

坐在他肩上我能看得很远很远。这时

他就会唱"你是我的阳光，我惟一的阳

光，天空阴霾密布，你依然令我幸

福……我大笑着，理所当然地享受着

这份父爱。

Now the prodigal daughter was

returning with the firstborn of the next

of generation-a hazel-eyed，

golden-skinned hapa

haole(half-white)child who looked little

like his Chinese ancestors．How would

my father react? If he disapproved of

Timmy，as he had of me．the separation

between us would be complete．I would

never return．

现在"浪子"要回家了，怀中抱着他们的

长孙- 一个长着淡褐色眼睛，拥有一半

白人血统的黄皮肤婴儿，这与他的中

国祖先几乎毫不相似。父亲会有什么

反应?如果他不喜欢蒂米，就像不喜欢

现在的我一样，我们之间的关系就会

彻底破裂，我将永远不再回来。

The plane landed．and I gradually

placed a crying，hungry Timmy into my

mother's eager arms．Here was instant

and unconditional acceptance of a child

by his grandmother．

飞机着陆了。我慢慢地把正饿得哇哇

大哭蒂米放入母亲热切的怀中。

这是外祖母对外孙的毫不犹豫、无条

件的接受。

My father's expression was passive and

hard to read．He greeted us politely：

"Good trip?" Then he peered cautiously

at Timmy，who promptly began to

cry．My father stepped in alarm．Did he

find it disturbing that this crying stranger

might be his own flesh and blood?

父亲显得有点被动，其表情让人难以

读懂。他客气地同我们打招呼："路上

顺利吧?" 然后凝视着蒂米，蒂米马上

大父亲惊慌地走开了。哭起来。他是

否在为这个号啕大哭的陌生小家伙竟

是他的骨肉后代而感到不安呢?

After dinner at my parent's house，Gary

and I retired to my old bedroom．My

mother tucked Timmy into a borrowed

crib in a room down the hall．

晚饭后，我和加里回到我以前的房间。

母亲把蒂米安放在楼下的一个房间

里，婴儿床是借来的。

Four hours later mother instinct pulled

me from sleep．This was the time Timmy

usually woke for a feeding bottle，but

there were no cries of hunger．Instead，

I heard only the sweet, soft gurgle of

baby laughter．I tiptoed down the hall．

四小时后，作母亲的本能使我从睡梦

中醒来。这通常是蒂米醒来要奶吃的

时间，可是我没有听到他饥饿的哭喊

声。相反，却是婴儿甜甜的咯咯笑声。

我蹑手蹑脚地走到楼下。

In the living room，Timmy lay on a

pillow on the floor in a circle of light，

his plump，tiny fists and feet shaking

happily．He studied the face bent over

him，an Asian face burned dark by the

Hawaiian sun，with laugh wrinkles at the

corners of the eyes．My father was

giving Timmy a bottle，tickling his

tummy and singing softly，“You are my

sunshine．．．”

客厅里，在一圈灯光下，蒂米躺在地

板上的一个靠垫上。正欢快地摆动着

胖嘟嘟的小拳头，踢动着小脚丫，眼

睛盯着那张俯视着他的脸—一张被

夏威夷的阳光灼黑、眼角布满笑纹的

亚洲人的脸。父亲一边给蒂米喂奶，

一边搔着他的小肚皮，轻轻哼唱着：

“你是我的阳光……”

I watched from the darkness，not

wanting to break the scene and then

crept back to my room．It was then that I

began to suspect that my father had

wanted to mend the breach as much as I

had．Awkward and proud，he hadn't

known how，and neither had I．Timmy

became the bridge over which we could

reach for each other．

我在暗处静静地看着，不想破坏这动

人的场面。我轻手轻脚地回到了自己

的房间。从那一刻起我开始意识到父

亲一直和我一样想弥补我们之间的裂

痕．只因笨拙和自尊，他不知道怎么

做，我也不知道怎么做。蒂米成了我

们之间沟通的桥梁。

For the rest of our stay, the tension

slowly melted．My father and I didn't

discuss our rift directly．Thanks to

Timmy，we didn't need to．Having

claimed his hapa haole grandson，my

father no longer defined our family by a

uniform set of features．Curly-haired，

hazel-eyed Timmy was loved for

himself．

此后在家的日子里，紧张的气氛慢慢

缓和了。我和父亲没有直接讨论我们

的分歧。多亏了蒂米，我们不需要讨

论了。因为已经接受了有一半白人血

统的外孙--蒂米，父亲也不再用一套统

一的特征来界定我们的家庭了。他自

然而然地爱上了拥有一头卷发和一双

褐色眼睛的蒂米。

We returned to the islands the following

summer．Timmy．now a toddler,

splashed in the surf with his

grandfather．The summer after that，they

built a tree house out of scrap lumber

and painted it blue．

第二年夏天，我们又回到了夏威夷。

蒂米已开始蹒跚学步了，并时常同他

的外祖父在浪花里扑腾。第三年夏天，

他们用废木料造了一所房子，并把它

漆成了蓝色。

So pleased was my father with his new

grandfather status that he took early

retirement when Timmy was four，to

spend more time visiting his "New

York family"．My son and my father

made a handsome pair as they walked

together--the Chinese grandfather

happily followed by a different bouncing

shadow.

父亲做了外祖父很高兴，以至于蒂米

四岁时，他就提前退休，为了有更多

的时间去"纽约"的家。父亲和我儿子走

在一起时，这一对非常完美--快乐的中

国祖父身后跟着一个不同种族的、蹦

蹦跳跳的影子．

Text B The Perfect Picture

完美的照片

It was early in the spring about 15 years

ago--a day of pale sunlight and trees just

beginning to bud．I was a young police

reporter，driving to a scene I didn't want

to see．A man，the police-dispatcher's

broadcast said，had accidentally backed

his pickup truck over his baby

granddaughter in the driveway of the

family home．It was a fatality．

大约是十五年前初春的一天，阳光惨

淡，树木刚刚开始发芽。我当时是一

名年轻的案件报道记者，正驱车赶往

一处我不愿看到的现场。警务调度广

播说，一位老人在家门前的车道上倒

车时，意外地从他小孙女的身上压了

过去。孩子当场丧命。

As I parked among police cars and TV

news cruisers．I saw a stocky，

white-haired man in cotton work clothes

standing near a pickup．Cameras were

trained on him，and reporters were

sticking microphones in his

face．Looking totally bewildered，he

was trying to answer their

questions．Mostly he was only moving

his lips，blinking and choking up．

当我把车停在警车和电视新闻采访车

旁边时，看见那位身着棉布工装、矮

胖的白发老人正站在一辆轻型货车

旁。

照相机都对着他，新闻记者都把麦克

风伸到他面前。他一脸的迷惑，尽力

回答着他们的问题，但是多数时间里

只是翕动着嘴唇，眨着眼睛，哽咽着

说不出话来。

After a while the reporters gave up on

him and followed the police into the

small white house．I can still see in my

mind’s eye that devastated old man

looking down at the place in the

driveway where the child had

been．Beside the house was a fresh

spaded flower bed, and nearby a pile of

dark．rich earth．

过了一会儿，记者不再追问他了，他

们跟着警察走进那座白色的小房子。

至今，我脑海里依然能清楚地浮现出

当时遭受重大打击后老人低头望着车

道上孩子倒下地方的画面。房子旁边

是一块刚挖好的花圃，附近还有一堆

肥沃的黑土。

"1 was just backing up there to spread

that good dirt，"he said to me．though I

had not asked him anything．"I didn't

even know she was outdoors．" He

stretched his hand toward the flower

bed，then let it flop to his side．He

lapsed back into his thoughts，and I，

like a good reporter，went into the

house to find someone who could

provide a recent photo of the toddler．

"我刚把车倒到那儿，想把肥土撒开，"

他对我说，尽管我没问他什么。"我甚

至不知道她在屋外"。他伸手指指花圃，

随后又垂落下来，再次陷入沉痛。我

像所有正规的记者那样，走进屋子，

想看看谁能提供给我一张孩子的近期

照片。

A few minutes later，with all the details

in my notebook and a three- by-five

studio portrait of the naive child tucked

in my jacket pocket，I went toward

the kitchen where the police had said the

baby was．

几分钟后，我在笔记本上记下了所有

的细节，并把那个可爱女孩在照相馆

里拍的一张宽3寸长5寸的照片放人

上衣口袋，我走进厨房，警察说孩子

的尸体就在那儿。

I had brought a camera in with me-the

big, bulky Speed Graphic which used to

be the newspaper reporter's

trademark．Everybody had drifted back

out of the house together family，police，

reporters and photographer．Entering

the kitchen，I came upon this scene．

我带着一架相机--又大又笨的"速照"

相机，当时这是新闻记者的标志。孩

子的家人、警察、记者和摄影师都慢

慢地从屋子里走出来。一走进厨房，

我就看到了这样的场景：

0n a formica -topped table，backlighted

by a frilly curtained window，lay the

tiny body，wrapped in a clear white

sheet．Somehow the grandfather had

managed to stay away from the

crowd．He was sitting on a chair beside

the table，in profile to me and unaware

of my presence，looking

uncomprehendingly at the swaddled

corpse．

光线透过窗帘射进来，塑料贴面的桌

子上，一床雪白的床单裹着孩子娇小

的身体。不知老人是怎样避开了人群。

他坐在桌子旁边的椅子上，侧面对着

我，没有意识到我的出现，他正不解

8

地看着包裹着的尸体。

The house was very quiet． A clock ticked．As I watched，the grandfather slowly leaned forward，curved his arms like parentheses around the head and feet of the little form，then pressed his face to the shroud and remained motionless．

屋子里很静，钟表滴答滴答地响着。我看到，老人慢慢向前倾着身子，伸出胳膊从头到脚揽住了小尸体，并将脸贴在上面，一动不动。

In that hushed moment I recognized the makings of a prize-winning news photograph. I appraised the light，adjusted the lens setting and distance，locked a bulb in the flashgun，raised the camera and composed the scene in the viewfinder．

在那肃静的一瞬间，我意识到一张获奖新闻照片即将产生。我估测了光线，调整好镜头和距离，拧亮闪光枪上的灯泡，举起相机，将整个画面组合在镜框内。

Every element of the picture was perfect：the grandfather in his plain work clothes，his white hair backlighted by sunshine，the child's form wrapped in the sheet，the atmosphere of the simple home suggested by black iron trivets and World's Fair souvenir plates on the walls flanking the window. Outside，the police could be seen inspecting the fatal rear wheel of the pickup while the child’s mother and father leaned in each other's arms．

这张照片的每一部分都很完美：穿工装的老人，他阳光下闪耀的白发，裹在白被单里的孩子，还有黑色铁三脚架和窗子两边墙上的世贸会纪念盘所衬托出的这个家庭的简朴气氛。窗外，可以看到警察正在检查小货车那夺命的后轮，孩子的父母伤心地依偎在一起。

I don’t know how many seconds I stood there，unable to snap that shutter．I was keenly aware of the powerful story-telling value that photo would have，and my professional conscience told me to take it．Yet I couldn't make my hand fire that flashbulb and intrude on the poor man’s island of grief．

不知道我在那儿站了几秒钟，却按不下快门。我非常清楚地知道这张照片会有多大的叙事价值，职业感告诉我要拍下来。然而，我却不忍心按动闪光灯，闯入这位可怜老人悲痛的内心世界。

At length I lowered the camera and crept away，shaken with doubt about my suitability for the journalistic profession．Of course I never told the city editor or any fellow reporters about that missed opportunity for a perfect news picture．

终于，我放下了相机，蹑手蹑脚地走出屋子，一时有些动摇，怀疑自己是否适合从事新闻职业。当然，我从未告诉市里的编辑或任何一位同行我曾经错过了一张完美新闻照片的机会。Every day，on the newscasts and in the papers，we see pictures of people in extreme conditions of grief and despair．Human suffering has become a spectator sport．And sometimes，as I'm watching news film，I remember that day．I still feel right about what I did。每天，新闻广播中和报纸上，我们都能看到极度悲伤和绝望者的照片。人类的痛苦已经成了一种观赏性的运动。而且有时，我看新闻照片时，就会想起那一天。我仍然认为我当时做得很对。

Unit12 Text A Importance 重要性

Many important things that contribute to our overall objectives and give meaning to life don't tend to act upon us or press us．They're not ''urgent"，but they are the things that we must act upon．

很多重要事情有助于实现我们的总目标，使生活有意义，但是它们不作用于我们. 它们并不紧迫，但它们却是我们必须做的事情。

In order to focus on the issues of urgency and importance more effectively，let's look at the Time Management Table below．As you can see it divides our activities into four parts．We spend time in one of these four ways：

为了更有效地把精力集中在紧急和重要的事情上，我们来看下面的时间管理分类表。该表将人的活动分为四部分，我们以其中任何一种方式度日。Part I represents things that are both "urgent'' and "important" ．Here's where we handle an angry client，meet a deadline，repair a broken-down machine，undergo a heart surgery，or help a crying child who has been hurt．We need to spend time in Part I．If we ignore it，we become buried alive．But we also need to realize that many important activities become urgent through delay，or because we don't do

enough prevention and planning．

第1部分表示既"紧迫"又"重要"的事

情。接待一位怒气冲冲的顾客、在截

止期限内完成任务、抢修一台坏了的

机器、接受心脏手术、帮助一位因受

伤而号啕大哭的孩子，这些都归于此

类。我们应该在这类事情上花一些时

间。如果忽视这些事情，我们的生活

就会乱做一团，终日忙碌地喘不过气

来。同时，应该意识到很多重要事情

由于耽误、计划不周或者事前预防不

力而变得紧迫。（注：今年4月汉译英

刚刚考过这一句）

Part 1I includes activities that are

"important，but not urgent"．This is the

Part of Quality．

第1I部分包括"重要但不紧迫"的事情，

又被称为质量部分。

Here's where we do our long-range

planning，anticipate and prevent

problems，broaden our minds，and

increase our skills through reading and

continuous professional development，

imagine how we're going to help a

struggling Son or daughter，prepare for

important meetings and presentations，

or invest in relationships through deep，

honest listening．Increasing time spent in

this part increases our ability to

do．Ignoring this part feeds and enlarges

Part I，creating stress and deeper crises

for us．On the other hand，investing in

this part shrinks Part I．Planning，

preparation，and prevention keep many

things from becoming urgent．Part II

does not act on us；we must act on

it．This is the Part of personal

leadership．

我们进行长期计划、预见和防治问题、

开阔视野、通过阅读和专业方面的不

断发展提高工作技巧。想像我们去帮

助奋斗中的儿女，准备很重要的会议

发言，或者通过深入、真诚地倾听别

人讲话增进人际关系。增加花费在该

部分的时间会提高我们做事的能力。

忽视该部分就会扩大第1部分的范围，

增加压力和深层危机。另外，加在该

部分投入的时间会缩小第1部分。增

计划、准备和预防能够避免许多事情

变得紧迫。属于第1I部分的事情不会

催促着我们去行动，我们应该对这些

事情采取行动。这一部分又被称为个

人领导部分。

Part Ⅲis easily confused with (被动语

态)Part I．It includes things that are

"urgent，but not important．" This is the

Part of Deception．The noise of urgency

creates the illusion of importance．But

the actual activities．if they're important

at all，are only important to someone

else．Many phone calls，meetings，and

drop-in visitors fall into this type．We

spend a lot of time in partⅢmeeting

other people's needs，thinking we're

really in Part I．

第1II部分极易与第1部分混淆。

它包括那些"紧迫但是不重要"的事情。

该部分被称作欺骗部分。紧迫给人制

造重要的假象。如果说这些行动重要，

它们只对其他人重要。很多电话、会

议和偶然来访者都属于这一类。我们

在第1Ⅱ部分花费大量时间满足别人

的需要，却认为自己做的事情属于第1

部分。

Part IV is reserved for those activities

that are "not urgent and not important．"

This is the Part of Waste．Of course，we

really shouldn't be there at a11．But we

get so battle-scarred from being tossed

around in Parts I and III that we often

"escape" to Part IV for survival．What

kinds of things are in Part IV? Not

necessarily recreational things，because

recreation in the true sense of re-creation

is a valuable PartⅡactivity．Part IV is

deterioration．We would find there's

nothing there．

第Ⅳ部分包括"既不紧迫也不重要"的

事情。这是一个浪费部分。显然，我

们不应该做属于该部分的事情。但我

们往往为第1、第1II部分的事情焦头

烂额、不堪重负，希望在第Ⅳ部分得

以解脱。那么，哪些事情属于该部分

呢? 并非休闲活动，因为真正的休闲活

动具有再创造的意义，属于第1I部分

有价值的活动。该部分使人堕落。我

们会发现这些事情本质上毫无价值。

We'd like to suggest that you look at the

Time Management Table and think back

over the past week of your life．If you

were to place each of your last week's

activities in one of these parts，where

would you say you spent most of your

time?

我们建议你看一下时间管理分类表，

回顾一周来的生活。如果你将一周的

活动归类到四个部分，你大部分时间

花在哪个部分?

Think carefully as you consider Parts I

and III．It's easy to think that if

something is urgent, it is important．A

quick way to differentiate between these

two parts is to ask yourself if the urgent

activity will contribute to an important

objective．If not，it probably belongs to

Part Ⅲ．Think about the questions：

在涉及到第1、第ⅡI部分的时候要仔

细考虑，我们很容易这样认为：某件

事若非常紧迫，它就是重要的。快速

区分两者的途径是问问自己这件紧迫

的事情是否有助于实现一个重要的目

标。如果答案是否定的，那它就属于

第1II部分。思考一下这两个问题：

What is the one activity that you know if

you did superbly well and consistently

would have significant positive results in

your personal life?

哪件事情，如果你做得非常出色并且

经常去做，会对你的生活大有好处?

What is the one activity that you know if

you did superbly well and consistently

would have significant positive results in

your professional life?

哪件事情，如果你做得非常出色并且

经常去做，会对你的工作极其有益?

Think about your answers to these

questions．Among the answers we get，

a great majority（大多数）of them fall

under six key activities：

思考一下你对这两个问题会如何做

答。

我们所得到的答案，可以分为六种主

要类型：

1．Improving

communication with

people 2．Better

preparation3．Better

planning and

organizing4．Taking

better care of self

5．Seizing new

opportunities6．Personal

development。All of

these are in Part

Ⅱ．They're important．

1增强与人交流2做好准备工作3 很

好地计划和组织4照顾好自己5抓住

新机会6个人发展这些都属于第

1I部分，非常重要。

So why aren't people doing them?

Why aren't you doing the things you

have identified from the questions

above?

大家为什么都不做呢? 你又

为什么不根据从上面问题中得出的答

案做事呢?

Probably because they're not

urgent．They aren't pressing．They don't

act on you．You have to act on them．

这很可能是因为它们不紧迫，没

有给你压迫感。它们不会让你有紧迫

感，但是你必须对这些事情采取主动

行动。

Text B The Three

Generations of Time

Management三代时间管

理理念

In our effort to close the gap between the

clock and the compass in our lives，

many of us turn to the field of "time

management．" While just three decades

ago there were fewer than a dozen

significant books on the subject，our

most recent survey led us through well

over a hundred books and hundreds of

articles．It reflects something of a

"popcorn phenomenon"，with the

increasing heat and pressure of the

culture creating a rapidly exploding

body of literature and tools．

在努力缩小现实与目标之间差距的时

候，许多人都将目光投向时间管理领

域：三十年前，这方面的著作寥寥数

册，最近调查结果表明已经有一百多

本专著，相关文章数以百计。这便是"

爆米花现象"：随着文化的升温和文化

压力的增大，相关文献和工具数量急

剧增加。

In making this survey，we read，

digested，and boiled down the

information to three "generations" of

time management．Each generation

builds on the one before it and moves

toward greater efficiency and contro1．

这次调查过程中，我们阅读了大量材

料，将其整理、分类，得出"三代"时间

管理理念。每一代理念都是建立在前

一代基础之上的，并且朝着更加有效、

更易控制的方向发展。

First Generation．The first generation is

based on "reminders"．People try to keep

track of things they want to do with their

time—write the report，attend the

meeting，fix the car，clean out the

garage．This generation is characterized

by simple notes and checklists．If you're

in this generation，you carry these lists

with you and refer to them，so you don't

forget to do things．Hopefully（抱着希

望地；如果顺利的话；如果运气好的

话），at the end of the day，you've

accomplished many of the things that

you set out to do and you can cheek

them off your list．If those tasks are not

accomplished，you put them on your list

for tomorrow．

第一代。第一代是建立在"提醒"的基础

之上的。使用这种方法的人尽量记录

自己想要做的事情——写报告、参加

会议、修车、打扫车库。该理念的特

点是做一些简单的记录。如果你属于

该类型，你会随身带着这些记录，不

时拿出来看看，以确保没有忘记什么。

运气好的话, 一天下来，你会完成很多

要做的事情，这样就可以把它们从记

录清单中删除。如果这些事情还未完

成，那把它们放入第二天的记录中。

Second Generation．The second

generation is one of "planning and

preparation"．It's characterized （被动

语态）by setting goals and planning

ahead．People schedule future activities

and events．If you're in this

generation．you make appointments，

write down commitments，identify

deadlines．and note where meetings

will be held．You may even keep this in

the computer or the network．

第二代。第二代是"计划、准备"型，其

特点是确定目标、事先计划安排好将

来的活动。如果你属于该类型，你会

定好约会、记下承诺、标明最后期限,

注明会议在何处举行。你还可能将所

有这些存入计算机或者网络。

Third Generation．The third generation

approach is "planning，ordering，and

controlling"．If you're in this

generation．you've probably spent some

time clarifying your values and

priorities．You've asked yourself，"What

do I want ?" You've set

long-．Medium-．and short-range goals

to obtain these values．You order your

activities on a daily basis．This

generation is characterized by a wide

variety of planning and organizing

forms．

第三代。第三代时间管理法是"计划、

排序、控制"法。你若属于该类，你一

定已经花了一些时间来理清你的价值

观，并将它们排序。你也一定问过自

己"我想得到什么?"并且确立了长期、

中期和短期目标，来实现这些价值。

你在日常生活的基础上将这些活动排

序。该管理法的特点是计划、组织的

多样性。

In some ways，these three generations

of time management have brought us a

long way toward increased effectiveness

in our lives．Such things as efficiency，

planning，ordering，values clarification，

and goal setting have made a significant

difference．

某种程度上，这三代时间管理理念已

经使我们的生活效率大有提高。诸如

效率、计划、排序、价值分类、确立

目标等已经使生活大有改观。

But for most people the gap remains

between what's deeply important to them

and the way they spend their time．In

many cases，things are getting

worse．“We're getting more done in less

time，”people are saying，“how could we

justify that we're doing what matters

most and doing it well?”

但是对大多数人来说，重要的事情和

度日方式之间仍然存在差距。很多情

况下，事情变得更糟糕。人们说：“我

们在越来越短的时间内做越来越多的

事情，怎样才能证明所做的事情是重

要的，我们做得很出色呢?”

One thing is for sure：if we keep doing

what we're doing, we're going to keep

getting what we're getting．One

definition of insanity is "to keep doing

the same things and expect different

results．" If time management were the

answer，surely the sheer abundance of

good ideas would have made a big

difference by now．But we find that

concerns about quality of life are just as

likely to come from someone with a

high level of time management training

as from someone without it．

有一件事情是明确的：如果继续做现

在所做的事情，我们得到的也将是目

前所得到的。''不可理喻"的一种解释方

法是："做同样的事情却希望得到不同

的结果"。如果时间管理法能够解决问

题，那至今这些层出不穷的好主意应

该已经奏效。但是，我们发现受过高

等时间管理训练的人对生活质量的关

注与未受过训练的人相差无几。

Time management—especially the third

generation—sounds good．It gives the

promise of achievement，a sense of

hope．But it doesn't work．For many

people，the third generation approach

feels strict and impractical．The first

thing many do when they get ready to go

on vacation is to leave their planners—

the symbols of the third generation—at

home!

时间管理--尤其是第三代理念，听起来

非常不错。它使我们满怀希望，期待

有所成就。但它不见得奏效。对很多

人来说，第三代管理法太刻板、不现

实。很多人准备度假的时候，要做的

头一件事就是把自己的工作计划留在

家里。而这些计划恰恰是第三代管理

法的标志。

There's clearly a need for a fourth

generation—one that embraces all the

strengths of generations l，2，and 3，but

wipes out the weaknesses and moves

beyond．This requires a fundamental

break with less effective ways of

thinking and doing．

显然我们需要第四代时间管理理念，

一代包含了前三代理念的所有优点，

去除其弱点，并且超越前三代的时间

管理理念。这需要我们与低效率的思

维、行为方式彻底决裂。

More than an evolution，we need a

revolution．We need to move beyond

time management to life leadership—to

a fourth generation based on paradigms

that will create quality-of-life results．

这不仅仅是渐进，我们要进行变革，

我们要超越时间管理，领导生活，得

出第四代时间管理理念，利用一些图

表创造高质量的生活。

Unit 13 Text A Live and

Learn活到老，学到老

Good grades and a good job are easy to

get. A good education is a different story.

好分数和好工作都不难获得，但接受

良好的教育却是另一回事。

Her eyelids sank from lack of sleep, but

Teresa’s exams were always perfect, her

writings longer than required, and her

math problems rewritten to ensure

cleanness. She played the violin and the

piano, volunteered at the hospital,

participated in various school clubs and

enjoyed none of them. It seemed that she

was born to succeed and was more than

willing to sacrifice herself in the name

of achievement. I watched her as her

laughter stopped. And on Teresa’s

graduation day, she wore the valedictory

medal, but her eyes were empty.

由于睡眠不足，特丽萨的眼睑松垂，

但她考试成绩总是出类拔萃，作文写

得比要求的长，数学题目要再做一

遍，以保证卷面整洁。她拉小提琴、

弹钢琴，去医院做志愿者，参加学校

里的各种俱乐部活动，虽然这些她一

样也不真的喜欢。她好像天生就是为

了取得成功，甘心情愿地把自己牺牲

在成就名声当中。我一直关注着她，

直到她笑不出来。特丽萨毕业的那天，

她带着全优毕业生的奖章，双眼却空

洞无神。

Many students today display a worrying

tendency to choose universities, fields of

study and careers on the basis of earning

potential. In a large 1989 survey of

college students all over the U.S., 72

percent of the students reported that their

primary goal in attending college was to

make more money upon graduation.

This state of mind came with the present

generation. Studies show that the

majority of baby boomers attended

college to develop themselves, their

critical（批判性的）thinking skills and

their personal philosophies of life.

当今许多学生表现出一种让人不安的

倾向，他们基于将来能挣多少钱的考

虑来选择院校、研究领域和职业。1989

年对全美国大学生的一项调查显示，

72％的学生承认他们上大学的目的就

是为了毕业后多挣钱。这种精神状态

同当代大学生一起而来。研究表明，

1947-1961年间人口生育高峰时出生

的大学生上大学是为了自我发展，培

养批判思维能力和个人的人生哲学。

Nationally, the number of students going

into business-related fields has sharply

increased, and this rise has been

attributed primarily to the change in

educational and career emphases.

从整个国家来看，从事与经济相关工

作的毕业生人数已明显增长。这一增

长主要由于教育和职业重点的转变所

致。

At Duke, economics is now the most

popular major, attracting nearly 15

percent of the undergraduates, while

history majors are only 5 percent of the

undergraduate population. Thirty years

ago the situation was reversed, with

economic and business administration

majors together being 8.7 percent of the

undergraduates and almost 12 percent of

the undergraduates declaring themselves

history majors. The number of English

majors has also decreased, from 9

percent in 1969 to 5.5 percent today.

在杜克大学，经济学是现在最热门的

专业，吸引了大约整个学校15％的本

科生，而历史学系的学生仅占整个本

科生比例的5％。三十年前，情况恰好

相反，主修经济学和商业管理的学生

仅占本科生比例的7％，而几乎12％

1~本科生是主修历史学的。现在，主

修英语语言文学的学生数量也有所下

降，从1969年的9％下降到当今的

5．5％。

Degrees in economics are popular and

likely to offer their holders high salaries

without the added effort of medical or

law school. And given the goals of the

college students of this generation, such

options are attractive.

经济学学位现在很是吃香，很有可能

让毕业生拿到高薪，也不用像攻读医

学或法律那样需要付出更多的努力。

9

从当代大学生的目标来看，经济学类确实很吸引人。

But certainly, everything has its price. With this wrong idea of education, students convince themselves again and again that learning is a mechanism by which one reaches other goals. Having accepted this idea, students learn to demand little from their courses, little from their professors and little from themselves. They are satisfied with the game of institutionalized education –play by the rules, cheat in the exams, win the degree.

当然?办任何事情都要付出代价。由于这种错误教育观点的误导，学生们更加相信学习是个机械的手段，通过它可以实现其他的目标。接受了这种观点之后，学生变得不愿再从所学课程中学习知识，不愿再从老师、再从自己那里学习知识。他们满足于这种程式化的教育--按规则游戏，考试时作弊，最后获得学位。

Educational administration encourages this attitude with an overemphasis on grades and standardized tests. The college admission process, an imperfect science, can rarely distinguish between those students committed to learning and those committed to other aims. As a result, the selection process often unintentionally reinforces this overemphasis on concrete indicators of achievement. In this environment students are reminded that the measure of success in the GPA, and that their energies are best spent in pursuit of the goal rather than an exploratory pursuit for understanding. More often than not, they destroy themselves in the process. 教育机构鼓励这种态度，过分强调考试成绩和标准化考试。大学录取的过程并不完备，很难区分哪些学生是致力于学问研究的，哪些学生是想实现其他目的的。结果，录取过程无意间更加强调突出了学生的具体考分。在这种环境下，学生提醒自己成功的标准就是各科成绩的平均积分点，把绝大部分精力花在了追求目标而不是探求知识的理解上。在这一过程中，他们经常毁了自己。

Despite all the facts above, there is still hope to remain. Weak signs of idealism have been found in this generation, and strong individuals with deep desires to learn remain calm by the goals of their fellows. Those students whose curiosity cannot be satisfied are few, but easy to identify in person. They learn for the sake of learning, ask questions on any subject and regard each experience as an opportunity for a mental adventure.

虽然有上面提到的各种现实, 但仍能看到希望存在。理想主义的微弱迹象已经在当代人身上发现。有人意志坚强，渴求知识，不为同伴的目标吓倒。这些求知欲难以满足的学生虽然数量不多，但能够相对容易地分辨出来。他们为知识而学习，提问涉及各学科的问题，把每一次经历都看做思维探险的机会。

It is both idealistic and practical to suggest that universities should encourage a ―life of the mind‖. The person who likes to go to work in the morning will be more productive and more creative, and he will stop working late in life. By finding joy in their work, many individuals teach by example, and those around them develop a respect for education and an ability to find value and enjoyment in any situation.

大学应该鼓励"思维生活"，这既具理想化，又切合实际。喜欢一大早就工作的人更具有创造性，效率也高，直到晚年才会停止工作。他们在工作中找到了快乐，以自身为榜样，周围的人也对教育产生了敬意，逐渐有了一种在任何情况下发现价值和快乐的能力。

The process of learning and developing is more important than the result. Understanding this can help find potential happiness in every moment, while focusing only on the result provides very short happiness upon achievement.

学习和自我发展的过程要比结果重要，理解了这一点，就可以在每时每刻发现潜在的欢乐，而仅仅注重结果只会在取得成就的瞬间有即逝的快乐。

In treating learning as a means to an end, this generation has damaged the quality of their education and consequently, the quality of their life. Unaware and unashamed, some students are sacrificing their loves and their inner lives to pursue superficial goals, thereby, reinforcing social abnormalities which will persist until every Teresa takes responsibility reversing the trend.

当代人把学习当做实现某一目的的手段，这损害了他们所受教育的质量，继而，他们生活的质量也受到损害。既没有这种意识，也不感到羞耻，一

些学生牺牲了自己的爱和内心生活来

追逐表面的目标，结果加强了教育的

社会畸形发展，只有当每一个像特丽

萨那样的人承担起责任时，这一社会

潮流才会扭转。

TEXT B Save money

for College on My Own

自己挣钱上大学

I will never forget the day in my first

year in high school. I was sitting on the

stairs descending into the basement,

putting my head in my hands and crying

out in despair to my parents that I would

never be able to save enough money for

college. My parents tried to console me,

but it seemed impossible to save

$64,268, the cost for the private

institution that I desperately wanted to

attend.

我永远不会忘记读高一时的一天，我

坐在通往地下室的楼梯上，双手抱着

头，绝望地向父母哭诉说，我怎么也

攒不够上大学的钱。父母极力安慰我，

可当时要挣够64268美元(这是我迫切

想上的那所私立大学的费用)，看来是

不可能的。

Now let me tell you the amazing story of

how I earned this sum of money. It all

began with a paper route in Ankeny,

Iowa. I hated delivering that route, but

was determined to stick it out for six

months until my family moved to

Wausau, Wisconsin. With a few meager

dollars from my paper route, my savings

began to develop. My next job was with

an athletic company as a telephone

customer service representative. The

savings account continued to grow very

slowly. Then came the fall of my junior

year of high school, and I began to work

as a waitress at a restaurant. It was hard

work, but the money began to roll in and

this job paid at least twice as much

money per hour.

现在让我告诉你我挣这笔钱的令人惊

异的过程。一切是从我在依阿华州安

克尼市送报纸时开始的。我虽然很讨

厌送报纸的那条路线，还是决定坚持

下去，直到六个月后我们家搬往威斯

康星州的沃索市。随着每次送报纸换

来的几块钱，我的存款开始增加。我

的第二份工作是给一家运动员公司做

电话客户服务代理。存折上的钱增长

速度仍然很慢。在我上高二的秋季，

我开始在一家餐馆当服务生。之后，

工作很辛苦，但钱来得快，每小时的

报酬至少要比原来多出一倍。

By the time my senior year arrived, I

had saved a considerable amount of

money. This was encouraging, but I

knew that I would also need some help,

so I began the process of applying for

scholarships. Sometimes it was

discouraging because I was rejected

again and again. Then, my first

scholarship offer came in, $2,000 a year

to play tennis. This is only a small dent

at a school that costs approximately

$14,000 a year, but it was a start. Several

other academic scholarships also came

my way and soon my scholarships were

up to $9,050. With the scholarships and

my savings, I had enough money for my

first year!

等到了高三，我已经存了数目可观的

一笔的钱。这颇让人鼓舞，但我知道

这仍不够，所以就开始申请奖学金。

由于接二连三地遭到拒绝，有时我颇

感沮丧。后来我等来了第一笔奖学金，

每年2000美元，条件是我得为学校打

网球。进这所大学每年需要高达14000

美元的学费，这2000美元只是杯水车

薪，但仍不失为一个良好的开端。之

后，我又获得了几项学科奖学金，很

快，奖学金的总额达到9050美元。有

了奖学金，再加上我自己的存款，第

一年的学费足够了。

Another interesting development

emerged. I began testing out of classes.

Running anxiously to the mailbox in

anticipation of my test scores became

part of my daily routine. Excitement

mounted as test after test came back

with passing results. Each passing result

saved me approximately $1,000 in

tuition and then enabled me to graduate

a year early. This would save room and

board expenses as well.

随之又有了进展，很有意思。我开始

参加不同科目的免修考试。每天焦虑

不安地冲向邮箱，盼望能取得考试成

绩，这成了我生活的一部分。当一个

又一个考试通过的通知寄来时，激动

之情也与之俱增。每通过一门科目的

考试可节省约1000美元学费，还可以

提前一年毕业。这样又可以省下一笔

住宿费和伙食费。

Finally, I entered the institution. Because

of my careful savings, I did not have to

work during the school year. I continued

working as a waitress at night, instructed

tennis camps several mornings a week

and worked as a secretary for a few

hours in afternoons. . Then, summer

came and it was time to work harder

than ever. Being a little overzealous, I

also decided to take a class at a

community college. This class at the

community college saved me $650. it

was an exhausting summer and made me

anxious to return to my relatively easy

life at college

我终于进了大学。由于精打细算，大

学第一年里我不用去打工。但等暑假

到来时，我得拼命去打工。我晚上继

续在餐馆当服务生，同时每周几个上

午去网球夏令营当教练，下午再做几

个小时的秘书。我太心急，打工的同

时又在社区大学修了一门课。这样，

我又节省了650美元。夏季过完时，

我已经疲惫不堪，盼望着开学后回到

轻松一点的大学生活。

During my second and third years of

undergraduate schooling, I decided to

work about five hours per week in the

campus admissions office answering

phones. This provided a little spending

money and kept me from draining my

savings. The overall situation looked

hopeful as I approached my senior year

as long as I could make as much money

as I had the previous summer. I wanted

to go to Israel to study for 3 weeks, but I

hesitated in making this decision

because it would cost me $1,600 more to

get the credits in Israel. About two

weeks later my Mom called to tell me

that I had $1,600 in the bank that I had

forgotten about! One of my concerns

about this trip was not only the cost, but

the loss of time to make money;

however, I made as much that summer

in the ten weeks when I was at home as I

had made during the fourteen weeks

when I was at home the summer before.

The way everything worked together to

make this trip feasible was one of the

most exciting things that have ever

happened to me.

大学的第二年和第三年，我决定在学

校招生办公室每周工作5小时，接听

电话。这样我可以挣点儿零花钱，不

必动用积蓄。等进入第四学年时，只

要暑假能再挣到上一个暑假那么钱就

够了，我对自己已经很有信心。可我

同时还想去以色列学习3个星期。当

时我犹豫不决，因为去以色列修学分

要多花1600美元。大约过了两个星

期，我妈妈打电话告诉我，说我在银

行里还存有1600美元，而我早把它忘

了! 关于以色列之行除了费用之外，我

的另外一个顾虑是失去了挣钱的时

间。然而，那个暑假我在家住了10

个星期，10个星期中挣的钱相当于上

个暑假在家14个星期中挣的钱。各种

巧合使得我的以色列之行得以实现，

这是我一生所经历过的最激动人心的

事情之一。

Finally my senior year of college came

and to keep things satisfactory, I decided

to buy a car.

最后我进入大学的第四学年。为了事

事都称心，我决定买辆车。

I obviously did not have a lot of money

to spend on a car and yet I wanted

something reliable to make the ten-hour

trips between home and school not too

tiring. I searched many newspaper ads

and my father and I began searching for

good used cars. I was ecstatic when I

found a crashed car that had been fixed

up for only $4,200. Then, I also attended

an eight-week course o marriage and

family in Colorado. This was an

incredible experience that taught me a

great deal about my worldview and how

to develop a healthy family. This

experience was also very costly, ：

$4,000. I was surprised to find that I had

graduated with no debt and so many

remarkable journeys along the way.

This experience has shaped me in many

important ways. The first thing that I

learned was the importance of a strong

work ethic. Working long hours did a lot

to mold my character and helped me

learn the value of a dollar. It also made

me learn how to craft creative solutions

to difficult dilemmas. Whenever I am

overwhelmed or afraid of the future, I

can remember my $64,268 miracle.

我显然不可能有太多的钱花在车上。

但我需要一辆性能可靠的车，以便我

能轻松地往返于家和学校之间(约10

小时车程)。我开始搜寻报．纸上的广

告。爸爸和我一起查找性能良好的二

手车信息。最后，我找到一辆撞毁后

重新修复的车，只需4200美元，我欣

喜若狂。后来我还参加了科罗拉多州

的一个为期8周的关于婚姻和家庭的

研习班。这是一次不可思议的经历，

它改变了我的世界观，并教会了我如

何建立一个健康的家庭。然而这次经

历的花费也不低：4000美元。等我毕

业时，我惊奇地发现，我没有任何负

债，还在大学期间进行了那么多令人

难忘的旅行。这些经历在我身上产生

了重大影响。首先我学到了坚定的敬

业精神的重要性。连续工作数小时塑

造了我的性格，并让我懂得了每一元

钱的价值。我还学会了在遇到难题时

如何设计出富有创意的解决办法。每

当我对未来感到不知所措或惧怕时，

我就会想到我那64268美元的奇迹。

Unit14Text A Man Will

Prevail人类必胜

I feel that this award was not made to

me as a man, but to my work –life’s

work in the agony and sweat of the

human spirit, not for glory and least of

all for profit, but to create out of the

materials of the human spirit something

which did not exist before. So this award

is only mine in trust. It will not be

difficult to find a dedication for the

money part of it commensurate with the

purpose and significance of its origin.

But I would like to do the same with the

acclaim too, by using this moment as a

pinnacle from which I might be listened

to by the young men and women already

dedicated to the same anguish and

travail, among whom is already that one

who will some day stand where I am

standing.

我感到这份奖赏不是授予我个人而是

授予我的工作的——授予我一生从事

关于人类精神的呕心沥血的工作。我

从事这项工作，不是为名，更不是为

利，而是为了从人的精神原料中创造

出一些从前不曾有过的东西。因此，

这份奖金只不过是托我保管而已。要

做出与这份奖赏原本的目的和意义相

符，又与其奖金等价的献词并不困难，

但我还愿意利用这个时刻，利用这个

举世瞩目的讲坛，向那些可能听到我

说话并已献身于同一艰苦劳动的男女

青年致敬。

Our tragedy today is a general and

universal physical fear so long sustained

by now that we can even bear it. There

are no longer problems of the spirit.

There is only the question: When will I

be blown up? Because of this, the young

man or woman writing today has

forgotten the problems of the human

heart in conflict with itself which alone

can make good writing because only that

is worth writing about, worth the agony

and the sweat.

我们今天的悲剧是人们普遍存在一种

生理上的恐惧，这种恐惧存在已久，

以致我们已经习惯了。现在不存在精

神上的问题，惟一的问题是："我什么

时候会被炸得粉身碎骨?"正因如此，今

天从事写作的男女青年已经忘记了人

类内心的冲突，而这本身就能构成好

作品。因为这是惟一值得写、值得呕

心沥血地去写的题材。

He must learn them again. He must

teach himself that the basest of all things

is to be afraid; and, teaching himself that,

forget it forever, leaving no room in his

workshop for anything but the old

verities and truths of the heart, the

universal truths lacking which any story

is ephemeral and doomed –love and

honor and pity and pride and

compassion and sacrifice. Until he does

so, he labors under a curse. He writes

not of love but of lust, of defeats in

which nobody loses anything of value,

of victories without hope and, worst of

all, without pity or compassion. His

griefs grieve on no universal bones,

leaving no scars. He writes not of the

heart but of the glands.

作家必须重新认识这些问题。他必须

使自己明白世间最可鄙的事情莫过于

恐惧。他必须使自己永远忘却恐惧，

在他的工作室里除了心底古老的真理

之外，任何东西都没有容身之地。没

有这古老的普遍真理，任何小说都只

能昙花一现，不会成功；这些真理就

是爱、荣誉、怜悯、自尊、同情与牺

牲等感情。不这样，他的气力终归白

费。他不是写爱情而是写情欲，他写

的失败是没有人失去可贵的东西的失

败,他写的胜利是没有希望、更糟的是

没有怜悯或同情的胜利。他的悲伤不

是为了世上生灵，所以留下不深刻的

痕迹。他不是在写心灵而是在写器官。

Until he learns these things, he will write

as though he stood among and watched

the end of man.

在他重新懂得这些之前，他写作时，

就犹如站在处于世界末日的人类中去

观察末日的来临。

I decline to accept the end of man. It is

easy enough to say that man is immortal

simply because he will endure: that

when the last worthless rock hanging

tideless in the last red and dying evening,

that even then there will still be one

more sound: that of his puny

inexhaustible voice, still talking. I refuse

to accept this. I believe that man will not

merely endure: he will prevail. He is

immortal, not because he alone among

creatures has an inexhaustible voice, but

because he has a soul, a spirit capable of

compassion and sacrifice and endurance.

The poet’s, the writer’s, duty is to write

about these things. It is his privilege to

help man endure by lifting his heart, by

reminding him of the courage and honor

and hope and pride and compassion and

pity and sacrifice which have been the

glory of his past. The poet’s voice need

not merely be the record of man, it can

be one of the props, the pillars to help

him endure and prevail.

我拒绝接受人类末日的说法，因人类

能延续而说人是不朽的，这很容易。

或者即使最后一次钟声已经消失，消

失的再也没有潮水冲刷的映在落日的

余辉里的海上最后一块无用礁石之旁

时，还会有一个声音，人类微弱的、

不断的说话声，这也很容易。但是我

不能接受这种说法。我相信人类不仅

能延续，而且能战胜一切而永存。人

类不朽不是因为在万物中惟有他能永

远发言，而是因为他有灵魂，有同情

心、有牺牲和忍耐精神。诗人和作家

的责任就是把这些写出来。诗人和作

家的特权就是云鼓舞人的斗志、使人

记住过去曾经有过的光荣--人类曾有

过的勇气、荣誉、希望、自尊、同情、

怜悯与牺牲精神--以达到永恒。诗人

的声音不应只是人类的记录，而应是

使人类永存和走向胜利的支柱和栋

梁。

Text B The New Frontier

新边疆John Kennedy July 15, 1960

约翰.肯尼迪1960年7月15日

For I stand tonight facing west on what

was once the last frontier. From the

lands stretch 3,000 miles behind me, the

pioneers of old gave up their safety, their

comfort and sometimes their lives to

build a new world here in the west.

因为我今晚在这儿向西而立，面对着

那条曾经是最后的边疆。在我身后连

绵3000英里的土地上，旧日的垦荒者

们抛弃了他们的安全、舒适，乃至生

命，来到本部建设一个新世界。

They were not the captives of their own

doubts, the prisoners of their own price

tags. Their motto was not “every man

for himself”–but “all for the

common cause.”They were determined

to make that new world strong and free,

to overcome its hazards and its hardships,

to conquer the enemies that threatened

from without and within.

他们不是自己的疑虑的俘虏，不是自

己的价格标签的囚徒。他们的座右铭

不是"人人为自己"，而是"一切为了共

同的事业"。他们决心使新世界强大而

自由，决心克服新世界的艰难困苦，

战胜从外部和内部构成威胁的敌人。

Today some would say that those

struggles are all over –that all the

horizons have been explored –that all

the battles have been won –that there

is no longer an American frontier.

今天，有人会说，这些斗争都已结束--

所有的地平线都已勘探--所有的战斗

都已打赢--不再有一条美国的边疆了。

But I trust that no one in this vast

assembly will agree with those

sentiments. For the problems are not all

solved and the battles are not all won –

and we stand today on the edge of a new

frontier –the frontier of the 1960’s

– a frontier of unknown opportunities

and perils – a frontier of unfulfilled

hopes and threats.

但我相信，与会者中无人会同意这些

看法。因为问题没有全部解决，战斗

没有全部打赢：今天我们正站在新边

疆的边缘--这是20世纪60年代的边

疆，充满未知机会和风险，没有实现

的希望和威胁。

Woodrow Wilson’s New Freedom

promised our nation a new political and

economic framework. Franklin

Roosevelt’s New Deal promised

security and succor to those in need. But

the New Frontier of which I speak is not

a set of promises –it is a set of

challenges. It sums up not what I intend

to offer the American people, but what I

intend to ask of them. It appeals to their

pride, not their pocketbook –it holds

out the promise of more sacrifice instead

of more security.

伍德罗?威尔逊的新自由许诺给我们国

家一种新的政治和经济体制。富兰克

林?罗斯福的新政许诺给贫困者以保障

和救济。可是，我所说的新边疆不是

一系列承诺--而是一系列挑战。它所

概括的不是我打算为美国人民提供的

东西，而是我打算向他们索取的东西。

它所需求的是他们的自尊，而不是他

们的钱包——它所许诺的是更多的牺

牲，而不是更多的保障。

But I tell you the New Frontier is here,

whether we seek it or not. Beyond that

frontier are uncharted areas of science

and space, unsolved problems of peace

and war, unconquered pockets of

ignorance and prejudice, unanswered

questions of poverty and surplus.

但是，我要告诉诸位，新边疆就在这

里，无论我们是否寻找它。在边疆的

那一边，是未探索的科学的空间领域，

未解决的和平与战争问题，未征服的

无知的偏见角落，未解答的贫困和过

10

自考综合英语二(0015)课文及重点词汇一 Text-B The Language of Confidence

Text-B The Language of Confidence The language we use program s our brain s.Master ing our language gives us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use language in the best way possible in order to dramatically improve your quality of life. program 程序 brain 大脑 master 主人、精通 degree 程度 destinies 命运 possible 可能的 dramatically 显著的 improve 改善 quality 品质 Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our sub-conscious mind.It is like a child,it doesn’t really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine. It is eager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it-whether you do this knowingly or not is entirely up to you. "Try" even 甚至 effect 影响 sub-conscious 潜意识 mind 记忆 imagine 想象 eager 渴望 to carry out 执行 command 命令 knowingly 故意的 entirely 完全的 It is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us. If someone says, "I'll try to do that" you know that they are not going to be putting their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do you say "I'll try to be more confident" or "I'll try to do that" or "I'll try to call"?

unit1b自考英语00012最新教材课文翻译

1。 Are you interested in English 你对英语感兴趣吗 Why do you think English has become the international language of the modern world 为什么你认为英语已经成为现代世界的国际语言 2. 2。 What reasons do you expect the author to give for learning a foreign language 你期望作者学习一门外语的原因是什么 Five Good Reasons to Learn a Foreign Language 学习外语的五个好理由。 Still don't understand learning a foreign language is a good idea 还是不明白学习外语是个好主意 Read the following and you will get the idea! 阅读下面的内容，你就会明白了! 1. 1。 Improve your native language 提高你的母语 I know this might not make sense at first but hear me out. 我知道这可能不太有道理，但听我说完。 ⑴ As a person who speaks only one language, you have no basis for comparison; ⑴作为一个人,只会说一种语言,你没有比较的基础; all you know is your native language. 你只知道你的母语。 In different languages the same idea is often expressed in different ways. 在不同的语言中，同样的思想往往以不同的方式表达。 Knowing another language gives you a great measuring stick. 了解另一种语言会给你一个很大的衡量标准。 It will help you better understand tenses, prepositions and all the other parts of speech we normally take for granted. 它将帮助你更好地理解时态、介词以及我们通常认为理所当然的其他部分。

山东自考英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy （n.有文化，有教养，有读写能力）in Australia，就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样，there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China，中国也掀起一股外语热，with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中，英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools，colleges and universities，but also at evening classes，on radio and TV．不仅各级学校教英语，夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children；父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教，adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日，到公园参加英语角，与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难，需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer，if I am asked to offer，is undoubtedly，yes．如果我被问及这个问题，那么毫无疑问，我的答案是：是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看，I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation，its grammatical rules，its words，etc．英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等，It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it．它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解，the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation，sentence structure and the words he uses．即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误，一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it．讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example．以学英语的中国人为例，" Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people．"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?"，which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese．"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语，若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?"，他们会因此感到不悦，这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not．当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token，同样，"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语)，会觉得中国人非常好客，会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile，the Chinese would be shocked to hear，"Oh，it's very nice of you．When?"，if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食，又碰巧没有吃饭，他会回答"太好了，什么时候?"，中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner．Why can't we say pig，bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork，beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions．中国的英语学习者可能会这样问："我们可以说吃鸡，为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊，而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners．对学习英语的中国人来说，为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history．问题在于如果不懂英国历史，死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken．所以说，学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak

unit5taa自考英语(一)00012最新教材课文翻译

? A FAMOUS QUOTE 一个著名的报价 ? ?Without music, life would be a mistake. 没有音乐，生活将是一个错误。 ?——Friedrich Nietzsche ——尼采 ?Friedrich Nietzsche （1844-1900）, German-Swiss philosopher and writer, one of the most influential of modern thinkers. 弗里德里希·尼采(1844 - 1900)、德瑞哲学家和作家,最具影响力的现代思想家之一。 ?He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy and science. 他撰写了有关宗教、道德、当代文化、哲学和科学的批评文章。 ?Speaking Activity 演讲活动 ?Making an Appointment 做一个预约 ?Sample Dialogue 样的对话 ?Read the following conversation. 阅读下面的对话。 ?Pay attention to how the speakers make an appointment. 注意说话者是如何预约的。 ?Cindy:Dr. 辛迪:博士。 ?Peterson's office. 彼得森的办公室。 ?How can I help you? 我能帮你什么吗? ?David: I'd like to make an appointment. 大卫:我想约个时间。 ?Would Dr.Peterson be able to see me at 9:30 tomorrow? 彼得森医生明天9点半能见我吗? ?Cindy: I'm sorry, but he hasn't got any openings until 11:00, unless there's a cancellation. 辛蒂:很抱歉，他11点才有空，除非有人取消预约。

自考英语二(新版) 原文 Unit 11 Cyber World

Unit 11 Cyber World A Famous Quote The Internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow. - Bill Gates Bill Gates (1955- ), American business magnate, investor, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former chief executive officer (CEO) and current chairman of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. Text A Cyber Love Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever made a friend on the Internet? How did you develop your friendship? 2. What suggestions can you give if one hopes to make friends on the Internet? Thanks to the late 20th century technology, Maria of Denmark and Martijin of Holland met on a chatline. For months they’ve talked and sent letters to each other with the help of their computers as they found themselves falling head over heels in love. It was then that they decided to meet in the real, not only the virtual, world. It was not easy to arrange as the young man and his lady were separated by 700 very real kilometers, but the date was a success and Maria and M artijin have been living together happily ever since. They’ve created a home page to let the world know how they’ve found happiness via the Internet and introduce couples who’ve met under similar circumstances. Throughout history men and women have used a variety of means to find each other. Internet romance, according to some, is a bizarre method, and to others it is a natural way for the 90’s to meet potential mates. Romances formed on the Internet follow a characteristic script. The development of emotional intimacy is a long progress, sometimes taking several months. “Love at first byte” is rare although there are examples. The initial light exchanges, whether by e-mail or in chat rooms, are generally followed by increasingly self-revealing topics, and then after a while, the two strangers perceive each other as a true friend. Hearts open, an avalanche of e-mail crosses cyberspace carrying literary quality, and electronic messages are even enhanced with verse and virtual gifts (flowers, kisses, animated pictures). Could any heart with romantic inclinations resist? When you reach

大学英语2翻译原文及答案

Unit1 1.背离传统需要极大的勇气 1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition. 2.汤姆过去很腼腆，但这次却非常勇敢能在大庭广众面前上台表演了。 2) Tom used to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front of a large audience. 3.很多教育家认为从小培养孩子的创新精神是很可取的。 3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age. 4.假设那幅画确实是名作，你觉得值得购买吗？ 4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile to buy/purchase it? 5.如果这些数据统计上市站得住脚的，那它将会帮助我们认识正在调查的问题。 5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating. Unit2 1.该公司否认其捐款有商业目的。 1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.

00795综合英语二-上册-课文诠释

Lesson One Twelve Things l Wish They Taught at School Carl Sagan Learning Guide 俗话说：“活到老，学到老。”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。青少年阶段， 尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普 作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建 立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己 的地球同胞。 1. I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ① The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ② and how much I don't yet know.③ Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters. In some respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamentals of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish 2.Perhaps all the deficiencies have since been rectified. It seems to me there are many things (often more a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts) that the schools should teach — things

自考综合英语一下册课文及翻译

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Unit 9 Facing Life’s Challenges A Famous Quote: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. - Franklin Delano Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt(1882-1945), the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), he led the nation out of the Great Depression and later into World War II. Before he died, he cleared the way for peace, including establishment of the United Nations. His presidency is widely regarded as one of the greatest in US history. Text A: 300 Hurdles Pre-reading Questions: 1. Have you ever done hurdles? What do you think of it? 2. What kinds of difficulties and challenges have you ever met in your life? Life may give you negative, but don’t despair – it may just develop into a beautiful picture one day. This year, I realized my theory that I have on life. Life is like a 300m hurdle race. Since I run the 300m hurdles, I would know what the race is like. The first thing to any race is worrying about whether you are going to win or not. This relates to worrying about the petty things in life. Does it really matter if you win? Is it really going to be the end of the world? Or will you be upset if you lose and forget about it? In life we worry too much and live in the moment too little. Next is the lining up in our own individual lanes. We each start at different spots, but the race is still the same distance for everyone. This relates to our lives taking us to different places and putting us in different situations, but hopefully we will end up in the same place, but maybe at different times. Now comes the beginning of the race. We all try to keep up with everyone and pace ourselves with other people. This symbolizes that at times in everyone’s lives we worry about fitting in or being the same as other people, instead of worrying about being unique. If anyone were the same, the world would be incredibly boring. Now comes the first hurdle. This hurdle is the easiest to get over because you are not worn out from running. We all make it over this hurdle with ease. This symbolizes those obstacles in life that we struggle to get over, but we

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