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考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2000年part4

Part Four

Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.

The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.

While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. "Those things that do not show up in the test scores - personality, ability, courage or humanity - are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. "Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral

education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."

But that may have more to do with Japanese lifestyles. "In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes （travels to and from work）and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one quarter.

13. In the Westerners' eyes, the postwar Japan was ________.

[A] under aimless development[B] a positive example

[C] a rival to the West[D] on the decline

14. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?

[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.

[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.

[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.

[D] The lifestyle has been influenced by Western values.

15. Which of the following is true according to the author?

[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.

[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.

[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.

[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.

16. The change in Japanese lifestyle is revealed in the fact that ________.

[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life

[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.

[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before

[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life

Unit 7 （2000）Part 4

重点词汇：

1.postwar（战后）←post前缀"在后"+war；prewar （战前）←pre前缀"在前"+war。postwar architecture - the accountants' revenge on the prewar businessmen's dreams 战后的建筑--会计师们对战前商人们的梦想的报复。

2.harmony（和谐，融洽）可看作har+mony，har谐音"哈"，mony即money，于是"哈！money！"→有钱很多事情都会变得"和谐"与"融洽"。No family harmony, no social stability.没有家庭的和睦，就没有社会的稳定。

3.sacrifice（v.n.牺牲；奉献）可看作sa+cri+fice，sa谐音似"杀"，cri看作cry（元音替换），fice看作face（元音替换），于是"因马上要被杀（sa）而泪留（cri）满面（fice）

的东西"→牺牲。Good manners are made up of petty sacrifices.得体的举止由许多细小的牺牲构成。Whenever you have an aim you must sacrifice something of freedom to attain it.无论何时，只要有目标，你就要牺牲一定的自由以达到它。Success can be only one ingredient in happiness, and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients have been sacrificed to obtain.成功只能是幸福的一个因素，如果为了获得成功而牺牲其它幸福的因素，就未免得不偿失了。

4.counterPart（相似或对应的人或物）即counter+Part，counter-前缀"对等"，Part部分，"对等的部分"。

5.personality ?（人格；个性）←person+ality名词后缀。Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.个性之于人一如香气之于花。personality - everything that's false in a human, everything that's been added on to him and contrived 个性--人类身上所有虚假的东西，所有强加在他身上的不自然的东西。

6.assault （v.n.攻击）Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand.没有东西能抵挡笑声的进攻。

7.conservative （保守的；保守主义者）即con+serv（e）+ative，con-前缀"全部"，serve 词根"保持"（=keep），-ative后缀；参conservation（2002年Text 3）。When a nation's young men are conservative, its funeral bell is already rung.当一个国家的青年因循守旧，这个国家的丧钟即已敲响。conservative - ①someone who wants to keep what he already had lost ②a man who wants the rules changed so that no one can make a pile the way he did ③someone who believes that nothing should be done for the first time 守旧者--①试图保留已经失去的东西的人②希望改变一下规矩，使任何人都不能再像他那样赚钱的人③相信什么事都不应当有第一次的人。

8.authorities （当局，官方）；原形为authority（权力；；者）←author作者+ity名词后缀。All authority belongs to the people.一切权力属于人民。Authority is not truth, but truth possesses the authority.不是真理，但真理拥有。authority - a high hat under which every donkey can hide his ears 权力--一顶高帽子，驴子戴上它也能遮住耳朵。

9.endure（v.忍受；持续）即en+dure，en-前缀"使"，dure词根"持续"（如durable→持久的）。We have all sufficient strength to endure the misfortunes of others.我们具有极其充足的力量来忍受他人的不幸。Colors fade, temples crumble, empires fall, but wise words endure.色彩会消退，庙宇会坍塌，帝国会崩溃，但智慧的话永存。

10.isolate（v.隔离，孤立）←isol+ate，isol即isle"小岛"（元音可增减替换），-ate动词后缀，使像小岛一样被"孤立"。The word, even the most contradictions word, preserves contact - it is silence which isolates.话语，甚至最矛盾的话语也维持着人们的联系--是沉默使人们隔离。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/161450504.html,mute （v.乘公交车上下班，乘车船往返于两地）即com+mute，com-前缀"一起"，mute 词根"交换"，于是"一直在两地间交换位置"→乘车往返上下班。

12.divorce（v.n.离婚；分离）与diverse（多种多样的；不同的）一起记，"离婚"后双方就成为"不同的"人。

13.cultivation （耕作；培养）←cultivat（e）+tion，cultivate（v.耕作；培养），-tion 名词后缀。To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for strengthening his own capacity in life.修养性情不是为了他人，而是为了加强自己的生活能力。

14.tolerant（宽容的）←toler+ant。The public is wonderfully tolerant - it forgives everything except genius.公众宽容得惊人--他们宽恕一切，除了天才。

难句解析：

① Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe.

whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe 是Japan的定语从句。

千万注意hardly是否定词，相当于not。

② The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportUnities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

本句的主语是The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market，谓语是have limited，宾语是the opportUnities of teen-agers，而who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs是宾语的定语从句，该从句中involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs 又是personal sacrifices的补语。

age是"时代"，表示这一代已经成为社会的主力军；baby boom指在战后的"生育高峰，婴儿潮"；questioning的意思是"质问，质疑"；involved in指"与某事有关，由某事引起"。

③ Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."

本句主语是Mitsuo Setoyama，谓语是raised eyebrows，who was then education minister 是主语的定语，when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."是全句的时间状语从句，其中that引导的从句是argued的宾语，该宾语从句中主语是liberal reforms，谓语是had weakened，宾语是the "Japanese morality of respect for parents"，introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II是liberal reforms的补语。

注意raised eyebrows是"瞋目"的意思，此处指"瞪起眼睛，情绪激愤"。

④ With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where commUnity and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.

has come centralization是一个倒装结构，原形为centralization has come。Where引导的定语从句修饰cities。

本句中须弄清一些词汇的含义，如：centralization集中化；commUnity礼俗社会；extended family多代同堂式的家庭；in favor of由...取代；households家庭。

试题解析：

13.

Word 是学生和职场人士最常用的一款办公软件之一，99.99%的人知道它，但其实，这个软件背后，还有一大批隐藏技能你不知道。掌握他们，你将开启新世界的大门。

Tab+Enter,在编过号以后，会自动编号段落

Ctrl + D调出字体栏，配合Tab+Enter全键盘操作吧

Ctrl + L 左对齐，Ctrl + R 右对齐，Ctrl + E 居中

Ctrl + F查找，Ctrl + H 替换。然后关于替换，里面又大有学问！

有时候Word文档中有许多多余的空行需要删除，这个时候我们可以完全可以用“查找替换”来轻松解决。打开“编辑”菜单中的“替换”对话框，把光标定位在“查找内容”输入框中，单击“高级”按钮，选择“特殊字符”中的“段落标记”两次，在输入框中会显示“^P^P”，然后在“替换为”输入框中用上面的方法插入一个“段落标记”(一个“^P”)，再按下“全部替换”按钮。这样多余的空行就会被删除。

Ctrl + Z是撤销，那还原呢？就是Ctrl + Y，撤销上一步撤销！

比如我输入abc, 按一下F4, 就会自动再输入一遍abc

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