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管理信息系统外文翻译

管理信息系统外文翻译
管理信息系统外文翻译

英文文献翻译

二〇年月日

科技文章摘译

Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS”because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system”instead of “MIS”to refer to an organizational information system.

A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below.

1 Computer-based user-machine system

Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user.

User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s

input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that serves a number of users through terminals connected by communication lines. The user input-output device permits direct input of data and immediate output of results. For instance, a person using the computer interactively in financial planning poses “what if” questions by entering input at the terminal keyboard; the results are displayed on the screen in a few second.

The computer-based user-machine characteristics of an MIS affect the knowledge requirements of both system developer and system user. “computer-based” means that the designer of a management information system must have knowledge of computers and of their use in processing. The “user-machine” concept means the system designer should also understand the capabilities of humans as system components (as information processors) and the behavior of humans as users of information.

Information system applications should not require users to be computer experts. However, users need to be able to specify their information requirements; some understanding of computers, the nature of information, and its use in various management function aids users in this task.

2 Integrated system

Management information system typically provides the basis for integration of organizational information processing. Individual applications within information systems are developed for and by diverse sets of users. If there are no integrating processes and mechanisms, the individual applications may be inconsistent and incompatible. Data item may be specified differently and may not be compatible across applications that use the same data. There may be redundant development of separate applications when actually a single application could serve more than one need. A user wanting to perform analysis using data from two different applications may find the task very difficult and sometimes impossible.

The first step in integration of information system applications is an overall information system plan. Even though application systems are implemented one at a time, their design can be guided by the overall plan, which determines how they fit in with other functions. In essence, the information system is designed as a planed federation of small systems.

Information system integration is also achieved through standards,

guidelines, and procedures set by the MIS function. The enforcement of such standards and procedures permit diverse applications to share data, meet audit and control requirements, and be shares by multiple users. For instance, an application may be developed to run on a particular small computer. Standards for integration may dictate that the equipment selected be compatible with the centralized database. The trend in information system design is toward separate application processing form the data used to support it. The separate database is the mechanism by which data items are integrated across many applications and made consistently available to a variety of users. The need for a database in MIS is discussed below.

3 Need for a database

The term “information”and “data”are frequently used interchangeably; however, information is generally defined as data that is meaningful or useful to the recipient. Data items are therefore the raw material for producing information.

The underlying concept of a database is that data needs to be managed in order to be available for processing and have appropriate quality. This data management includes both software and organization. The software to create and manage a database is a database management system.

When all access to any use of database is controlled through a database management system, all applications utilizing a particular data item access the same data item which is stored in only one place. A single updating of the data item updates it for all uses. Integration through a database management system requires a central authority for the database. The data can be stored in one central computer or dispersed among several computers; the overriding requirement is that there is an organizational function to exercise control.

4 Utilization of Models

It is usually insufficient for human recipients to receive only raw data or even summarized data. Data usually needs to be processed and presented in such a way that the result is directed toward the decision to be made. To do this, processing of data items is based on a decision model. For example, an investment decision relative to new capital expenditures might be processed in terms of a capital expenditure decision model.

Decision models can be used to support different stages in the decision-making process. “Intelligence”models can be used to search for

problems and/or opportunities. Models can be used to identify and analyze possible solutions. Choice models such as optimization models maybe used to find the most desirable solution

In other words, multiple approaches are needed to meet a variety of decision situations. The following are examples and the type of model that might be included in an MIS to aid in analysis in support of decision-making; in a comprehensive information system, the decision maker has available a set of general models that can be applied to many analysis and decision situations plus a set of very specific models for unique decisions. Similar models are available for planning and control. The set of models is the model base for the MIS.

The management information system (MIS) not only supports the underlying bed administrator, moreover may support the intermediate deck personnel's control check, for high level also can provide certain information. The management information system frame by four parts: Information source, information processor, information user and information superintendent. The information source is the information production place; Information processor burden task/role and so on information transmission, processing, save; The information user is the information user, carries on the decision-making using the information; The information superintendent is responsible for the information system the design, the implementation and the safeguarding. The management information system is regarded as generally a pyramid shape the structure, divides into from the lower level handling of traffic to the operating control, the control check, the topmost story strategic planning. The most basic unit greatly processes the numerous and diverse transaction information and the state information framing by the task/role.

In a word, the management information system (Management Information System, MIS), is by the artificial leadership, using the computer hardware, the software, the network communicates these devices and other office equipments carries on the information the collection, the transmission, the processing, the storage, the update and the safeguarding by achieved the enterprise strategy competes superior, enhances the benefit and the efficiency target, supports the enterprise the high level decision-making, the intermediate deck check and the basic unit operation integration man-machine system. MIS is the superintendent provides the report, provides the enterprise the recent situation as well as the historic record. This system main localization is aims at in the enterprise, for

control function and so on level plan, check and decision-making serves, provides the data generally by the lower level handling of traffic system. MIS will be able the actual enterprise's each kind of run situation, and using the past historical data forecast future, embarks the assistance enterprise from the enterprise overall situation angle to carry on the decision-making, used the message control enterprise the behavior, helped the enterprise to achieve its plan

管理信息系统的定义

对于“管理信息系统”并没有一致的定义。一些作者喜欢用其他术语代替,例如:“信息处理系统”“信息与决策系统”“组织信息系统”,或者干脆将“信息系统”用组织具有支持操作、管理、决策职能的计算机信息处理系统代替。这篇文章使用“管理信息系统”一词,是因为它是通俗易懂的,当涉及组织信息系统时也常用“信息系统”代替“管理信息系统”。

一个管理信息系统的定义,通常被理解为:一种集成用户机器系统,为组织提供信息支持运作、管理、决策职能。该信息系统利用计算机硬件和软件;手工处理程序;模拟分析法计划、控制和决策;和数据库。事实上,它是一个集成系统并不意味着它是单一的,单块集成结构;相反,它意味着零件适合加入整体设计。容定义如下:

1计算机为主的用户机器系统

理论上,管理信息系统可以脱离计算机上而存在,但是计算机的存在可以让管理信息系统可行。问题不是计算机是否被使用在管理信息系统中,而是信息的使用被计算机化的程度。用户机器系统的概念暗示了,一些任务最好由人执行,其他的最好由机器做。MIS的使用者是那些负责输入输入数据、指示系统或运用系统信息产品的人。因为许多问题,用户和计算机建立了一个联合系统,其结果通过一套在计算机和用户之间的相互作用得到。

用户机器的相互作用是由用户连接在计算机上的输入-输出设备(通常是一个视觉显示终端)推动的。计算机可以使一台个人机器服务于一名用户或者一台大规模的机器为一定数量通过终端由通信线路连接的用户服务。用户输入-输出设备允许直接输入数据和紧接着输出结果。例如:一个人使用计算机交互的在金融理财上通过在终端键盘输入提交“如果什么,怎么办?”之类的问题,结果几秒钟后便被显示在屏幕上。

MIS的计算机为主的用户机器特征影响系统开发商和系统用户的知识要求。“计算机为主”意味着管理信息系统的设计者必须拥有计算机和对处理有用的知识。“用户机器”的概念意味着系统设计者也应该了解人作为系统组成部分(信息处理器)的能力和人作为信息使用者的行为。

信息系统的应用不应该要求用户成为计算机专家。但是,用户需要能够详细说明他们的信息要求;对计算机的一些理解、信息的本质,和对各种各样管理功能的利用将帮助用户完成任务。

2集成系统

管理信息系统代表性地为集成组织信息处理提供依据。信息系统部各自的应用则由不同批次的用户开发。如果没有集成的处理和机制,各自的应用也许无法协调一致和相容。在使用相同的数据时,数据项也许不同的被指定和不能兼容的横跨。当实际上一个单独的应用可以提供超过一个的更多的服务时,也许是分别的应用重复的发展了。用户想要通过使用从两种不同的应用中得到的数据来完成分析,也许会发现任务非常困难,有时甚至不可能。

信息系统应用集成的第一步是一个整体信息系统计划。即使应用系统是一次一个的被执行,他们的设计可以由整体计划指导,确定他们怎么符合其他的工作。其实,信息系统被设计成为小型系统的一个飞行联盟。

信息系统集成也通过标准,指南,和程序达到,被留作管理信息系统的功能之用。这种标准和程序的执行允许不同的应用分享数据,应付审核和控制条件,和被广泛用户共享。例如,一项应用也许被开发来操作特殊的小型计算机。集成的标准可能规定设备的选择与中央数据库一致。信息系统设计的这个趋势有利于将应用程序与用来支持它的数据分离。分开的数据库是一种机制,这种机制的数据项是通过横跨许多应用来集成和对不同的用户都可以始终一致的可利用。管理信息系统对于一个数据库的需要将在下面被谈论。

3对数据库的需要

术语“信息”和“数据”经常互换的被使用。然而,信息一般被定义为对接受者有意义或者有用的数据。因此数据项目是生产出信息的原料。

数据库的潜在概念是,为了在处理中可以利用和具有恰当的特性,数据需要被管理。数据的管理包括软件和组织。创造软件和管理数据库就是数据库管理系统。

当使用数据库的所有途径都是通过数据库管理系统被控制,所有应用都利用一个特殊数据项来存取被存放在唯一一个地方的相同的数据项。数据项的一个单独的更新,在所有方面都得到更新。用过数据库管理系统的集成要求数据库的一个中央集权。数据可能被放在一个中央计算机里或者被分散在几个计算机之中;最重要的要拥有一个组织功能来执行控制。

4模型的运用

对接受人来说只接收原始数据或者甚至是总结的数据都是不够的。数据通常需要被处理和被呈现出来,以结果指向所作的决定的方式。这样,数据项的处理建立于决策模型。例如,一项投资决定相对于新的资本支出也许根据一项政府支出决定模型被处理。

决定模型可以在决策过程中被用来支持不同的阶段。“智能”模型可以用来寻

找问题或者机会。模型可以被用来辨认和分析可能的解决方案。挑选模型,例如最优化模型可以被用来发现最想要的解决方案。

换句话说,面对各种各样的决策情况需要多种的方法。下面是一些例子和可能被包含在一个管理信息系统中用来帮助分析和支持决策的模型的类型;一个全面的信息系统,决策者拥有一套有用的普通模型,可以应用于许多分析和决定的情况,还有一套非常特殊的模型应用于特别的决定。相似的模型可以用来计划和控制。选择的模型是管理信息系统的模型基础。

管理信息系统(MIS)不但支持低层的管理人员,而且可以支持中层人员的管理控制,为高层也能提供某些信息。管理信息系统由四个部件构成:信息源、信息处理器、信息用户和信息管理者。信息源是信息的产生地;信息处理器负担信息的传输、加工、保存等任务;信息用户是信息的使用者,利用信息进行决策;信息管理者负责信息系统的设计、实现和维护。管理信息系统一般被看作一个金字塔形的结构,分为从底层的业务处理到运行控制、管理控制、最高层的战略计划。最基层由任务巨大处理繁杂的事务信息和状态信息构成。层次越往上,事务处理的围越小,针对的也是比较特殊和非结构化的问题。

总之,管理信息系统(Management Information System,MIS),是一个以人为主导,利用计算机的硬件、软件、网络通信这些设备和其它的办公设备进行信息的收集、传输、加工、储存、更新和维护以达到企业战略竞优、提高效益和效率的目的,来支持企业的高层决策、中层控制和基层运作的集成化的人机系统。MIS为管理者提供报告,提供企业的最近的情况以及历史记录。这一系统主要定位是针对企业部,为管理层的计划、控制和决策等功能服务,一般由下层的业务处理系统提供数据。MIS能够实测企业的各种运行情况,并利用过去的历史数据预测未来,从企业全局的角度出发辅助企业进行决策,利用信息控制企业的行为,帮助企业实现其规划目标。

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4、商务英语发展现状浅祈 5、商务英语翻译技巧 6、商务英语函电中的文化因素初探 7、商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践 8、试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用 9、中英文广告标题的共同点 10、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题 11、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示 12、商务英语翻译标准初探 13、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧 14、我国在国际贸易中实施反倾销的应对策略 15、现代商务英语书信的写作风格和语法特点 16、英文广告的特点及翻译 17、从修辞方面浅探商务英语的语言特色 18、浅议国际贸易的几点理论创新 19、高职高专商务英语专业教学模式探讨 20、商务英语翻译技巧 21、商务英语书面语篇词汇特点分析 22、礼貌原则在商务英语信函写作当中的应用 三、 1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧 2、商务函电翻译的用词技巧 3、商标名称的翻译与策略 4、商务谈判中的语言艺术 5、商务谈判的文化障碍 6、商务英语课程设置的探讨 7、商务谈判中英语的重要性 8、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养 9、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突

外文翻译--绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策

绿色壁垒对我国农产品贸易的影响及对策 当前,在国际贸易中绿色贸易壁垒已成为最重要的贸易的贸易壁垒之一,农业作为一种弱势产业更容易受到影响。绿色贸易壁垒是我国农产品出口所面临的严峻挑战,也是我国农产品出口最大的障碍。由于农产品贸易在我国对外贸易中占有重要地位,因此如何突破绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口限制,对推动我国农产品发展具有重要的现实意义。 本文首先从绿色贸易壁垒的相关理论出发,对绿色贸易壁垒的定义、产生的根本原因和表现的形式特点进行了综述,研究了国外绿色贸易壁垒对我国农产品出口的影响状况;同时本文还指出我国农产品出口遭遇绿色贸易壁垒的原因,在此基础上运用国际贸易知识对发达国家绿色贸易壁垒对我国的影响分析结合,政府、企业、行业对我国农产品跨越绿色贸易壁垒提出相关的对策和建议。 随着生活水平的提高, 人们越来越重视自身的生活质量问题, 近年来兴起的绿色消费概念正是其中一种现象。而绿色壁垒则是国际社会对环境与贸易关注的结果, 各个国家越来越多地在对外贸易中实施这种保护手段。随着国际市场绿色需求的不断增强, 以及环境保护的共识, 绿色贸易保护迅速兴起, 以环境保护为名的绿色壁垒成为国际经济贸易中重要的非关税保护措施之一。然而, 由于发展中国家与发达国家经济发展程度的不同, 导致各国在对待经济发展与环境保护问题上侧重点的不同, 发达国家在环境保护意识、政策、法规及技术等方面的领先, 而且, 目前各国的绿色贸易壁垒是根据各国自身的情况来设置的,还没有形成世界统一标准的制度, 各国绿色壁垒的限制程度难以预测。这就使目前的绿色壁垒有可能被发达国家利用为限制发展中国家产品进口的重要手段。绿色壁垒不仅对产品的品质提出很高的要求, 而且涉及到产品的产前、产中、产后各个阶段, 给发展中国家的对外贸易与经济发展带来了很严重的影响。 绿色贸易壁垒,是指在国际贸易领域,进口国以保护生态环境、自然资源、维护人类和动植物生命健康和安全为由而制定的一系列限制或禁止进口的贸易措施。由于发达国家所采取的这些措施复杂而严格,对发展中国家产品的出口构成绿色贸易壁垒。

毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文(设计)外文翻译 题目:中国上市公司偏好股权融资:非制度性因素 系部名称:经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名:任民学号: 200880444228 指导教师:冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

译文: 中国上市公司偏好股权融资:非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要:本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动,运用西方融资理论,从非制度性因素方面,如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化,分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因,并得出结论,股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后,针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词:股权融资,非制度性因素,融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资,根据中国证券报的数据显示,1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元,其中股票融资的比例是72.5%,,在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6%和72.3%,另一方面,债券融资的比例分别是17.8%,24.9%和25.1%。在这三年,股票融资的比例,在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例,当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上,于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示,从1970年到1985年,美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7%,比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现,大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为,上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资:第一个是股票基金,第二个是可转换债券,三是短期债务,最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为,上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如,优序融资理论认为,当企业需要资金时,他们首先应该转向内部资金(折旧和留存收益),然后再进行债权融资,最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中,笔者认为,这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好,并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论,尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译

软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the

文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范

本科毕业论文(设计)文献综述和外文翻译 撰写要求与格式规范 一、毕业论文(设计)文献综述 (一)毕业论文(设计)文献综述的内容要求 1.封面:由学院统一设计,普通A4纸打印即可。 2.正文 综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向,特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论,说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展,或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进,目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确,量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定,引用他人资料要有标注。 文献综述字数在5000字以上。 正文前须附500字左右中文摘要,末尾须附参考文献。 参考文献的著录按在文献综述中出现的先后顺序编号。 期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人,多者用等表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次(期次):起止页次.

图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份. 电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者. 题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年(更新或修改日期)[引用日期].获取和访问途径. 参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文(设计)工作的要求。 (二)毕业论文(设计)文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分:封面 1.封面:由学院统一设计,“本科生毕业论文(设计)”根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”,其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。 第二部分:文献综述主题 1.中文摘要与关键词 摘要标题(五号,宋体,顶格,加粗)

绿色贸易壁垒与中国的农产品出口外文翻译(节选)

中文3100字,2000单词,1.1万英文字符 出处:Kuppusamy M, Gharleghi B. Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship?[J]. Asian Social Science, 2014, 10(16):34-41. 原文 Green Barriers and China's Agricultural Product Export: Is There Any Relationship? Kuppusamy, Mudiarasan; Gharleghi, Behrooz Abstract As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trade, trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. So the research of influence of green barriers on China's agricultural products is very realistic. According to the influence of green barriers on China's agricultural exports, the corresponding countermeasures can be made to deal with the green barriers and improvement of China's competitiveness in the international competition. This study examines the causes, influences and methods of green barriers on China's agricultural products export based on the questionnaires of 200 staffs of agricultural trade companies in Xi'an of Shaanxi province in China. To address this issue, Partial Least Square method is applied and the empirical result shows that there is a positive and significant effect from causes, influences, and methods towards the China's agricultural products export. Keywords: green barriers, agricultural product, export, China 1. Introduction The green barrier is one of the most frequent measures in developed countries from the 1990's (Feng, 2007). As an agricultural country, the export of China's agricultural products are often suffered the restrictions from the green barriers. The positive green barriers can regulate the agricultural production in China, and promote the agricultural development and international trade; on the other hand, the negative green barriers would increase the cost of trading, even cause trade friction, and prevent the development of international trade. Green barriers are also called environmental barriers and green protectionism, which is a new trade barrier since 1990s. Buyers will impose green barriers on sellers' export when the buyers want to protect their own limited resources, human, animal, plant health and ecological environment in the modern international trade. Green barriers take place when importers have strict environmental protection laws and regulations to manage their own environment and technology standards. The green barriers are becoming not only the serious challenges faced by China's agricultural export products but also the biggest obstacle for China's agricultural exports (Yu, 2010). To deal with the green barriers, it is important to identify the causes of green barriers on China's agricultural products export, which are from both import and export countries. The limited agricultural technology of China is one significant cause. Due to the limited agricultural technology of China, the agricultural export products can't meet the high

毕业论文外文翻译模板

农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用,“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现,农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展,并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善,因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建,尤其对农村养老制度的改革,建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看,我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人,使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾,基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出,成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老,许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系,已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷,运行中出现了很多问题,所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 (一)人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出,越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市,年龄结构出现“两头大,中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示:中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万,占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前,农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 (二)农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口,且大多在农村。据统计,未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多,截止2000年底,全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险,占全部农村居民的11.18%,占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外,据国家统计局统计,我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中,也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中,处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计(论文)中英文对照翻译 院(系部)电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

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