英语词汇术语 名词解释
第二部分名词解释
1.English lexicology
English Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents.
2.w ord
A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.
3.vocabulary
All the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary.
4.native words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are called native words.
5.loan words
Words borrowed from other languages are called loan words. They are also called foreign words and borrowed words.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/117457424.html,mon words
Common words are also called popular words. They are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. Common words are neutral in style.
7.literary words
Literary words are words chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. Literary words are formal in style.
8.archaic words
Archaic words are words no longer in common use, although retained for special purpose.
9.poetical words
Poetical words are words that are traditionally used only in poetry.
10.colloquial words
Colloquial words are words or expressions mainly used in spoken English and informal writings.
11.slang words
Slang words are language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.
12.technical words
Technical words are words used in various special fields.
13.function words
Function words are usually short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries and so forth, which serve grammatically than anything else.
14.content words
Content words are words which are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.
15.basic word stock
The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. These words have four obvious characteristics: national character, stability, word-forming ability and ability to form collocations. They are words which are most frequently used and which are essential to the construction of sentences and to life.
16.neologism
Neologisms are new words or new meanings for established words.
17.obsolete words
Obsolete words are words completely out of current use.
18.morpheme
The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
19.allomorph
An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
20.free morpheme
A free morpheme is one which can be uttered alone with meaning. It can exist on its own
without a bound morpheme. A free morpheme is a word, in the traditional sense.
21.bound morpheme
A bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear
with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.
22.root
A root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of
the word.
23.free root
Free roots are free morphemes. They belong to the basic word-stock and provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.
24.bound root
Bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.
Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. They were once words, yet in Modern English they are not words. They cannot exit on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words.
25.affix
Affix is a “collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.” They are considered bound morphemes.
26.inflectional affix
Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate such grammatical relationships as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree are inflectional affixes.
27.derivational affix
Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.
28.prefix
In derivation, the affix added before the base is called prefix.
29.suffix
In derivation, the affix added after the base is called suffix.
30.hybrid
A hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages.
31.simple word
A simple word is a word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme).
32.word-formation rules
Word-formation rules are the rules which define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.
33.stem
A stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been
removed.
34.base
A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added; it may also be defined as “a
form to which a rule of word-formation is applied”.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/117457424.html,pounding
Compounding or composition is a word formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new word.
36. compound
Words formed through compounding are called compounds.
36.string compound
When the first element of a noun compound is itself a compound, such a compound is called a string compound.
37.derivation
Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form to an already existing word.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/117457424.html,bining form
A combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek,
but which now occurs only in derivatives.
39.prefixation
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.
40. suffixation
Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.
41. differentiating suffixes
Differentiating suffixes are those suffixes which convey subtle nuances of meaning.
42. conversion
Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.
43. functional shift
Since in conversion the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, conversion is called by some linguists “functional shift”.
44. derivation by zero suffix
Since the relationship between a base of one word-class and a corresponding derived word of another by suffixation is parallel to a shift of the same base from one word-class to another without suffixation, conversion is called by some linguists “derivation by zero suffix”.
45. partial conversion
Some adjectives are used as nouns when preceded by the definite article, yet these converted nouns take on only some of the features of the noun. Therefore, such adjective noun conversion is partial conversion.
46. acronymy
Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.
47. initialism
Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.
48. acronym
Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms are pronounced as words.
49. clipping
Clipping is a process of forming new words by the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.
50. blending
Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.
51. portmanteau word
The result of blending is called a blend, or portmanteau word.
52. back-formation
Back-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.
53. reduplication
Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word; (2) of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels;
(3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.
54. words from proper names
They refer to words which come from such proper nouns as names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.
55. neoclassical formation
Neoclassical formation denotes the process by which new words are formed from elements
derived from Latin and Greek.
56. conventionality
Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense. There is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other. Such a relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning is called conventionality.
57. motivation
Motivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense.
58. phonetic motivation
In modern English, some words have sounds that suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating natural sounds or noise. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. Such a kind of connection between the word symbol and its sense is called phonetic motivation.
59. morphological motivation
Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of some are the sum of the morphemes combined. If one knows the meaning of each morpheme, one can figure out the meaning of the word. Such a kind of connection between the word symbol and its sense is called morphological motivation.
60. semantic motivation
Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and the figurative sense of the word.
61. echoic word/onomatopoeic word
Words motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.
62. grammatical meaning
Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as word-class, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.
63. inflectional paradigm
When used in actual speech, words appear in different forms. The set of grammatical forms of a words is called its inflectional paradigm.
64. lexical meaning
Lexical meaning is the notion that the word conveys. It is constant in all the content words
within or without context.
65. denotative meaning
Denotative meaning is sometimes called the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all speakers of the same language.
66. connotative meaning
Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one?s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of
a word.
67. social or stylistic meaning
Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.
68. affective meaning
Affective meaning indicates the speaker?s feeling and attitudes towards the person or thing in question.
69. purr words
Purr words are those used not as a mere statement of fact, but to express the speaker?s approval of the person or thing he is talking about.
70. snarl words
Snarl words are those words which always show disapproval or contempt on the part of the speaker.
71. componential analysis
Componential analysis is the process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.
72. semantic features/sense components
The analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features or sense components.
73. polysemy
Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. There are words that have two or three senses, and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred.
However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings, the result is polysemy.
74. primary meaning
From the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaning is the primary meaning.
75. central meaning
Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The central meaning of a word can be considered the most frequently occurring meaning.
76. radiation
Radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.
77. concatenation
Concatenation, meaning “linking together”, is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.
78. homonymy
Homonymy is the linguistic phenomenon that pairs or groups of words, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.
79. homonym
Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning, but are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.
80. perfect homonym
Perfect homonyms are words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning.
81. homophone
Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.
82. homograph
Homographs are words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning.
83. synonymy
Synonymy is the semantic relation of similarity.
84. synonym
A synonym can be defined as one of two or more words in the English language which have
the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.
85. complete synonym
Complete synonyms, also known as absolute synonyms , are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual, associative meanings, etc.. Synonyms of this type are interchangeable in every way.
86. relative synonym
Relative synonyms, or more accurately quasi-synonymous words, are words similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality, or differences in affective meaning, in stylistic meaning or in collocation and distribution.
87. the double scale pattern of synonyms
There are in English countless pairs of synonyms in which a native term exists side by side with the one borrowed from French, Latin, or Greek. This is called the double scale pattern of synonyms.
88. the triple scale pattern of synonyms
The triple scale pattern of synonyms refers to a group of synonyms in which native, French and Latin or Greek words co-exist.
89. antonymy
Antonymy is the semantic relation of oppositeness.
90. antonym
Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
91. contraries
Contraries or contrary terms are antonyms which can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved. Antonyms of this kind form part of scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.
92. complementaries
Complementaries or contradictories are antonyms which represent a type of binary semantic opposition. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are non-gradable.
93. conversives
Conversives, also called relative terms, consist of relational opposites. The pairs of antonyms indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. This type also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse the
quality, action or state of the other.
94. root antonyms
Antonyms with different roots are called root antonyms.
95. derivational antonyms
Derivational antonyms are words with the same roots having negative affixes.
96. marked member in an antonymous pair
In some antonymous pairs, one member is used more widely and can frequently be used to subsume the other but not vise versa. This member always carries a certain implication of distinctiveness. It is called the marked member.
97. unmarked member in an antonymous pair
In some antonymous pairs, one member is used less frequently and is subsumed by the other.
This member carries no particular implication. It is called the unmarked member.
98. hyponymy
Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.
99. hyponym/subordiante
When two words have the relationship of semantic inclusion, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word. This specific word is known as hyponym or subordiante .
100. superordiante term/upper term
When two words have the relationship of semantic inclusion, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word. This general word is known as superordiante term or upper term.
101. semantic field
According to Jost Trier, the whole vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized meaning areas. These meaning areas are called semantic fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another.
102. context
Context is used in different senses. In its narrowest sense, context refers to the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. In a broad sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.
103. linguistic context
The lexical , grammatical, and verbal context in its broad sense are called linguistic context.
104. lexical context
Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words.
105. grammatical context
In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word is influenced by the syntactic structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context.
106. verbal context in its broad sense
The entire passage, or even the entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting in which a word occurs is called the verbal context of the word in its broad sense.
107. extra-linguistic context/context of situation
It refers to the actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs and the entire cultural background against which a word or an utterance or a speech event has to be set.
108. ambiguity
Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.
109. lexical ambiguity
Lexical ambiguity is the ambiguity of meaning due to polysemy.
110. structural ambiguity
Structural ambiguity is the ambiguity of meaning arising from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.
111. historical cause of semantic change
It often happens that though a word retains its original form, its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed. This is the historical cause of semantic change.
112. social cause of semantic change
Change in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic change.
113. linguistic cause of semantic change
The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system. One type such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole, e.g. gold is used for …gold medal”. The other type of such change occurs when new meanings developed in one part of speech are passed on to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.
114. psychological cause of semantic change
This is the change of word meaning owing to various psychological motives: love, respect, courtesy suspicion, pessimism, sarcasm, irony, contempt, hatred, etc. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are due to psychological factors.
115. euphemism
People have a tendency to use mild, agreeable language when speaking of an unpleasant or embarrassing fact (such as death, disease, unfortunate events or crime), and of taboo subjects as sex and the excretive processes of the body. These mild, agreeable languages are euphemisms.
116. grandiloquence
Grandiloquence refers to the use of long, important-sounding words for effect.
117. cynicism
Cynicism is the desire to sneer and to be sarcastic.
118. restriction of meaning/specialization
Restriction of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the subjects it had previously denoted.
119. extension of meaning/generalization
Extension of meaning means the widening of a word?s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.
120. degeneration of meaning/pejoration
Degeneration of meaning is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.
121. elevation of meaning/ amelioration
Elevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time.
122. metaphor
Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.
123. idiom
An idiom may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.
124. phrase idiom
Phrase idioms are those idioms which have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word, and which correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of
a given syntactic function.
125. clause idiom
Clause idioms are those idioms containing a verb and an object and/or a complement.
126. sentence idiom
Proverbs and typical conversational expressions are called sentence idioms.
127. Americanism
A word, phrase, or usage originating in or peculiar to American English is called
Americanism.
128. big words
Big words are “high-sounding, mouth-filling” words, or words seeming important or
admirable but often having no meaning.
129. prescriptive dictionary
A prescriptive dictionary is one regarded as the norm of spelling, meaning, and usage of
English words.
130. descriptive dictionary
A descriptive dictionary is one which registers the language and bases standard of correctness
on usage.
131. monolingual dictionaries
Monolingual dictionaries are written in one language, that is, the headwords or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language. The monolingual dictionary is rather a late development because the earliest dictionaries were all bilingual.
132. bilingual dictionaries
Bilingual dictionaries are the ones compiled in two languages.
133. linguistic dictionaries
Linguistic dictionaries aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language.
They usually cover such areas as spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical function, usage and etymology, etc. These dictionaries can be monolingual and bilingual.
134. encyclopedic dictionaries
An encyclopedia is not concerned with the language purpose but provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword. There the reader cannot find pronunciation or meanings or usages but other information. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics
of both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia. In such dictionaries one can find the general information as in a linguistic dictionary and limited encyclopedic information as well.
135 unabridged dictionaries
An unabridged dictionaries is an unshortened dictionary. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use. But such a dictionary is the most complete description of words available to us. It provides a great quantity of basic information about a word. It should be large in scope and size, containing at least 200,000 headwords.
136. desk dictionaries
Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
As they are dictionaries that one finds most used on desks, they are called desk dictionaries.
137. pocket dictionaries
Pocket dictionaries have about 50, 000 entries or fewer. Such a dictionary provides only the spelling and pronunciation of each word with a few most common meanings. They contain only a few or no examples. Their advantages are being inexpensive and easy to carry.
138. specialized dictionaries
Special dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.
139. etymology
The branch of linguistics that deals with the origin and historical development of a linguistic form as shown by determining its basic elements, earliest known use, and changes in form and meaning, tracing its transmission from one language to another, identifying its cognates in other languages, and reconstructing its ancestral form where possible.
140. synchronic dictionaries
Synchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the form, meaning, usage, etc. of the words of the period.
141. diachronic dictionaries
Diachronic dictionaries show how the form, meaning, usage, etc. of words have developed throughout the history of the language.
142. ideological dictionaries
Ideological dictionaries are the ones which deal with ideas or concepts, not with words as such. Words expressing related ideas are grouped under separate heads which are in turn grouped into subclasses and classes. Taken together, a system is formed into which, theoretically, a word can be included and related to a number of other words.
股市中常用的专用名词解释
开盘价：指每天成交中最先的一笔成交的价格。 收盘价：指每天成交中最后的一笔股票的价格，也就是收盘价格。 成交数量：指当天成交的股票数量。 最高价：指当天股票成交的各种不同价格是最高的成交价格。 最低价：指当天成交的不同价格中最低成交价格。 升高盘：是指开盘价比前一天收盘价高出许多。 开低盘：是指开盘价比前一天收盘价低出许多。 盘档：是指投资者不积极买卖，多采取观望态度，使当天股价的变动幅度很小，这种情况称为盘档。 整理：是指股价经过一段急剧上涨或下跌后，开始小幅度波动，进入稳定变动阶段，这种现象称为整理，整理是下一次大变动的准备阶段。 盘坚：股价缓慢上涨，称为盘坚。 盘软：股价缓慢下跌，称为盘软。 跳空：指受强烈利多或利空消息刺激，股价开始大幅度跳动。跳空通常在股价大变动的开始或结束前出现。 回档：是指股价上升过程中，因上涨过速而暂时回跌的现象。 反弹：是指在下跌的行情中，股价有时由于下跌速度太快，受到买方支撑面暂时回升的现象。 反弹幅度较下跌幅度小，反弹后恢复下跌趋势。 成交笔数：是指当天各种股票交易的次数 成交额：是指当天每种股票成交的价格总额。 最后喊进价：是指当天收盘后，买者欲买进的价格。 最后喊出价：是指当天收盘后，卖者的要价。 多头：对股票后市看好，先行买进股票，等股价涨至某个价位，卖出股票赚取差价的人。空头：是指变为股价已上涨到了最高点，很快便会下跌，或当股票已开始下跌时，变为还会继续下跌，趁高价时卖出的投资者。 涨跌：以每天的收盘价与前一天的收盘价相比较，来决定股票价格是涨还是跌。一般在交易台上方的公告牌上用“+”“-”号表示。 价位：指喊价的升降单位。价位的高低随股票的每股市价的不同而异。以上海证券交易所为例：每股市价末满100元价位是0.10元；每股市价100-200元价位是0.20元；每股市价200-300元价位是0.30元；每股市价300-400元价位是0.50元；每股市价400元以上价位是1.00元； 僵牢：指股市上经常会出现股价徘徊缓滞的局面，在一定时期内既上不去，也下不来，上海投资者们称此为僵牢。 配股：公司发行新股时，按股东所有人参份数，以特价（低于市价）分配给股东认购。 要价、报价：股票交易中卖方愿出售股票的最低价格。 行情牌：一些大银行和经纪公司，证券交易所设置的大型电子屏幕，可随时向客户提供股票行情。 盈亏临界点：交易所股票交易量的基数点，超过这一点就会实现盈利，反之则亏损。 填息：除息前，股票市场价格大约等于没有宣布除息前的市场价格加将分派的股息。因而在宣布除息后股价将上涨。除息完成后，股价往往会下降到低于除息前的股价。二者之差约等于股息。如果除息完成后，股价上涨接近或超过除息前的股价，二者的差额被弥补，就叫填息。 票面价值：指公司最初所定股票票面值。 法定资本：例如一家公司的法定资本是2000万元，但开业时只需1000万元便足够，持股人
常用金融英语词汇的翻译知识讲解
常用金融英语词汇的 翻译
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股票常用名词解释大汇总
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Datasheet中常用英语词汇翻译
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23 Evaluation Board 评估板 24 Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanent damage to the device, or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied. 超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障。建议不要工作在电特性表规定的参数范围以外。 25 Failling edge 下降沿 26 figure of merit 品质因数 27 float charge voltage 浮充电压 28 flyback power stage 反驰式功率级 29 forward voltage drop 前向压降 30 free-running 自由运行 31 Freewheel diode 续流二极管 32 Full load 满负载 33 gate drive 栅极驱动 34 gate drive stage 栅极驱动级 35 gerber plot Gerber 图 36 ground plane 接地层 37 Henry 电感单位：亨利 38 Human Body Model 人体模式 39 Hysteresis 滞回 40 inrush current 涌入电流 41 Inverting 反相 42 jittery 抖动 43 Junction 结点 44 Kelvin connection 开尔文连接
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危害因素（hazardous factors）能对人造成伤亡或对物造成突发性损坏的因素。 有尘作业（dusty work）作业场所空气中粉尘含量超过国家卫生标准中粉尘的最高容许浓度的作业。 有毒作业（toxic work）作业场所空气中有毒物质含量超过国家标准中有毒物质的最高容许浓度的作业。 职业接触限值：（OELs）指职业性有害因素的接触限量标准、指劳动者在职业活动过程中，长期反复接触，对机体不引起急性或慢性有害健康影响的容许接触水平。 最高容许浓度（MAC）：指任何有代表性的采样测定均不得超过的浓度。 时间加权平均阈限值（TLV—TWA）：指正常8小时工作日的时间加权平均浓度。 短时间接触限值（TLV—STEL）：这是在不超过TWA的情况下，指每次接触时间不得超过15分钟的时间加权平均浓度。此浓度指在8小时内任何时间均不得超过的浓度。
股票名词解释大全
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如果在1983年底投资1000美元买人该公司股票，到 1994年7月便能以 11 554美元的市场价格卖出，赚取10倍多的利润。在通货膨胀时，股票价格会随着公司原有资产重置价格上升而上涨，从而避免了资产贬值。股票通常被视为在高通货膨胀期间可优先选择的投资对象。 4）流通性。股票的流通性是指股票在不同投资者之间的可交易性。流通性通常以可流通的股票数量、股票成交量以及股价对交易量的敏感程度来衡量。可流通股数越多，成交量越大，价格对成交量越不敏感（价格不会随着成交量一同变化），股票的流通性就越好，反之就越差。股票的流通，使投资者可以在市场上卖出所持有的股票，取得现金。通过股票的流通和股价的变动，可以看出人们对于相关行业和上市公司的发展前景和盈利潜力的判断。 那些在流通市场上吸引大量投资者、股价不断上涨的行业和公司，可以通过增发股票，不断吸收大量资本进人生产经营活动，收到了优化资源配置的效果。5）价格波动性和风险性。股票在交易市场上作为交易对象，同商品一样，有自己的市场行情和市场价格。由于股票价格要受到诸如公司经营状况、供求关系、银行利率、大众心理等多种因素的影响，其波动有很大的不确定性。正是这种不确定性，有可能使股票投资者遭受损失。价格波动的不确定性越大，投资风险也越大。 因此，股票是一种高风险的金融产品。例如，称雄于世界计算机产业的国际商用机器公司（IBM），当其业绩不凡时，每股价格曾高达170美元，但在其地位遭到挑战，出现经营失策而招致亏损时，股价又下跌到40美元。如果不合时机地在高价位买进该股，就会导致严重损失。
英语词汇学 术语解释
.' Lexicology the is into linguistics, inquiring a branch of origins and meanings of words. Morphology different their and the : study of morpheme forms. Semantics the study of word meaning. ：Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning. Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer Lexicography : the compiling of dictionaries. Synchronic study one or words at a : the study of word particular point in time. Diachronic study studies which to : an approach lexicology how a word (or words) changes over a period of time.
广告公司专业术语84419
以下属于涉及面很广, 有广告领域的, 有数字设计领域的, 更有IT领域的, 因为本身数字互动营销就是个很多元很不清不楚的东东~ 我承认这很无聊, 不过事实的确是这样的, 很多概念我们圈内人士自己都搞不清楚! 那该如何沟通, 如何清楚的向客户去表述呢? 比如数字营销, 互动营销, 网络营销, 这三个概念, 能一下说明白的大概也该去中科院了. 又比如线上, 线下这个“线”能定义清楚的…废话不多(不断更新中…)——————————————————————— Advertorial (软文) 广告的一种, 即付费文章, 故意设计成像一篇普通的文章。 Appeals (述求) Emotional Appeals/感性诉求, Rational Appeals/理性诉求 Art Base(美术/设计出身) 刚入行不久的同学也许会经常被人问到:“你是Art Base 还是Copy Base?” 一开始都是被问的一头雾水! 在广告圈中创意人分出身有两个派系——Copy Base和Art Base. Copy Base指出身于文案, 文字达人(Copywriter); Art Base就是指出身于美术, 设计, 视觉达人! 比如你是某公司CD, 你在向别人介绍时可以这么用:“我是xxx公司CD, 我是Art Base!”ATL (线上) 还有BTL呢! 这个讲起来真是有的讲, 相信平时大家都会被线上线下的概念混淆的团团转…有时间要写一篇关于这两个概念的日记. 互相探讨下! 其实在无数传统广告的书籍上都有讲这两个概念的. 但是这条线究竟是啥呢? ATL即Above The Line; BTL即Below The Line. ATL可以泛指为广告; BTL则是其他销货
房地产专业术语(名词解释)
十一、房地产专业术语 1、问：什么是商品房？ 答：是指在市场经济条件下，通过出让方式取得土地使用权后开发建设的房屋，均按市场价出售。商品房根据其销售对象的不同，可以分为外 销商品房和内销商品房两种。 2、问：什么是外销房？ 答：外销商品房是由房地产开发企业建设的，取得了外销商品房预（销）售许可证的房屋，外销商品房可以出售给国内外（含港、澳、台）的 企业，其他组织和个人。 3、问：什么是内销房？ 答：内销商品房是由房地产开发企业建设的，取得了商品房销售许可证的房屋，内销商品房可以出售给当地企事业单位和居民。 4、问：什么是复式住宅？ 答：复式住宅是受跃层式住宅启发而创造设计的一种经济型住宅。这类住宅在建造上仍每户占有上下两层，实际是在层高较高的一层楼中增建 一个1.2米的夹层，两层合计的层高要大大低于跃层式住宅（复式为 3.3米，而一般跃层为5.6米），复式住宅的下层供起居用，炊事、进 餐、洗浴等，上层供休息睡眠和贮藏用，户内设多处入墙式壁柜和楼 梯，中间楼板也即上层的地板。因此复式住宅具备了省地、省工、省 料又实用的特点，特别适合子三代、四代同堂的大家庭居住，既满足 了隔代人的相对独立，又达到了相互照应的目的。 5、问：什么是跃层式住宅？ 答：跃层式住宅是近年来推广的一种新颖住宅建筑形式。这类住宅的特点是，内部空间借鉴了欧美小二楼独院住宅的设计手法，住宅占有上下 两层楼面，卧室、起居室、客厅、卫生间、厨房及其它辅助用房可以 分层布置，上下层之间的交通不通过公共楼梯而采用户内独用小楼梯 联接。跃层式住宅的优点是每户都有二层或二层合一的采光面，即使 朝向不好，也可通过增大采光面积弥补，通风较好，户内居住面积和 辅助面积较大，布局紧凑，功能明确，相互干扰较小。
股票专业名词解释
股票专业名词解释 股票：股份证书的简称，是股份公司为筹集资金而发行给股东作为持股凭证，凭证取得股息和红利并行使股东权利的一种有价证券。 股票的常见分类： 1，A股，B股，H股是按英文字母作为代称的股票分类。 A股是以人民币计价，面对中国公民发行且在境内上市的股票； B股是以美元港元计价，面向境外投资者发行，但在中国境内上市的股票，沪市挂牌B股以美元计价，而深市B股以港元计价； H股是以港元计价在香港发行并上市的境内企业的股票。 2，ST股,就是由连续两年出现亏损的股票而受到特别处理的股票，快退市的前面加*号。 S股，就是未股改股，就是还没有完成股改的股票。 除权：上市公司在年底或年中分红是送股，如：10送10，到送股那天你的账上股数多了一倍，但股价相应降了一半。派息：是上市公司向股东派发现金红利的简称。 填权：指在除权除息后的一段时间里，如果多数人对该股看好，该只股票交易市价高于除权(除息)基准价，即股价比除权除息前有所上涨，这种行情称为填权。 增资：上市公司因为公司业务需求，需要扩大资金而再次在市场上进行募集资金的行为。 板块：指把股票按照行业，地域，概念等划分为同一类。 价位：指股票在交易时，市场体现反应的最新价格。 开盘价：指股票在每个交易日的第一笔成交价格，这是传统的开盘价定义。目前中国市场采用集合竞价的方式产生开盘价。 收盘价：股票在每个交易日的最后一笔成交价格。它是当日行情的标准,又是下一个交易日开盘价的依据,可据以预测未来。 最高价：是指当日所成交的价格中最高价位。有时最高价只有一笔，有时也不止一笔。 最低价：是指当日所成交的价格中最低价位。有时最低价只有一笔，有时也不止一笔。 涨跌：以最新的交易价格与前一天的收盘价相比较，低于前日收盘价格为跌，高于前日收盘价格为涨。 涨（跌）停板：交易所规定的股价一天中，涨（跌）最大幅度为前一日收盘价的百分数，现行规定一般为10％，ST 股和S股每天涨跌幅度为5％。 高开：是指开盘价比前一天收盘价高出很多。 低开：是指开盘价比前一天收盘价低出很多。 停牌：股票由于某种消息或进行某种活动引起股价的连续上涨或下跌，由证券交易所暂停其在股票市场上进行交易。待情况澄清或企业恢复正常后，再复牌在交易所挂牌交易。 手：它是国际上通用的计算成交股数的单位。必须是手的整数倍才能办理交易。目前一般以100股为一手进行交易。 即购买股票至少必须购买100股。 成交量：反映成交的数量多少。一般可用成交股数和成交金额两项指标来衡量。 多头：预期未来价格上涨，以目前价格买入一定数量的股票等价格上涨后，高价卖出，从而赚取差价利润的交易行为，特点为先买后卖的交易行为。 空头：预期未来行情下跌，将手中股票按目前价格卖出，待行情跌后买进，获利差价利润。其特点为先卖后买的交易行为。 利多：对于多头有利，能刺激股价上涨的各种因素和消息如：银根放松，GDP增长加速等。 利空：对空头有利，能促使股价下跌的因素和信息如：利率上升经济衰退，公司经营亏损等。 牛市：也称多头市场，指市场行情普通看涨，延续时间较长的大升市。 熊市：也称空头市场，指行情普通看淡，延续时间相对较长的大跌市。 支撑区：股价下跌到达某一价位附近，有大量买进情形。使股价暂时停止下跌，甚至回升的区域。 阻力区：股价上涨到达某一价位附近，有大量的卖出情形，使股价暂时停止上扬，甚至回跌的区域。 补缺口：指将跳空出现时将没有交易的空价位补回来，也就是股价跳空后，过一段时间将回到跳空前价位，以填补
自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 English Lexicology(英语词汇学) 1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学旨在调查和研究英语单词和单词的等价物的形态结构,其语义结构、关系、历史发展、形成和用法。 2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary 1.Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence 词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。 2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系” 3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。 （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。 （3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同。（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary最后借词来了，这是丰富英语词汇的重要途径。 （5）printing印刷已经变得非常普及。它有助于固定单词的拼写、standardization标准化使得拼写不容改变。、dictionary字典在拼写终结中得到好处。 —Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. 古代英语中的口语比今天更忠实的代表书面语 —The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。英语的书写是发音形式不完善的代表 4.What is vocabulary？ （1）Total number of the words in a language一个语言的单词综合 （2）Words used in a particular historical period 特殊历史时期使用的单词 （3）All the words of a dialect，a book ，a discipline...某个方言，书籍，学科中的所有单词 5.Classification of English Words：英语词汇由所有种类的词汇组成。它们可以根据不同的标 准或者不同的目的进行分类。 By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary根据使用频率，单词可以分为基础词和非基础词。 By notion:content words&functional words可以根据概念分成实词和虚词
广告专业术语
广告专业英语 英翻中 A AAAA America Association of Advertising advocacy advertising 倡导型广告Account Executive 客户主管 Account planning 客户策划 Account Services 客户部 Advertising Department 企业广告部agency 广告代理商 Art Director 美术指导 Assistant Partner 董事助理 A priori 先验估汁(演绎法) A posteriori 实测值(归纳法) analysis 分析archetype 标准受众，原型availability 空余时段 audience duplication 重复受众 AA（Account Assistant）客户助理Action Plan 行动方案 AD（Account Director）客户总监 Add Value 附加价值 Advertorial付费软文 AM（Account Manager）客户经理Analysis Tools分析工具Announcement 公告 Annual Report年报 AP (Asia-Pacific) 亚太区 AR List 任务清单 ATL (Above the Line) 线上活动Attachment附件 Audience Awareness公众认知度Awareness 认知 ad planning 广告策划 appeal 诉求B bid [bid] 广告竞标 business-to-business（B2B）advertising brand image 品牌印象 Brainstorming 头脑风暴法 Billboard 广告路牌 Blow in card 报刊广告插页 Bulldog edition 报纸的早发版 best face forward 展现最佳面貌 brand manager 品牌经理 buried position 被淹没的广告位Background material 背景材料Benchmark测试基准 BI (Behavior Identity)企业行为识别系统Bidding 竞标 Bio个人简历（Viva Resume）Boilerplate公司简介（附在新闻稿后面的关于该公司的简短介绍） Brand Loyalty品牌忠诚度 Brand Management品牌管理 Brand Planning/Designing品牌策划/设计Brand Positioning Survey品牌定位调查Brand Promotion品牌推广 Branding Strategy品牌战略 Briefing Kit资料包 Briefing情况介绍 BTL (Below the Line) 线下活动 Bundle 附赠品 Business Model商业计划 Business Philosophy 经营哲学 Business Strategy 经营战略 brand development index 品牌成长指数back- to-back 广告连播 C capitalism 资本本主义，资本运营commercial advertising 商业广告communication process 传播过程comparative advertising 比较广告consumer advertising 消费品广告consumerism 消费主义 Chief Executive Officer(CEO) 首席执行长官
股票名词解释大全
股票名词解释大全.txt鲜花往往不属于赏花的人，而属于牛粪。。。道德常常能弥补智慧的缺陷，然而智慧却永远填补不了道德空白人生有三样东西无法掩盖：咳嗽贫穷和爱，越隐瞒，就越欲盖弥彰。牛市: 股票市场上买入者多于卖出者，股市行情看涨称为牛市。形成牛市的因素很多，主要包括以下几个方面：①经济因素：股份企业盈利增多、经济处于繁荣时期、利率下降、新兴产业发展、温和的通货膨胀等都可能推动股市价格上涨。②政治因素：政府政策、法令颁行、或发生了突变的政治事件都可引起股票价格上涨。③股票市场本身的因素：如发行抢购风潮、投机者的卖空交易、大户大量购进股票都可引发牛市发生。 熊市: 熊市与牛市相反。股票市场上卖出者多于买入者，股市行情看跌称为熊市。引发熊市的因素与引发牛市的因素差不多，不过是向相反方向变动。 多头、多头市场: 多头是指投资者对股市看好，预计股价将会看涨，于是趁低价时买进股票，待股票上涨至某一价位时再卖出，以获取差额收益。一般来说，人们通常把股价长期保持上涨势头的股票市场称为多头市场。多头市场股价变化的主要特征是一连串的大涨小跌。 空头、空头市场: 空头是投资者和股票商认为现时股价虽然较高，但对股市前景看坏，预计股价将会下跌，于是把借来的股票及时卖出，待股价跌至某一价位时再买进，以获取差额收益。采用这种先卖出后买进、从中赚取差价的交易方式称为空头。人们通常把股价长期呈下跌趋势的股票市场称为空头市场，空头市场股价变化的特征是一连串的大跌小涨。 买空: 投资者预测股价将会上涨，但自有资金有限不能购进大量股票于是先缴纳部分保证金，并通过经纪人向银行融资以买进股票，待股价上涨到某一价位时再卖，以获取差额收益。 卖空: 卖空是投资者预测股票价格将会下跌，于是向经纪人交付抵押金，并借入股票抢先卖出。待股价下跌到某一价位时再买进股票，然后归还借入股票，并从中获取差额收益。 利多: 利多是指刺激股价上涨的信息，如股票上市公司经营业绩好转、银行利率降低、社会资金充足、银行信贷资金放宽、市场繁荣等，以及其他政治、经济、军事、外交等方面对股价上涨有利的信息。 利空: 利空是指能够促使股价下跌的信息，如股票上市公司经营业绩恶化、银行紧缩、银行利率调高、经济衰退、通货膨胀、天灾人祸等，以及其他政治、经济军事、外交等方面促使股价下跌的不利消息。 长空: 长空是指长时间做空头的意思。投资者对股势长远前景看坏，预计股价会持续下跌，在借股卖出后，一直要等股价下跌很长一段时间后再买进，以期获取厚利。 长多: 长多是指长时间做多头的意思。投资者对股势前景看好，现时买进股票后准备长期持有，以期股价长期上涨后获取高额差价。 死多: 死多是指抱定主意做多头的意思。投资者对股势长远前景看好，买进股票准备长期持有，并抱定一个主意，不赚钱不卖，宁可放上若干年，一直到股票上涨到一个理想价位再卖出。 跳空: 股价受利多或利空影响后，出现较大幅度上下跳动的现象。当股价受利多影响上涨时，交易所内当天的开盘价或最低价高于前一天收盘价两个申报单位以上。当股价下跌时，当天的开盘价或最高价低于前一天收盘价在两个申报单位以上。或在一天的交易中，上涨或下跌超过一个申报单位。以上这种股价大幅度跳动现象称之为跳空。 吊空: 股票投资者做空头，卖出股票后，但股票价格当天并未下跌，反而有所上涨，只得高价赔钱买回，这就是吊空。
【VIP专享】英语词汇学引论 术语翻译
Abberbation 缩写；缩略 Ablative case 夺格（即第五个或工具格）Absolute synonym 绝对同义词Accusative case 直接宾格 Acronym 首字母缩略词 Aderbial clause of concession 让步状语从句Affix 词缀 Affixation 词缀法 Alien 外国词 Alliteration 头韵 Alphabetical order 字母表顺序Amelioration 进化 Analogy 类比 Analytic language 分析性语言Anthropomorphic 拟人化的 Antonym 反义词 Antonymy 翻译关系 Approach to 方法 Archaism 古词 Arbitrary 任意的 Argot 黑话 Autosemantic 词本身有独立意义的 Base 词基 Back-formation 逆成法 Bilingual 双语的 Blend 拼缀词 Blending 拼缀法 Borrowed word 借词 Borrowing 借词 Bound morpheme 粘着形位 Briton 布立吞人 Capitalization 大写 Case 格 Classical element 古典成分 Clipping 缩短法 Collocability 词的搭配能力 Collocation 词的搭配 Colloquialism 口语词 Colloquial style 口语语体 Combining form 构词成分Complementaries 互补性反义词
Complex word 复合词 Compound 合成词 Compound word 合成词 Compounding 合成法 Concatenation 连锁型语义演变过程Conjugation 动词变位 Connotative meaning 内含意义 Context 语境 Contraries 相对性反义词 Conventional 约定俗成的 Converging sound-development 语音发展的一致性Conversion 转类法 Conversives 换位性反义词 Cosmopolitan character 国际性 Dative case 与格（第三格） De-adjectival 由形容词转变而来的 Declension 名词、形容词等的变格Degradation of meaning 意义的降格 Denizen 外来词 Denominal nouns :abstract 纯名词表示抽象意义Denominal nouns :concrete 纯名词表示具体意义Denotative meaning 外延意义 Derivative antonym 派生反义词 Deterioration 退化 Deverbal noun 由动词派生的名词 Diachronic approach 历时分析法 Diachronic dictionary 历史语言学词典Diachrony 历时分析 Dialect 方言 Double genitive case 双生格 Doublets 两词一组的同义词 Elevation of meaning 意义的升格Encyclopaedic dictionary 百科全书词典 Entry 词条 Etymology 词源学 Euphemism 委婉语 Euphony 语音的和谐悦耳 Existing word 现行的词 Exocentric word 离心结构合成词 Extension of meaning 意义的扩大 Figure of speech 修饰手段