常见动名词

常见动名词、分词的习惯用法总结

使用-ing分词的几种情况

1）在进行时态中。如：

.He is watching TV in the room.

2）在there be结构中。

如：There is a boy swimming in the river. 3）在have fun/problems结构中。We have fun learning English this term.

They had problems getting to the top of the mountain.

4）在介词后面。如：Thanks for helping me.

What /How about doing sth?

5.）在以下结构中

1.feel like doing sth想要做某事；

2.stop doing sth 停止做某事（原来的事）

3.forget doing sth 忘记做过某事；

4.go on doing sth 继续做某事（原来的事）；

5.remember doing sth 记得做过某事；

6.like doing sth 喜欢做某事；

7.find /see/hear/watch sb doing发现/看到/听到/观看某人做

8.try doing sth 试着做某事

9.prefer doing sth 宁愿做某事；

10.mind doing sth 介意做某事；

11.miss doing sth错过做某事；

12.practice doing sth 练习做某事；

13.be busy doing sth 忙于做某

14.can't help doing sth禁不住做某事；15waste time/money doin浪费时间/金钱做

16.keep sb.doing让…始终/一直做…

17.stop sb.(from)doing阻止某人做某事

18.prefer doing B to doing B=like A better than A喜欢做A更喜欢做B 19.“do some +doing”短语

如：do some shopping/do some washing/do some reading/do some practicing/do some cleaning/do some speaking

23．“go doing”短语去做某事（主要指文娱活动等）

如：go shopping/go fishing/go swimming/go hiking/go skating/go camping/go skiing

（滑雪/go boating /go hunting (打猎) 24enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事

25 finish doing sth；完成做某事；

26、need doing sth 需要做某事

27、have a hard/difficult time doing sth做

某事有困难have problem doing sth

28、spend some time doing sth花费时间做

某事

.注意动词的过去分词的常见搭配:

1、I feel(am/was) excited/ surprised/

amazed/interested/tired/pleased/worried

2、Keep…closed/

3、a boy called/named Tom

常见动词不定式词组、句型用法总结

.固定用法(非谓语动词)：

以下是带to的动词不定式常见搭配

★希望做某事hope to do sth.

★决定做某事decide to do sth.

★同意做某事agree to do sth.

★需要某人做某事need to do sth.

★使用某物做某事use sth to do sth

★迫不及待做某事can’t wait to do

★准备做某事get/be ready to do

★尽力/努力做某事try to do sth

★计划做某事plan to do sth.

★不得不have to do

★轮流做某事take one’s turns to do sth.

★拒绝做某事refuse to do sth.

★告诉某人做某事tell sb. to do sth.

★请某人做某事ask sb. to do sth.

★希望某人做某事wish sb. to do sth.

★想要某人做某事want /would like sb. to

do sth.

★同意某人做某事agree sb. to do sth.

★教某人做某事teach sb. to do sth.

★喜欢/想要某人做某事like sb. to do sth

.★帮助某人做某事help sb. to do

sth/help sb.do

★encourage sb to do 鼓励某人做

★It’s one’s turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事

例:It your turn to clean the blackboard.

★It’s time(for sb.) to do sth.是某人做

某事时候了例句

It’s time for me to go home.

★It’s +adj. for/of sb. to do sth. 对于

某人来说做某事是……（当adj.是表

示性格、品德的形容词时用of）

例It is easy for me to learn it well.

It is very kind/foolish/nice of you to do so.

★It takes sb. sometime to do sth.

某人做某事花了某时间例It takes me

an hour to get to school by bike.

★too+adj./adv. to do sth.太…..而不能

例: He was to angry to say a word.

★find/think/feel it +adj. to do sth.发现/认为

/感到做某事是…

I find/think/feel it hard to learn English well.

★序数词+to do 第…..个做某事

例句:Who is the first to get there?

★我不知/忘记了怎么办。

I didn't know/forgot what to do.

★忘记要做某事forget to do sth

记住要做某事remember to do sth

例句:Don’t forget/Remember to turn off the

lights when you left the room离开房间时不

要忘记/记住关灯

★be+adj+to do sth

例句:I am very sorry to hear that.

I am ready to help others.

I am happy/pleased/glad to meet you.

顺口溜：

本领最多不定式，主表定补宾和状；

样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢；

大家千万要小心，有时它把句型改；

作主语时用it，自己在后把身藏；

七个感官三使役，宾补要把to甩开；

疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；

逻辑主语不定式，不定式前加for sb.；

to前not是否定，各种用法区别开。

以下是不带to的动词不定式(即动词

原形)的常见用法

★let sb. do sth让某人做某事

★make do sth使得某人做某事

★hear do sth do sth听见某人做某事

★see do sth do sth看见某人做某事

★why not 或why don’t you +动

词原形？为什么不….?（表示建议）

例:Why not/Why don’t you take a walk?

★某人+had better( not)do 某人最好(不)做

某事

★情态动词can/may /must /should+ 动词

原形包括情态动词的否定形式+动词原形

★助动词do/does/did/will/would在构成疑

问句或者构成否定句即don’t /doesn’t

/didn’t /will not /would not+ 动词原形

★be going to + 动词原形（表示

“即将”“打算”做某事）

知识点：

1.形容词，副词的比较等级考查热点透视：

a)表示A与B在程度上相同时，“as+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构。表示A不如B时，可用“not as/so+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构。

b)表示A比B在程度上“更…..”时，可用“形容词或副词的比较级+than”结构

c)表示三者或三者以上的比较，其中一个在程度上“最…..”时，常用“the+形容词或副词的最高级”结构，后面可带“of/in的短语”来说明比较的范围。（注意：副词的最高级在句中常省略“the”.）

d)在形容词或副词的比较级前，可以用“a little, even, far, much,still”的等词语来修饰，以加强语气。

e)表示“越来越….”时，常用“形容词或副词的比较级+and+形容词或副词的比较级”结构，但要注意，对于多音节和部分双音节形容词，副词而言，若要表达此意时，要用“more and more+形容词或副词的原级“结构。

f)在表示“其中最….之一“的含义时，常使用“one of+the+形容词最高级形式+名词复数”结构，其中的定冠词the不可以省略。

g)如果强调“两者中比较…的（一个）”的意思时，可使用“the+形容词比较级+其它”结构。

h)表示“越….越….”, 可使用“the+形容词或副词的比较级，the+形容词或副词的比较级”结构。

中考英语必考考点归纳

一.单选 A.冠词：

（1）a/an 的区分：注意以“U”开头的单词。如果发字母u本身的音/ju：/，前面加a：a useful book, a university, a usual chair；如果发以外的音，前面加an：an unusual chair, an unimportant meeting, an unforgetable experience

（2）球类运动和三餐饭前不加the play football ，play table tennis 乐器前加the

play the violin，play the piano

（3）a—一个，the—那个（4）高难

度竞赛题a“u”；an“h”；an “s”；

an “x”

用汉语拼音给字母注音，如有声母，

就用a，如U—you；如没有声母，

就用an，如H—ei qi，S—ai si，X—

ai ke si

B. 连词

（1）连词现象：

Although ，though 与but通常不连

用because 与so 不连用if (如果)与

then 不连用

（2）就近一致连词neither...nor ,

either...or ,not only...but also

not...but...

（3）连接句子与to do 形式

because +句子（有完整主谓结构）

because of +介词宾语（名词等）

in order to do (in order not to do )

in order that +句子

so as to so as that +句子so...that

+句子

too...to do enough to do

so good a book that +句子

such a good book that+句子so good

that+句子

（4）重要联词的应用

unless（=if not)除非or 否则（威胁，

劝告）

as if / as though (仿佛）

even if / even though (即使）not...until

(直到...才)

C. 介词

（1）介词+doing 介词+ 代词宾格

形式

Neither of us is late. The book is for

you.

The knife is used for cutting things.

Tom is sitting between him and me.

（禁用“I”）

关联记忆：介意Mind + doing

Would you mind my smoking

here？

（2）on in at 的用法：表时间：on(天

优先，只要涉及天的概念就用on）；

in(时段）；at （时刻）on the

morning of April 1st.

on a rainy night 在一个雨天的夜晚

at the same time

（3）表伴随：with / without ，或

doing She is a girl with long hair.

She is a girl wearing a new dress.

（4）表方式：by bike，on foot 没

有冠词“a”或名词复数

What time is it by your watch? The

boss pays us by week.

He beat her with a book.（with后要

带a或复数）

speak in English Write in ink

（5）介词（不加the）+名词

at table 在桌旁，且在吃饭（两层

意思

at the table 在桌旁，具体干什么不清

楚

at school in the school

D. 名词

（1）单复数特殊变化：男(man—

men)、女(woman—women)、脚

foot-feet、牙tooth—teeth、鹅

goose-geese、孩子child—children

people可数名词sheep绵羊, deer（鹿）

单复数同形

中、日不变;英、法a-e; 美、德该死

（加S）Amercians，Germans

（2）名词的复数重心转移：

This is an old pair of shoes. I want a

new pair .

（3）带性别的复合词组：women

（变）doctors（变）bus lines（只变

最后一词）

【例题】Come on, children. Help

yourself to some _____ if you like.

A. fish and chicken

B. fishes and

chicken

C. fish and chickens

D. fishes and

chickens

【解析】有些物质名词要根据上下

文语境来决定是可数名词还是不可

数名词。fish通常是不可数名词（指

不同种类的鱼时，可作可数名词）；

chicken作“小鸡”解时是可数名词，作“鸡肉”解时是不可数名词。本题正确答案为A。

考点二、考查名词所有格

【例题】________ room is big and bright. They like it very much.

A. Tom and Sam

B. Tom's and Sam

C. Tom and Sam's

D. Tom's and Sam's

【解析】两人共有的事物，其名词所有格只在后一个名词上加-'s；分别属于不同人的事物则要分别加's。所以本题的正确答案为C。

考点三、考查由名词构成的复合形容词作定语

【例题】Liu Xiang is an Olympic winner in the _______ hurdles （跨栏）. We're proud of him.

A. 110-metres

B. 110-metre

C. 110 metre

D. 110-metres'

【解析】由数词、名词、形容词构成的复合形容词作定语修饰名词时，若这两个或三个词之间用了连字符，则其中的名词应用单数形式，如 a two-week holiday （两周的假期）；an 800-metre-long bridge （一座800米长的桥）；若不用连字符，则名词需用复数形式，再加所有格。110-metre 意为“110米的”，metre不加复数，所以本题答案为B。

考点四、考查名词作定语

【例】All the ____teachers enjoyed themselves on March 8th, because it was their own holiday.

A. man

B. men

C. woman

D. women

【解析】单个名词作定语时常用单数形式，但man，woman作定语修饰复数名词时则要变为复数men，women，如men doctors（男医生）；women nurses （女护士）。March 8th 是妇女节，所以“女教师”应表示为“women teachers”。正确答案为D。考点五、考查不可数名词量的表示法

【例】I have read _______news about the F1 race today.

A. two

B. pieces

C. two pieces

D.

two pieces of

【解析】表示不可数名词的数量通

常用“数词+ 片（张；块；瓶）+ of

+ 不可数名词”结构，如a piece of

paper（一张纸）；three bottles of juice

（三瓶果汁）。本题中news是不可

数名词，应用“two pieces of news”

表达，所以本题的正确答案为D。

考点六、考查专有名词的表达法

【例题】I'm in ________. A.

Grade Three; Class Two B. Class

Two; Grade Three

C. class two; grade three

D. grade

three; class two

【解析】专有名词首字母要大写；

表示有层次关系的专有名词应由小

到大排列。要表示“几年级几班”，

英语中应先说班级，再说年级。所以

本题的正确答案为B。

E. 动词

（1）动词变化三大黄金法则：主谓

一致，就近一致，双动词关系

主谓一致：谓语动词跟着主语发生变

化,第三人称单数现象（集体名词做

主语）

Our class are playing football now (与

人有关的动作）

Our class is a small one (整体)

主谓一致之就近一致（必考）：

There be 句型Either or

Neither...nor...

not only...but also..

Not only they but also I am wrong.

时态一致：从句与主句时态一致

He said he had been there for an hour.

He said the sun is bigger than the

moon.(自然规律自然现象用一般现

在时态)

He said the moon is running around

the earth.(错误，应改为一般现在时

态)

时态一致之时态变异（必考）：

A——瞬间动词的-ing形式表将来

The plane is taking off in an hour.

The old man is dying.（将要死了）

B——条件状语从句：一般现在时表

将来

I don't know if he will come tomorrow.

If he comes, I will call you.

I will ring you as soon as I finish my

work.

I won’t go out until my homework is

done.

典型考题：

A—I will go swimming. B—If you

go, so will I.

双动词关系：

单句中，若有两个动词（be动词，

行为动词，不包括助动词），他们的

关系有四种：

and 连接动作先后或并列发生，前后

形式一致

改为to do——动作未做，准备做

改为doing——动作正在做或已做

改为-ed 形式——后一动作被动发

生

特例：* 使、让（make ，let，have）

主动不带to，被动带to make sb. do

/make sb not do/be made to do let

sb. do

* The teacher asked the students to

stop talking and to listen to her.

I have my carrepaired.我请人修理了

我的车。车被人修）

I have repaired my car.(我修理了我的

车。现在完成时态)

I have him repair my car.我让他修我

的车。Have ab do sth）

（2）动词分类与句型转换

be 动词am, is, are, was, were

助动词（1）do, does, did—帮助行

为动词做句型转换2）have, has,

had ,will, would, shall, should 帮助表

时态

（3）can, may, must, need 帮助表情

态

行为动词like, cry, smile...等等(占

99%) 行为动词的所有句型转换均需

do家族三兄弟do、does或did帮忙

Be动词、助动词不需任何帮忙

I don't have lunch at home. Neither do you.

（前后主语不一样，Neither do you 主谓倒装）

I have been here an hour. So have you.

（前后主语不一样，Neither do you 主谓倒装）

A —I bought a new book ,Tom.

B —So you did.(I 和you 指同一个人，主谓不倒装)

（3）初中重点动词短语

四个to后接—ing形式的短语（to 在该短语中作介词用）

prefer doing to doing—prefer to do prefer to do rather thando

like ... better than... be used to doing (习惯于...）

used to do （过去通常）be used to do （被用来做...）

look forward to doing 盼望

make a contribution to doing 采取措施/为......做贡献

重要短语或相关词turn on, turn off, turn up, turn downtake off，land on put on, wear, dress, wear out, in red eat up, sell out, put away, put off

人花费

spend... (in) doing sth spend on sth

pay... for... payment报酬，repay报答

物花费

It takes... to do cost cost价值speak in English, say it in English,say a word

tell a story, talk about sth. talk with sb. talk to sb.

（4）表事物特征常用一般现在时The pen writes well. The music sounds nice.

The food tastes nice.

F. 形容词、副词

（1）比较A=B

as 原形as / not as (so)... as...

A＞B more...than...比较级标志词——than A< B less...than...

最高级典型标志词：in ,of , among

最高级和比较级的转换：

The Changjiang River is the longest

river in China.

The Changjiang River is longer than

any other river in China.

The Changjiang River is longer than

any river in India.

A≠B 用比较级解释句子

This food isn't so delicious as that

food.

This food is less delicious than this

food.

或That food is more delicious than

this food.

必须掌握的修饰比较级的四个词：

much, a little, even, far

He is much taller than Tom.

比较级、最高级的不规则变化：

口诀：两病两多并两好，距离老远

少迟到

bad/ill : worse worst much/many :

more most

good/well : better best far : farther

farthest

further furthest old : older oldest

elder eldest little :less least

（2）后接形容词的动词

be 动词

感官动词：look taste smell feel

sound

使和让：make let

变与不变：get go change turn

keep remain

He looks tired

The food tastes nice so it sells well.

（3）特殊句型：

比较级and 比较级......“越来越......”

more and more 越来越多

He is growing taller and taller.

The +比较级，the +比较级...“越......

越......”

The sooner you come, the earlier we

would arrive.

She can't be more beautiful!（她漂

亮极了。）

I have never seen a more beautiful

girl!

She can't help crying.（can’t help

doing 忍不住）

She can't wait to open the box.(can’t

wait to do 迫不及待)

G 数词

分数three sixths= 3/6 three and

three is six 3+3=6

I want a few more.还要一点once

more. 再来一遍

two books more 再来两本书 a

quarter =1/4 three quarters / three

fourths = 3/4

200个two hundred 几百个：

hundreds of

H.代词

介词/代词宾格形式all of us，each

of them

反身代词：help yourself to ..., Tom.

help yourselves to..., boys.

I study for myself.宾语与主语指向一

致，用反身代词

物主代词yours = your book Thank

you = Thanks

* something nice something else

* another是an other 的缩写others

= other books

one... the other...

I have two books. One is old, the other

is new.(总数为2 ，2-1=1 ，后面的数

量为准确的1)

the others... There are forty people in

the room. Ten of them are Young, the

others are old.

(总数准确，20-10=10，后面的数量也

为准确且超过1)

some... others...

There are a lot of people in the room.

Some are Young,

others are old. (总数不准确，后面的

数量也为不准确)

* 不定代词作主语，谓语动词用第

三人称单数

Is every one here? No, they aren’t.

some water一些水someone 某个人

* some time sometime time 时间some times sometimes times 次数一些次数

某次

* a few few ——fewer——fewest a little little——less——least

掌握技巧：

few：三个字母组成，数量少，数得清，修饰可数名词

little：六个字母组成，数量多，数不清，修饰不可数

a——表示一个，肯定

a few books 有一些书few books 没有书

a little water 一些水little water 没有水

too much——too many much too ——many too（错误书写）

把前面的词划掉，后面的接什么，合起来就可以接什么

英语的“两个与三个”

两个都——both 两个都不——neither

两者中任何一个——either 三个都——all

三个都不——none 三者中任何一个——any

两者之间——between 三者之间——among

* 也either ，too，also，as well as You like English，I like it，too.

You aren’t right, I’m not, either.

He can also swim.

He as well as you is late.

(注意非and连接，根据主语He决定谓语动词形式)

I. 其它

宾语从句

*动词+8w/8h + 主+ 谓（注意主谓不倒装）

正：He asked me where I had been the daybefore.

误：He asked me where had I been the day before. 口语交际三大原则：

学会道谢；学会道歉；学会欣赏和

同情。—礼貌原则

学会道谢——别人帮了忙，要感谢；

别人没帮上忙，也要感谢，如说

“Thank you all the same”；受到别人

的称赞，也要感谢。

学会道歉—没帮上别人的忙，要道

歉；弄错了，要道歉。

学会表示祝福、欣赏和同情——别

人干得好，要给与赞扬；别人开始干

某事，要给与祝福；别人遇到不幸的

事，要表示同情，如“I am sorry to hear

that”。

How和what引导的感叹句

宾语从句一般不用疑问语气（疑

问词放在从句句首，但主谓不倒装）。

there be句型——就近一致原则，

与have表示“有”的区别。

So she句型、反意疑问句——注意

动词分类即可。

三大从句

名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、

表语从句）——可用“什么”代替

诀窍：缺啥补啥，啥都不缺填that

从句为疑问，基本语序为：8w，8h，

if或whether+主语+谓语

定语从句——起限定作用，可用“哪

一个”之类的词代替

先行词+连接词+句子

连接词：没有what

状语从句——叙述事件发生的时

间、地点、原因、目的等背景因素

单项选择做题要点：先看选项，认

清是什么考点，考什语法点或知识

点；再读题进行斟酌。做题速度，2

题/分钟。力争15分拿14分！

二. 完型填空（先通读文章后填选项）

此类文章词汇一般较简单。认真琢

磨第一段第一句话的大意。弄清全文

何时、何地、何人、何事四大要素

之后才填选项。若考语法，则应用语

法知识。切忌未通读文章前边看边

填。注意上下文的关联，尤其注意

文中so、and、but 等连词透漏出

的答案信息。

答题时间：6—8分钟。力争10分拿

到8-9分。

三. 阅读理解（先看选项，再在原文

找答案）

A、B两篇，不能失分划出文章中

的重点句子

C、D两篇，拔高篇划出考题中的

对应词

有疑问的地方作好标记以便回头检

查

实在是看不懂原文，就采取蒙的办

法——选择所有最长的选项（正确率

在40%——80%）。力争20分拿到

18-19分

四. 解释句子. （力争10分拿到8-10

分）读原句——识别考点——书写时

注意动词的三大黄金法则

A类初中重点句型的对应

(1) What do you think of ...?—How

do you like...?

(2) What is it like ?—How is it ?

(3) Spend … doing sth spend…

onsth—cost —

take…todo——pay ...for …

(4) more than — not as... as

less than not so...as

(5) 最高级—比较级

(6) too ... to —enough to—so ...

that not enough to

(7) so good a book —such a good

book

(8) hear from — receive letters from

(9) be afraid of doing — be afraid to

do

(10)It's time for sth—It's time to do

sth.

(11)prefer doing to doing —prefer to

do rather than do—like ... better than

(12)have a good time —enjoy

oneself

(13)形式主语it

To learn English is very important.

It代替作形式主语

It is very important to learn English .

(14)What is wrong with you?

—What is the matter with you ?

(15)be busy doing sth. —be busy with sth.

(16)What a good book it is!—How good the book is!

(17)Why not go with us ?—Why don't you go with us?

(18)Hurry up, or you'll be late—If you don't hurry up, you'll...

(19)borrow from —lend to

(20)间接引语变直接引语：“一主二宾三不变”

B类单句—复合句

(1) not...until

(2) both...and ....neither ...nor ... not only...but also...

(3) What to do —how to do it

I don't know what I should do.

I don't know what to do.

I don't know how to do it.

C类句意解释

He is the same height as me.

He is as tall as me.

He founded the company

He is the founder of the company.

五.作文（力争8-9分）

(1)注意分２－３段,注意文采

(2)表述句子：先主谓后状语—I will go first

较长定语放后边

She is a girl with long hair.

The book on the desk is mine.

(3)必用句型：not only...but also.. more and more spend ...doing ...why not...prefer doing ...to doing ...

感叹句

(4)复查所有动词：是否漏掉了动词,是否符合三大黄金法则

例文：Fathers’Day

My father is not only my best friend but also my best teacher.

In my life, he is like the sun in my heart. When I get into trouble, he will teach me how to become braver and stronger. At the same time, he always teaches me how to get on well with my classmates and help them. With his help,I have made a lot of friends in my

school.

How proud I am ! Fathers’Day is

coming. I am going to send him a

present.Thank you , Father, thank you

for what you have done for me.

重要得分句型：not only…but also

is like 像，（打比方）

how to do get on well with

感叹句Thank you for what

六. 听力. （力争25分拿到22-25

分）加大词汇和句型基础。答题前

快速看完相关选项。

初中语法复习－精挑细讲

Ⅰ词类。

词类英语名称意义例词

名词The Noun (缩写为n) 表示人或

事物的名称Basket, mouth, hospital,

year, train

冠词The Article (art) 用在名词前帮

助说明名词所指的人或事物a, an,

the

代词The Pronoun (pron) 用来代替

名词、形容词或数词They, his, him,

mine, which, all

形容词The Adjective (adj) 用以修

饰名词，表示人或事物的特征Long,

empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry

数词The Numeral (num) 表示数量

或顺序Three, thirteen, twenty,

second

动词The Verb (v) 表示动作或状态

Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing

副词The Adverb (adv) 修饰动词、形

容词或其他副词Quickly, early, out,

soon, then, sometimes

介词The Preposition (prep) 表示名

词、代词等和句中其他词的关系

From, with, at, into, behind, between,

for

连词The Conjunction (conj) 用来连

接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And,

or, but, so, because

感叹词The Interjection (interj) 表示

说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh, hey,

ouch, well, there, dear

（一）名词：

专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、

地名等。如China, John, London, the

USA, Harbin .

1．名词个体名词：表示单个的人或

事物。如boat, chair, desk, apple . 可

数名词

集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的

总称。如family, people, class, police .

普通名词

物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物

质。如water, air, tea, sea, money,

cotton .

抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如

health, help, work, friendship . 不可

数名词

2．名词的数。可数名词有单复数，

不可数名词没有单复数。

3．名词的格：名词有三个格：主格

（作主语）、宾格（作宾语）、和所有

格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变

化。

（二）冠词

1．定冠词－the .

○1 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。

The students are very good.

○2 说话人与听话人都知道的人或

事物。Where is the toilet ?

○3 重复提到上文的人或事物。I

have a cat , the cat is white and black .

○4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。

The moon moves around the earth .

○5 形容词最高级和序数词前和表

示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He

is the first to school . I live in the

south .

○6 洋乐器的名称前常用定冠词－

the 。I like playing the piano / violin .

○7 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名

词化，代表某一类人。We should help

the poor . 但play Erhu.

○8 放在某些专有名词前。We will

go to visit the Great Wall next week .

the People’s Republic of China .

○9 放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全

家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV .

○10 固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .

2．不定冠词－a / an .

○1 指人或事物的某一种类。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs.

○2 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen.

○3 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory.

○4 不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.

3．零冠词。

○1 泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature .

○2 抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice .

○3 有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。We had better send him to hospital at once.

○4 在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.

○5 在三餐饭、球棋类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball.

○6 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。September 10th is Teachers’Day.

○7 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor.

○8 在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。This is his book. I can speak English . ○9 不用冠词的惯用语。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class /

at work 等。

（三）形容词

1．形容词的构成。

○1 简单形容词由一个单词构成。

Good, long, green, large, bright,

interesting, surprised, learned,

developing, sleeping .

○2 复合形容词由一个以上的词构

成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word,

8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip,

part-time, good-looking.

2．形容词的用法。

○1 修饰名词作定语。She is a

beautiful girl .

○2 作表语。He is very strong.

○3 作宾语补足语。Let the door open.

You must keep your classroom clean .

○4 “定冠词＋形容词”表示一类人

或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。

We should speak to the old politely.

○5 大多数形容词既可作表语又可

作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，

不能作定语。如：asleep, ill, awake

等。

○6 有些形容词只能作定语而不能

作表语。如：many, little, wooden,

golden 等。

3．形容词的位置。

○1 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名

词的前面。A heavy box.

○2 与表示度量的词连用，形容词要

放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metres

long. 12 kilometers away .

○3 与不定代词something, anything,

everything, nothing 等连用时，可以

放在这些词之后。Something

important . nothing serious .

○4 当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，

一般按下面的词序排列：冠词（包

括物主代词、序数词、基数词）－描

述形容词（brave, beautiful）－表示

形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词

－表示年龄或新旧的形容词－表示

颜色的形容词－表示国籍、出处或来

源的形容词－表示材料、物质的形容

词－表示用途或类别的形容词－被

修饰的词。My nice small brown

leather bag . those large round black

wooden tables .

4．形容词的比较级和最高级。（一般

加er / est ，不规则见表）

○1 原级的用法：“……和……相同”

A．肯定句：A ＋动词＋as ＋形

容词原级＋as ＋B . He is as tall

as me .

B．否定句：A…＋not as ＋形容

词原级＋as ＋B （即A 不如B

那么…）

A…＋not so ＋形容词原级＋as

＋ B = A…+ less + 形容词原级＋

than + B .

○2 比较级的用法：

A．A ＋动词＋形容词的比较级

＋than ＋B . （A 比B 更…，在

这种句型中，比较级前面可用much,

even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far

等修饰，表示“…得多”，“甚至…”，

“更…”，“…一点儿”。

B．“比较级＋and ＋比较级”、

“more and more ＋部分双音节或

多音节的原级”译为“越来越…”。

○3 最高级的用法：（个体用－of ，

范围用－in，最高级前面要用定冠词

－the）

A．三种最高级表示法。

最高级：Shanghai is the largest city in

China .

比较级：Shanghai is larger than any

other city in China . / Shanghai is

larger than the other cities in China .

原级：No other city is as large as

Shanghai in China . / No other city is

larger than Shanghai in China .

（四）副词

1．副词的种类：

○1 时间副词：often, always, usually,

early, ago, already, before, ever, late,

now, soon, since, tomorrow, just

now …

○2 地点副词：here, there, above,

below, outside, anywhere, back, down,

home, out, everywhere …

○3 方式副词：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully …

○4 程度副词：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough …

○5 疑问副词：how, when, where, why …

○6 关系副词：when, where, why …（引导定语从句）

○7 连接副词：how, when, where, why, whether …

○8 频率副词：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly …

○9 其他副词：really, certainly, surely, maybe …

2．副词的用法：

○1 作状语：He can finish the work easily .

○2 作定语（要后置）：The students here are from Harbin .

○3 作表语：I must be off now .

○4 作宾补，构成复合宾语：Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night .

3．副词的比较级和最高级。（一般加er / est ,不规则见表）

○1 副词的原级：

A．as + 副词的原级+ as “与…一样”

B．not as(so) + 副词的原级+ as “与…不一样”

C．too + 副词的原级+ to do sth .太…而不能

Dso + 副词的原级+ that 从句如此…以于…

E．副词的原级+ enough to do sth .足够…做…

○2 副词的比较级：

A．A + 动词+ 副词比较级+ than + B

B．副词比较级前也可以用much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修饰。

C．比较级＋and + 比较级，表示“越来越…”，the more …the more …表示“越…就越…”

D．副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词

the .

（五）数词

1．基数词：

1－12 13－19 20－90 100－

1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a

hundred

2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300

three hundred

3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000

a thousand

4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000

five thousand

5 five 17 seventeen 40 forty

1,000,000 a million

6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty

1,000,000,000 a billion

7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty

8 eight 70 seventy

9 nine 80 eighty

10 ten 90 ninety

11 eleven

12 twelve

2．序数词：

1-10 11-19 20-90 100-

1 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20

twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth

100th

2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 12th 21

twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and

third 103rd

3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth 13th 30

thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and

thirty-fourth 134th

4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37

thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth

200th

5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth

40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th

6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth

50th 1,000,000 one millionth

1,000,000th

7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60

sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one

billionth 1,000,000,000th

8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70

seventieth 70th

9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80

eightieth 80th

10 tenth 10th 90 ninetieth 90th

○1作主语：The first is better than the

second .

○2 作宾语：He was among the first

to arrive .

○3 作表语：He is the first to come to

school .

○4 作定语：The ninth letter of the

word “restaurant”is “n”./ There

are three thousand workers in the

factory .

（六）代词

人称代词代替人或事物，主格作主

语，宾客作宾语

主格I you he She it we you they

宾格me you him Her it us you them

物主代词形容词性只作定语，名词

性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属

关系词义

My book is there.

Her father is a worker.

This bike is yours, ours is broken .

形容词性my your his her its our your

their

名词词性mine yours his hers its ours

yours theirs

反身代词起强调作用，只作同位语

和宾语

We ourselves did the work.

He did the work by himself.

单数myself yourself himself

herself itself

复数ourselves yourselves

themselves

相互代词表示相互关系，作宾语宾

格所有格We should help each

other.

Please correct each other’s mistakes .

each other（两者相互）each other’

s（相互的）

one another（三者或三者以上）one

another’s（相互的）

指示代词起指示作用，作定语、主语、宾语、表语等This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.

My point is this .

不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.

Neither answer is right.

疑问代词表示疑问，构成特殊问句who, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ?

关系代词引导定语从句which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new.

连接代词引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）what, who, that

I know what you are doing . at’s what I hope .

（七）动词

行为动词含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语open, visit, hear …

He visited Gaozhou yesterday.

不及物动词后面可以不接宾语laugh, cry, live …He lives in Beijing .

连系动词（link v）本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem …The meat smells bad .

He is a student .

助动词（v.aux.）本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would …He doesn’t speak English . We are playing football .

He had gone to Beijing .

情态动词（Modal Verbs）本身有一

定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能

和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示

说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有

人称和数的变化。Can, may, must,

should, need, dear, shall, will, have

to …

She can speak English .

May I speak to Ann, please、

We must go now .

注：动词（除情态动词，只有原形和

过去式）有原形、第三人称单数、动

词－ing、动词过去式、动词过去分

词五种形式。

（八）介词

1．介词的种类：

○1 简单介词：in, at, of, from, since,

around, to …

○2 合成介词：onto, into, without,

upon, within …

○3 短语介词：because of, in front of,

according to …

○4 分词介词：regarding, following,

concerning …

2．介词短语在句子中的作用：

○1 作定语。I know the answer to the

question .

○2 作状语。The children are playing

basketball in the playground .

○3 作表语。Mike is in the

classroom .

○4 作宾语补足语。He found himself

in the middle of the river .

○5 作主语补足语。Tom was seen

inside the cinema .

3．常用介词的基本用法：

○1 表示时间的介词（at, in, on, for,

since, after, by, during, before, from, to,

until, within …）

○2 表示位置，方位的介词（in, at, on,

to …）

○3 表示交通方式的常用介词（by,

on, in …）

○4 其他一些词组搭配介词（be

angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict

with/in/ sb/sth …）

（九）连词

1．并列连词：

○1 表联合关系连词。（and, or, but,

for, not only…but also, as well as,

both…and…, neither…nor .）

○2 转折连词。（but, while, yet,

however .）

○3 选择连词。（or, or else, either…

or…, otherwise .）

2．从属连词：

○1 引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语

从句的连用，主要有三个：that,

whether, if . I hear that he is a student .

○2 引导状语从句的从属连词：

A．连接时间状语从句：when, before,

after, while, as soon as, since, until, as,

whenever, ever since …

B．连接让步状语从句：although,

though, even if, however …

C．连接原因状语从句：as, because,

since, now that, for …

D连接目的状语从句：that, so that, in

order that …

E．连接条件状语从句：if, unless, once,

in case …

F．连接结果状语从句：so…that,

such…that …

G．连接方式状语从句：as, as if, as

though …

H．连接地点状语从句：where .

I．连接比较状语从句：as, as…as, not

as/so …as, than …

（十）非谓语动词

1．定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以

外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性

质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、

定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的

非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定

式、分词和动名词。

2．动词不定式：to ＋动词原形（在

某些情况下可以不带to ）。（没有人

称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和

状语，可以有时态和语态的变化）

○1 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动

语态：to be + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)

○2 进行式：主动语态：to be doing , 被动语态：无(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)

○3 完成式：主动语态：to have +动词过去分词，被动语态：to have been +动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)

○4 用法：

A．作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language .

B．作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .

C．作宾语：

a. 动词＋to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)

b. 动词＋疑问词＋to do I don’t know where to put the bike .

c. 动词＋形式宾语(it)＋宾补＋to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .

D．作补语：

a. 动词＋宾语＋to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)

b. 动词＋宾语＋不带to的动词He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…) E．作状语：

a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .

b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren’t old enough to go to school .

c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that .

I am glad to see you .

F．作定语：I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat . ○5 动词不定式to 的省略：A．在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch,

notice 及使役动词have, let, make等

后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还

原不定式to。

I often saw him go out of the

room .--------

He was often seen to go out of the

room by me .

B．在had better, would rather, do

nothing but等后面常省to。

○6 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to

do ，有时也可以用－never + to do

结构。

3．动名词：动词原形＋ing 。具有

名词、动词一些特征。

○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被

动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表

示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或

状态同时发生或之后发生)

○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动

词过去分词，被动语态：having been

+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在

谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生）

Children enjoy watching animated

cartoon .

I don’t remember having ever seen

the film .

○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名

词（v-ing）I regret not being able to

help you .

○4 用法：

A．作主语：

a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形

式主语it代替。Learning English is

very important .---

It’s very important to learn English .

b. No + 动名词表示“禁止”。

No smoking, No parking .

B．作宾语：He finished doing his

homework .

C．作表语：His favourite sport is

playing basketball .

D．作定语：shopping basket, finishing

line . （表明名词的用途、功能等）

E．动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、

形容词物主代词＋动名词。Do you

mind my / Wei Fang’s opening the

window ?

4．分词：动词原形＋ing 。具有形

容词、副词和动词一些特征。（可分

为现在分词、过去分词）

现在分词

○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被

动语态：being + 动词过去分词（表

示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或

状态同时发生)

○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动

词过去分词，被动语态：having been

+动词过去分词（表示动作或状态在

谓语动词的动作或状

态之前就发生）

○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名

词（v-ing）No understanding the

meaning of the words, he couldn’t

explain the sentence .

○4 用法：

A．作表语。The result is surprising .

B．作定语。Developing country (主

谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动

作)

C．作状语。Passing by the house, he

saw a girl playing the piano . = when

he was passing by the house , he saw a

girl playing the piano .

D．作宾补。I found him lying on the

grass.

过去分词

○1 形式：规则动词＋ed，和不规则

动词的过去分词。

○2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动

词过去分词。

○3 用法：

A．作表语：My bike is broken . He is

very worried .

B．作定语：developed country, fallen

leaves, spoken English .

C．作状语：Asked why he was absent,

he said he was ill . = When he was

asked why he was absent, he said he

was ill .

D．作宾补：You had better have your

shoes mended . I had my hair cut

yesterday .

（十一）动词的语态

1．语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动) English is taught in our school .（被动）

2．被动语态：助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词（be +p.p.），be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：

时态谓语动词的形式例子

一般现在时Am / is / are + 动词过去分词Colour TVs are made in the factory .

一般过去时Was / were +动词过去分词

My hometown was liberated in 1949 . 一般将来时Shall / will + be +动词过去分词The film will be shown again . 现在进行时Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词The walls are being painted .

过去进行时Was / were +being动词过去分词The tickets were being well sold then .

现在完成时Has / have + been + 动词过去分词 A new road has been built here .

时态谓语动词的形式例子

过去完成时Had + been +动词过去分词Much had been done before mother came back .

含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词＋be＋动词过去分词The composition must be handed in today . 3．被动语态中值得注意的问题：

○1 带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .

○2 英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。The cloth washes well ./

This kind of bags sells well. / The

shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well .

/ The pen writes smoothly . / This coat

lasts long .

○3 在英语中有时“be + V-ed”结构

并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。

The mountains were covered with

snow .

○4 在“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补

足语”的结构中，要补留宾语补足语。

We found the door broken. / The door

was found broken.

○5 宾语补足语为省to的不定式，

变为被动语态后，要还原to。He made

me laugh. / I was made to laugh .

○6 如果短语动词是及物动词时，可

以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介

词或副词。The nurse looked after the

baby ./ The baby was looked after by

the nurse . / We must make up for the

lessons we missed. / The lessons we

missed must be made up for .

○7 下列情况不能用被动语态：

A．不及物动词：The accident

happened on a busy road yesterday .

B 连系动词：The girl looks like her

sister .

C．宾语为反身代词：He always

dresses himself neatly .

D．宾语为相互代词：The students

often help each other .

E．同源宾语：At that time, they lived

a happy life .

F．表示状态的及物动词：I have a

new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .

（十二）动词的时态：

时态

一般现在时现阶段经常发生的动作

或存在的状态动词原形（包括第三

人称单数形式＋s / es）often、

usually、always、sometimes、every

day、in the morning (afternoon …)等

He is often late for school.

She usually goes to work on foot.

一般将来时将要发生的动作或存在

的状态shall / will + 动词原形

am / is / are going to + 动词原形

am / is / are to + 动词原形

am / is / are about to + 动词原形

am / is / are + 动词－ing tomorrow、

next week、this month、in an hour、the

day after tomorrow 等He will go to

Shanghai next week.

I am going to buy a book tomorrow.

They are to see a film in a hour.

She is about to mend the bike later.

I am flying to Guangzhou next week.

一般过去时过去发生的动作或存在

的状态动词过去式（一般＋ed , 特

殊见课本不规则表）yesterday、last

week、three days ago、before、the day

before yesterday 等I finished my

homework yesterday.

He went to Gaozhou three days ago.

现在进行时现在正在进行的动作

am / is / are + 动词现在分词now、

It’s six o’clock.也可用look、listen

等词提示

They are doing their homework now.

Look! The boy is playing basketball.

过去进行时过去某个时刻正在进行

的动作was / were + 动词现在分词

at six yesterday morning、this time

yesterday、也可用when等引导的从

句I was sleeping at 11 last night .

They were cooking when the bell

rang .

现在完成时动作发生在过去，已结

束，对现在有影响；或者开始在过去

一直持续到现在的动作。have / has

+ 动词过去分词（一般＋ed , 特殊

见课本不规则表）already、ever、

never、just for three days、since 1998 、

by the end of this term、yet 等I have

already finished my work .

He hasn’t foun d out who broke the

door .

过去完成时过去某个时间之前已经

完成了的动作had + 动词过去分词

By the end of last month、when、before

等引导的从句

I had seen the film when I was in college.

The meeting had begun before we arrived .

过去将来时从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作should / would + 动词原形

was / were going to ＋动词原形

was / were to + 动词原形

was / were about to + 动词原形

was / were + 动词－ing 通常在宾语从句中出现，主句为共有4条文章页次：2/4 分页：

过去时He said (that) he would go to Maoming the next day .

She told me (that) she was moving to France in two days .

Ⅱ句子

句子的成分

1．定义：组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，即：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。

句子成分

主语表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。Lucy is an American girl .

We study in No.1 Middle School .

谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语（谓语部分里主要的词）用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致We love China . / She is singing .

Mike hopes to be a doctor . / His parents are farmers .

表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。Her aunt is a driver . / Are you ready ?

We were at home last night .

句子成分意义例句

宾语表示动词、行为的对象，由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语

等充当，和及物动词一起说明主语做

什么。He often helps me . / We study

English at school.

Did you see him yesterday ?

定语用来修饰名词或代词。作定

语的除形容词外，还有代词、数词、

名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词

或短语等。The black bike is mine. /

What’s your name, please ?

We have four lessons in the morning ?

状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副

词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、

目的、方式、程度等意义，通常由副

词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短

语等来表示。People are all working

hard. / It is very nice.

We had a meeting this afternoon .

宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词，

除有一个直接宾语以外，还有一个宾

语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。这

类词有：make, consider, cause, see,

find, call, get, have, let等。He made

me very angry.

I find him a good boy .

句子的种类

1．英语中按使用目的或功用分为四

类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹

句。

A．陈述句。

○1 陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一

个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句

和否定陈述句两种。

a．陈述句的肯定式。I have already

posted the photos. / They are students.

/ I must go now . / He was reading a

book at 8:00 last night.

b．陈述句的否定形式。

（1）谓语动词是系动词be, 助动词

have, will, shall, be或情态动词，只须

在其后面加not构成否定句。

She isn’t a student . / He hasn’t been to

the Great Wall . / I can not swim . /

You will not go there tomorrow. / They

aren’t sleeping .

（2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实

义动词前加上do not，第三人称单数

现在时用does not，过去时用did not。

He didn’t send me an invitation .

（3）由具有否定含义的词never,

nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom,

few, too…to等构成的否定句。

Not all the books in our school library

can be renewed .

B. 疑问句。

○1 疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种

疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、

选择疑问句和反意疑问句。

a．一般疑问句：以一个助动词、情

态动词、动词be或have开始，语调

为升调，通常要求以yes或no回答

的疑问句。

（1）一般疑问句的基本结构：

Be动词(is, am, are, was, were)+主语+

表语…？

Have动词(表示“有”：have, has, had)+

主语+宾语…？

情态动词(can, may, must等)+主语+

行为动词或be…?

助动词(do, does, did)+主语+行为动

词…？

助动词(shall, will, have, has)+主语+

行为动词…？

（2）否定形式的疑问句，通常把助

动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回

答：

Aren’t you a student? Yes, I am .(不，

我是) No, I am not .(对，我不是)

b．特殊疑问句：以疑问代词who,

what, whom, whose, which或疑问副

词when, where, why, how开头。

（1）如果疑问词在句中作主语或其

修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。Who

is on duty today ? / Which book is

yours .

（2）如果疑问词在句中不作主语或

其修饰主语，用“疑问词＋一般疑问

句”形式。Where have you been ?

c．选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以

上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or

连用，但不能用Yes或no 来回答。

（1）疑问句＋选择成分1＋or＋选择

成分2？Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ?

（2）特殊问句＋选择答案1＋or＋选择答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei .

d．反意疑问句：陈述部分＋提问部分。

（1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。◎前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes, 非事实回答用No . ◎前陈述句用降调，后问句用升调；如对前陈述句内容有把握，后问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑问句应该用肯定式。

（2）陈述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don’t(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone时，附加疑问句需分别用：don’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, usedn’t / didn’t, will, they等。

My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn’t / didn’t she ? Don’t turn on the TV set, will you ?

（3）陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he ?

（4）在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+宾语从句”中，当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。

I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he ?

（5）在含有情态动词must 的句子中，若must 表示推测，提问用must 后面的动词。若must表示有必要时，用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止时，提问用must。

He must be tired, isn’t he ？You must go to Gaozhou, needn’t ？You

mustn’t smoke here, must you ?

（6）陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部

分常用will you(表请求)。注：let’s 用

shall we（包括说话人），let us 用will

you（不包括说话人）。Have a cup of

tea, will you ? Let’s go now, shall we ?

Let us go now, will you ?

e．祈使句：可表示请求、命令、劝

告、建议等。（省主语，动词用原形）

（1）let + 第一人称，第三人称＋

（not）动词原形。Let me try again .

（2）动词原形＋其他成分。

Listen to me carefully .

（3）Don’t (never)+动词原形＋其他

成分。

Don’t look out of the window .

（4）Do+动词原形＋其他成分。

Do give him another chance .

f．感叹句：表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感

情，句尾用“！”。What 修饰名词，

how 修饰形容词、副词。

（1）How ＋形容词/ 副词。

◎How + 形容词＋主＋谓＋

?！How cold it is today ! How clever

the boy is !

◎How ＋副词＋主＋谓＋?

?！How fast she runs ! How hard the

girls are working !

◎How + 形容词＋ a / an + 名词

＋主＋谓＋?！

How clever a boy he is !

How funny an elephant it is !

（2）What + 名词。

◎What + a / an ＋形容词＋可

数名词单数＋主＋谓＋?！

What a fine day it is today !

What an honest man his father is !

◎What ＋形容词＋可数名词复

数＋主＋谓＋??！What tall trees

they are !

What good students the boys are !

◎What ＋形容词＋不可数名

词＋主＋谓＋?！What cold

water it is !

What delicious milk it is !

句子类型

1．从结构上看，英语的句子可分为

三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。

2．简单句：由一个主语（或并列主

语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成

的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句

型：

型号句型例子

1 主语＋不及物动词（＋状语）The

Frenchman coughed badly at night. /

The city lies in a valley .

2 主语＋连系动词＋表语That is a

map of China. / That piece of meat

looks quite good. / It sounds like the

singing of rails .

3 主语＋及物动词＋宾语You’re

doing the right thing. / Jack likes to

stay at home and play by himself .

4 主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直

接宾语Can you tell me the way to the

Summer Palace ? / It took me a week

to finish the work.

5 主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补

足语We call him Li Ming . / The rich

man asked the singer to come up to the

sitting room .

6 There +be+主语＋状语There are

some flowers on the teacher’s desk . /

There are 365 days in a year .

3．并列句：由并列连词把两个以上

的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用

的并列连词有and, but, for, or, nor, so,

yet, neither…nor, either…or, still,

however, not only…but also等。并列

句的结构：简单句＋并列词＋简单。

Hurry up, or you’ll miss the early bus .

/ We love peace but we are not afraid

of war . / He must be ill, for he is

absent today .

She has not only knowledge, but also

experience . / He was ill, so he didn’t

go to school. / Work hard, and you will

succeed .

4．复合句：由一个主句和一个或一

个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合

句。主句是句子的主体，从句只用作

句子的一个成分，不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语（主语从句）、表语（表语从句）、宾语（宾语从句）、定语（定语从句）、状语（状语从句）。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。

A．状语从句：在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较（或方式）和条件等类。

○1 时间状语从句：由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等连词引导。

主句从句例子

一般将来时一般现在时I will go out for a walk if it doesn’t rain tomorrow .

带有情态动词You must look left and right when you cross the crossing .

祈使句Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back .

过去时的某种时态过去时的某种时态I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema .

I was reading a book while he was singing a song .

○2 条件状语从句：由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引导。（注：在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时，表示相应的将来时）。

I’ll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car .

○3 原因状语从句：由because（因为）, as（由于）, since（既然）, for （因为）等引导。

He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night .

○4 目的状语从句：由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引导。句中常

有may, might, can, could, should,

would等情态动词。

He got up early so that he could catch

the early train. / He studied hard in

order that he might succeed .

○5 结果状语从句：由so…that, so,

so that, such…that等。

The film is so interesting that everyone

likes to see it again . / Nothing more

was heard of him, so people thought

that he was dead .

○6 比较状语从句：由than, as…as,

not as(so)…as, the（＋比较级）…the

（＋比较级）等引导。

Today is not as warm as yesterday. /

He listens to the teacher more carefully

than I .

○7 地点状语从句：由where 和

wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于

句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开；位于

句末时则不用逗号。

He follows her wherever she goes .

○8 方式状语从句：由as, just as…so,

as if 等。As if 引导的从句的时态要

用过去时（虚语语气）。

Please do as I do . / He tells me the

whole thing as if he knew everything .

○9 让步状语从句：由though,

although, even if, even though,

however, whatever, no matter who等

引导。

Although he has failed many times, he

doesn’t give up trying .

B．宾语从句：由一个句子充当宾语，

我们称之为宾语从句。（宾语从句的

语序永远是陈述语序）

○1 宾语从句的连词。

a．如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而

来的，要用连词that来引导，that可

以省略。

b．如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变

化而来的，要用连词if或whether .

c．如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变

化而来的，连词就应该用特殊疑问词

（what, when, where…）。

○2 宾语从句的时态：

主句从句例子

任何一种时态一般现在时（表示真

理、科学原理、自然现象）The teacher

told / tells us that the earth goes round

the sun.

一般现在时任何一种时态I hear

that he will come back next week.

一般将来时I will tell him that his

father rang him up just now when he

comes back .

一般过去时过去时的某种时态I

wondered if Tom would come back ./

Lucy asked whether I had finished my

homework .

○3 宾语从句的人称：人称代词要随

合理的逻辑而自然变化。

She said, “I am much better than

before.”--------She said that she was

much better than before .

○4 when 和if 在引导宾语从句和状

语从句中，后面的时态有差别。

I don’t know when (何时)she will be

back（宾语从句）, but when(当…时

候) she comes back, I’ll let you know

（状语从句）.

I don’t know if(是否) she will come

back（宾语从句）, but if (如果)s 共

有4条文章页次：3/4 分页：9 7 1

2 3 4 8 :

he comes back, I’ll let you know （状

语从句）.

C．定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词

或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语

从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定

语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从

句的关系代词有：who(人，主格),

whom(人，宾客), whose(人，所有格),

which(物), that(人，物)。引导从句的

关系副词有：where(地点), when(时

间), why(原因)。

The man who lives next to us is a

policeman./ You must do everything

that I do ./ We will never forget the day

when we visited Gaozhou .

主句/先行词从句主句主句/

先行词从句主句/ 先行词从句

○1 从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。

a．主谓关系：He asked the man(作从句主语) who/that was smoking . b．动宾关系：The noodles(作从句宾语) that/which I cooked were delicious .

○2 只能用that 的情况：

a．先行词为all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修饰。I have done all the work that he told us to do .

b．先行词被序数词修饰。That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer .

c．先行词同时有人和物。They often talk about things and persons that they remember .

d．先行词是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词。I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before .

e．先行词被形容词最高级修饰。That is the best book that I have read . f．先行词被the very, the only, the same修饰。It is the very book that I am looking for .

g．先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。China is no longer the country that it used to be . h．先行词是指示代词that, one, those, this, another, all等。Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ?

i．主句以who / which开头，定语从句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made in China ?

○3 只能用which的情况：

a．关系代词前有介词。This is the house in which we lived last year . b．先行词本身是that 。The clock is that which I bought yesterday .

c．非限制性定语从句。His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent . ○4 定语从句在句中作定语，所以在

使用时，相当于现在分词短语，过去

分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短

语作后置定语的句子。

a．I bought a book that was written by

Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by

Lu Xun .

b．Tell the children who are playing

basketball not to do that . = Tell the

children playing basketball not to do

that .

c．The house that stands at the corner

was built in 1987 . = The house

standing at the corner was built in

1987 .

d．We have nothing that we should

fear . = We have nothing to fear .

e．The book that is on the table is

expensive . = The book on the table is

expensive .

○5 引导词when, where和why可用

相应的表示时间（in, on, at, during

等）、地点（in, on, at等）和原因（for）

的介词＋which 表达为介宾结构。

a．I still remember the day when I met

her for the first time . ---- I still

remember the day on which I met her

for the first time .

b．That is the place where I went when

I was a child . ----- That is the place to

which I went when I was a child .

c．May I know the reason why you are

late ? ----- May I know the reason for

which you are late ?

○6 在定语从句中，不能再出现指示

先行词的指示代词。

I just can’t find the book which/that

she lent it to me .（×）---- I just can’

t find the book which/that she lent to

me .（√）

○7 注意下面的变化：

a．This is the house(不作lived的宾

语) where we lived last year .

This is the house(作lived in的宾语)

which/that we lived in last year .

b．This is the day (不作left的宾

语)when we left for Shenzhen .

This is the day (作spent的宾

语)which/that we spent in Shenzhen .

○8 限制性定语从句和非限制性定

语从句的区别：

a．限制性定语从句：是句中不可缺

少的组成部分，没有从句，先行词意

思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主句

不用逗号分开。

b．非限制性定语从句：是主句先行

词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主

句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句

一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性

定语从句中，一般不用that。

◎Last Sunday they reached Dalian,

where a meeting was to be held .

◎She has two brothers, who are both

doctors .

ⅢThere be 句型

1．英语“There + be + (not)”结构

表示“有（没有）某人或某物”时，

there 是无词义的引导词，be是谓语

动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者再

数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点

或时间的状语。

2．肯定句：There +(助动词或情态

动词)＋be 主语＋地点（时间）状语。

There is a pen on the table . / There

will be a football match tomorrow .

3．否定句：There + be(助动词或情

态动词)＋not（any）(或＋no)+ 主

语…。

There are not fairies in the world . /

There wasn’t a underground in

Shanghai before ./ There won’t be a

football match tomorrow .

4．一般疑问句：Be + there +(any) +

主语…？/ 助动词或情态动词＋

there +be +(any) + 主语…？Is

there anything I can do for you ? / Will

there be cloud tomorrow ?

5．特殊疑问句：疑问词（＋名词）

＋be ＋there + 状语？

How many weeks are there in a year ?

/ What is there on the desk ? / Where

介词后 动名词结构一览

介词后+动名词结构一览.txt15成熟的麦子低垂着头，那是在教我们谦逊；一群蚂蚁能抬走大骨头，那是在教我们团结；温柔的水滴穿岩石，那是在教我们坚韧；蜜蜂在花丛中忙碌，那是在教我们勤劳。介词后+动名词结构一览 用法归纳由于to既可用作介词，也可用作不定式符号，所以许多学生在其后接动词时，弄不清到底该用动词原形，还是用动名词。本文根据新课标词汇(比考试大纲词汇范围稍广)对这类结构作了一次系统归纳，总结出介词to后接动名词的常考结构27个，并根据其结构特点，分为以下四类： 一、动词+介词to+动名词。这一种结构是考试中的大热考点，考生容易产生定势思维，想当然的认为“to”之后要跟"to do"不定式，所以，请特别重视下列含有“to"的动词短语。 1. admit to doing sth 承认做了某事 2. apply to doing sth 适用于做某事 3. object to doing sth 反对做某事 4. see to doing sth 负责做某事 5. stick to doing sth 坚持做某事 6. take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事，逐渐习惯做某事。 7. lead to通向 8. see to 负责 应用实例： He admitted having stolen the money. 他承认偷了钱。 These methods apply to learning English.这些方法适用于英语学习。 He objected to being treated like a child. 他反对被当作小孩子看待。 Reporters should stick to investigating the facts. 记者应坚持调查事实。 Soon he took to sleeping late. 不久他就养成了睡懒觉的习惯。 二、动词+宾语+介词to+动名词 9.devote oneself to doing sth专心致力于做某事把……献给做某事；献身于做某事 10. limit sth to doing sth 把…限制在做某事的范围内 11. reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事 12. give one’s life to doing sth 献身于做某事 13. give one’s mind to doing sth 专心做某事 14. have a dislike to doing sth 厌恶做某事 15. have an eye to doing sth 注意做某事 15. have an eye to doing sth 16. have an objection to doing sth 反对(反感)做某事 17. pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事 18. set one’s mind to doing sth 决心做某事 应用实例： She applied herself to learning English. 她专心学习英语。 Hunger reduced them to stealing. 饥饿使他们沦落为盗贼。 She devoted herself to helping the poor. 她致力于帮助穷人。 I have a strong dislike to playing cards for money. 我极讨厌打牌赌博。 He has a strong objection to getting up so early.他很反感这么早就起床。

(完整版)动名词讲解与练习

非谓语动词之动名词 一定义 动名词，就是动词后加ing 的形式，即doing sth.它的作用相当于一个名词，所以叫做“动名词”。 动名词的否定形式在动名词前加not。 二．动名词ing形式的变化规则。 1.一般在词尾直接加ing。 2.以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e再加ing。 3.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音的动词，要双写最后一个字母后加ing。 4.少数以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y，再加ing。 三作用 一）作主语 1.动名词用作主语，谓语动词用单数。. Reading French is easier than speaking it. 阅读法文比讲法语容易。 Talking to him is talking to a wall. 和他说话等于对牛弹琴。 Smoking can cause cancer. 吸烟会致癌。 Growing roses is her hobby. 种玫瑰是她的爱好。 2.有时it作形式主语，把动名词主语放在句子后面。 It’s nice seeing you again.再次见到你太好了。

It was tiring driving from morning till night. 从早到晚开车很累人。 It’s a wonder meeting you here.在这里碰到你真是奇迹。 It was a waste of time reading that book. 看那本书是浪费时间。 3.动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构（这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。 注意比较下面两个句子的区别与联系： I don’t mind smoking here. I don’t mind his smoking here. 注意：在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首做主语时不能这样来代替。 【例题】翻译句子（需包含动名词相关形式）： ①介意我用下你的电脑吗？ ? ②爸爸坚决要求他的儿子上大学。 . ③玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。 . ④他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。 . 4.动名词和动词不定式作主语的区别： 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式多用来表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。

写出下例动词的现在分词形式2012.7.24

现在进行时 一、写出下例动词的现在分词形式 1）give____ 2）use____ 3）move____ 4）skate____ 5）draw____ 6）tell____ 7）ring____ 8）wear____ 9）get____ 10）put____ 11）hit____ 12）stop____ 13）keep____ 14）hurt____ 15）know____ 16）lie____ 17）die____ 18）begin____ 19）forget____ 20）save____ 21）close____ 22）see____ 23）carry____ 二、用现在进行时连写句子 1）Li Ping; learn; to; speak; English; 2）it; rain; now 3）they;watch;a football match;on TV 4）he;look;out of the window; 5）look;the dog;sleep; 6）listen;the baby;cry; 7）they;have a meeting;at seven o'clock 8）the students;prepare for;an English test;now; 三、将下例句子改成一般疑问句 1）Mike is climbing the hill. 2）We are having an English lesson now. 3）Li Ping is jumping like a monkey. 4）The students are reading the text now. 5）I am studying English. 6）He is closing the window. 四、对划线部分提问 1）The baby is listening to the music. 2）I am looking for a jacket for my son. 3）She is smiling to herself in the mirror.(镜子) 4）The boys are visiting the history museum. 5）The old man is sleeping right now. 6）The cats are running up the trees. 7）The children are listening to the teacher of English. 五、将下例句子改成否定句 1）The woman is making a cake in the kitchen. 2）We are having lunch now. 3）The boy is waiting for his mother under the big tree. 4）You are playing the violin. 6）The students are doing their homework now.

动名词的用法

动名词 定义：动名词是动词的一种非限定形式，兼有动词和名词的特征，它可以带宾语，也能被状语修饰。动名词接宾语或状语构成动名词短语。动名词有时态和语态的变化。 基本形式：由动词原形家词尾-ing构成，与现在分词形式相同。动名词已经名词化了，而现在分词常表示动作或状态。如：a sleeping chair 躺/睡椅（动名词，表用途） a sleeping child 正在睡觉的孩子（现在分词，表状态） 一、动名词的句法功能 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。 1、作主语 1）直接位于句首做主语。 Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。 Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣。 Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffering. 在这种工作条件下工作不是一件愉快的事而是一件痛苦的事。 注意：动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数 2）用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收 It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪 费时间。 It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。 It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。 这种用法在习惯句型中常用，常用句型： It is + no use/no good/useless/senseless/fun/enjoyable/tiring/ interesting/foolish/nice/a waste of time/a plessure… + v.ing 注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词后面不用动名词（常用不定式）。3）用于“There be”结构中。 There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。

动词过去式、过去分词、现在分词

动词 一、五种基本形式： 英语中实义动词和系动词有五种基本形式，原形、现在式（用于第三人称单数）、过去式（用于过去时态）、过去分词（用于各种完成时态）和现在分词（用于各种进行时态）。

二、动词时态 定义：时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。 四类：一般时态、进行时态、完成时态和完成进行时态。每一类时态都对应四种时间：过去、现在、将来、过去将来。常用8种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在进行时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时和过去将来时。 1、一般现在时 常见频度副词有：always（总是，一直）,often, usually, never, sometimes等 地球围绕着太阳转：The earth moves around the sun.表客观存在的真理或科学事实。 公交车来了：Here comes the bus.以here, there等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。

2、一般过去时 有确定的时间状语，如：yesterday, two days ago, last+年/月/星期,the other day, just now, in the old days, the day before yesterday（前天），this morning/afternoon, at the age of+过去年龄段，when引导的状语从句（过去），at+过去时间点，in+过去的年份等。 3、一般将来时 常用时间副词：tomorrow, soon，(today, tonight)时间状语短语：next year/week/month, in a few days, in the future等。 构成：will/shall+动词原形，be going to+动词原形，表示打算和预测。 特殊情形： be to+动词原形，表示按计划或安排即将要发生的动作；有时也表示命令、禁止或可能性。如：She is to practice the piano tomorrow. 她明天将练习钢琴。 用现在进行时表示按计划或安排将要发生的事。 用一般现在时表示按规定或时间表预计要发生的事。 be about to+动词原形，表示即将要发生的事。 4、现在进行时 常与look, listen, now连用 5、过去进行时 the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等标志性词语，主要表示过去某一时刻或表示过去某一阶段正在发生或进行的动作。 6、现在完成时： 常见时间状语：always, yet, just, ever, before，these days, recently, in the past/few时间段，since+时间点，for+时间段等。 构成：have/has+动词的过去分词 7、过去完成时 8、过去将来时 Would+动词原形

现在分词用法总结

现在分词 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ①It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ②It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。 eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有： A: start, begin, intend, attempt, continue等后接doing和to do无区别。 B: like, love, prefer, hate等后接doing和to do略有区别，后接doing侧重经常习惯性的行为，后接to do侧重具体的某一次行为。 eg: I like swimming in summer but today I like to see a film at home

介词to后+动名词结构一览

介词to后+动名词结构一览 用法归纳由于to既可用作介词，也可用作不定式符号，所以许多学生在其后接动词时，弄不清到底该用动词原形，还是用动名词。本文根据新课标词汇(比考试大纲词汇范围稍广)对这类结构作了一次系统归纳，总结出介词to后接动名词的常考结构27个，并根据其结构特点，分为以下四类： 一、动词+介词to+动名词作宾语结构。 这一种结构是考试中的大热考点，考生容易产生定势思维，想当然的认为“to”之后要跟"to do"不定式，所以，请特别重视下列含有“to"的动词短语。 1. admit to doing sth 承认做了某事 2. apply to doing sth 适用于做某事 3. object to doing sth 反对做某事 4. see to doing sth 负责做某事 5. stick to doing sth 坚持做某事 6. take to doing sth 喜欢上做某事，逐渐习惯做某事。 7. lead to通向 8. see to 负责 应用实例： 1.He admitted having stolen the money. 他承认偷 了钱。 2.These methods apply to learning English.这些方 法适用于英语学习。

3.He objected to being treated like a child. 他反 对被当作小孩子看待。 4.Reporters should stick to investigating the facts. 记者应坚持调查事实。 5.Soon he took to sleeping late. 不久他就养成了睡 懒觉的习惯。 二、动词+宾语+介词to+动名词作宾语结构 9. devote oneself to doing sth专心致力于做某事把……献给做某事；献身于做某事 10. limit sth to doing sth 把…限制在做某事的范围内 11. reduce sb to doing sth 使某人沦为做某事 12. give one’s life to doing sth 献身于做某事 13. give one’s mind to doing sth 专心做某事 14. have a dislike to doing sth 厌恶做某事 15. have an eye to doing sth 非常注意做某事，着眼于 16. have an objection to doing sth 反对(反感)做某事 17. pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事 18. set one’s mind to doing sth 决心做某事 应用实例： 1.She applied herself to learning English. 她专心 学习英语。 2.Hunger reduced them to stealing. 饥饿使他们沦 落为盗贼。 3.She devoted herself to helping the poor. 她致力 于帮助穷人。

-ing形式之现在分词(讲义)

1. 通过学习本课，能够全面掌握现在分词的基本形式及其基本用法。 2. 通过学习本课，能够掌握现在分词作表语、定语和状语等句法功能。 重点：学生能够正确运用现在分词来解决语法填空和短文改错中的问题。 难点：学生能够运用句法功能及固定搭配等选用现在分词的正确形式。 1. 对动词-ing形式的考查历来是高考中的热点。要求考生正确理解分词的句法功能，正确分析句子结构。 2. 高考对于现在分词的考查主要集中在语法填空和短文改错中，要求考生对适用现在分词的情况有足够的认知，能够准确判断出何时需要用现在分词形式。 现在分词的基本形式及其基本用法 现在分词在形式上与动名词相同，由“动词+ing”构成，现在分词可以有不同的时态和 He came up to me, saying, “Glad to see you here.” 他朝我走来，说着“很高兴遇见你。” The question being discussed is of great importance. 正在被讨论的问题非常重要。 Having been scolded by his mother, he made up his mind to give up smoking. 被母亲责怪过之后，他下定决心要戒烟。 Not knowing her address, I telephoned her to meet me at the airport. 不知道她的地址，我打电话让她到机场接我。 Not having finished his homework, he had to stay up late last night. 因为还没有写完作业，昨夜他不得不熬夜到很晚。 According to the report, people in the __________ areas are rebuilding their homes and many roads __________ to the area have been repaired. A. flooded; lead B. flooding; leading C. flooding; to lead D. flooded; leading 答案：D 思路分析：句意：据报道，洪灾区的人们正在重建他们的家园，并且很多通往灾区的路也已经修好了。flooded意为“被水淹的”；many roads和lead之间是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用leading。 现在分词作表语 作表语的现在分词多已经演化为形容词，即为-ing形容词作表语，表示“令人……的”。 常见的-ing形容词有：amusing, amazing, boring, confusing, disturbing, exciting, encouraging, frightening, interesting, inspiring, missing, moving, surprising, tiring, puzzling, worrying, sitting 等。

初中英语现在分词用法总结

初中英语现在分词用法总结 一、基础知识： 现在分词（也叫动名词）：表示主动和进行。 基本形式：doing 否定式：not doing 被动式：being done 完成式：having done 二、具体用法： 1.动名词作主语和宾语： （1）把一个动词变成-ing形式可以当做名词来用，表示一种经常性、习惯性的动作，可在句中充当主语和宾语。 eg: Working with you is a pleasure. I like reading in my free time. （2）可以用it做形式主语或形式宾语放在前面，再用动名词做真正的主语或宾语放在后面，这种用法常用于以下句式： ① It is/was no use/good doing sth. 做某事是没用的/没有好处的。 eg: It’s no use begging for his mercy. It’s no good smoking too much. ② It is/was a waster of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间的。eg: It is a waste of time copying others’ homework. ③ It is/was worth doing sth. 做某事是值得的。 eg: It was worth making the effort. ④ There is/was no sense in doing sth. 做某事是没有道理的/

意义的。 eg: There is no sense in arguing with your wife. ⑤ There is/was no point (in) doing sth. 做某事是没用的/ 无意义的。 eg: There is no point in getting angry. ⑥ There is no shame in doing sth. 做某事是不丢脸的。 eg: There is no shame in saying sorry to your friends. ⑦ There is no telling…无法预言会… eg: There is no telling what will happen. ※注意：动名词作主语时，其前可用名词所有格和形容词性物主代词修饰，即one’s doing sth.作主语。 eg: Tom’s being late again made his teacher angry. My going to Beijing University is my parents’ biggest dream. （3）动名词作宾语分为两种情况：动名词后的宾语和介词后的宾语 ①有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，常见的有： avoid, advise, allow, admit, appreciate, consider, deny, enjoy, keep, finish, suggest, dislike, delay, risk, escape, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practice, fancy, can’t help, be busy, give up, can’t stand, feel like等。 eg: You must avoid being hurt when crossing the road. ②有些动词后即可接动名词也可接不定式作宾语，常见的有：

现在分词用法讲解

一、现在分词：在句中可以做表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。 二、现在分词的基本用法 1. 作表语：表主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing。 2. 作定语： (1). 表示主动的、进行的状态：The girl wearing blue skirt is my sister. = The girl who is wearing blue skirt is my sister. （比较：The factory being built now is a big one.） (2). 说明被修饰词的性质和特征：This is an interesting story. (3). 相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开：Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. (4). 与adv. / n. 构成复合词作定语：This is an English-speaking country. 3. 作状语：表示主动的、进行的状态，其逻辑主语是句中的主语。(如果不是，需在v.-ing 形式前加名词或代词作逻辑主语: Time permitting, the football match will be played on Friday.) (1). 原因状语：Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home. (2). 时间状语：Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while：While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. (3). 条件状语：Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. (4). 让步状语：Weighing almost two hundred kilograms, the stone was moved by him alone. (5). 结果状语：He died, leaving nothing but debts. (6). 伴随状语：He sat by the desk, begging. 注意：The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine. 由此可知伴随状语的特点：①主语所做的另一动作或②与谓语动作(状态)同时发生或③对谓语进行补充说明。(7). 方式状语：Following their teacher, the students entered the room quietly. 4. 作宾补：表示主动的、进行的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的“主表”或“主谓”关系：We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) / I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) 三、现在分词的两个基本特点 1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行：a developing country, boiling water, rising sun (比较: a developed country, boiled water, risen sun) 2. 在语态上表示主动：the ruling class 统治阶级，the exploiting class 剥削阶级(比较：the ruled class 被统治阶级，the exploited class 被剥削阶级) 四、独立主格结构（Absolute Phrase）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。其本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。 A lecture to be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. （原因）Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. （条件） He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head. （伴随） An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. （结果） The meeting over, they all went home. （时间） Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. （结果） The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. （伴随） Another story to be completed, the writer stayed up almost every night. （目的）

动名词用法归纳

动名词用法归纳Mar 11, 2011 一. 动名词作主语和表语 动名词表示抽象的具有普遍性的行为，不定式表示某一次具体的行为。 Seeing is believing. (但现代英语也可以：To see is to believe.) Swimming is a good sport. (抽象) To swim is good for today. (具体) My job is teaching English. (抽象) Your job is to clean the window now. (具体) 二. 作宾语 1. help to do 帮着做 can’t help doing 禁不住 want / need doing = want / need to be done Your hair needs cutting. / Your hair needs to be cut. 2. 只能跟动名词作宾语的动词有： enjoy; finish; suggest; advise; imagine; mind; practise; consider(考虑)；understand; bear / stand (容忍) 等。 I enjoy listening to music. I’ve finished doing my homework. He imagined finding a purse in the street. He suggested having a rest. She is practising playing the piano. He is considering going abroad. 3. 接动名词作宾语的短语有： be good at; be proud of; be fond of; look forward to; be devoted to; insist on; be busy doing; be worth doing; feel like doing; be used to doing; succeed in doing 等。 She is proud of being beautiful. He is fond of playing computer games. I am looking forward to going to the village. I insist on learning English. 4. 接动名词作宾语的重点介词： after; before; on (一…就…); without 等。 After playing football, we feel tired. Before playing football, we feel excited. On opening my eyes, I found Mother standing by my side. I sometimes go to school without having breakfast. 三．动名词作定语 动名词作定语说明被修饰词的用途；现在分词作定语说明被修饰词本身发出的动作。

现在分词的几种详细用法 (10)

现在分词的七种用法 （一）作定语 1. 动词现在分词单独作定语，通常放在所修饰词前。The sleeping boy is Tom. 2. 现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰词的后面，意思同定语从句差不多。例如： Tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise. = Tell the children who are playing outside not to make too much noise. 3. 现在分词可相当于非限制性定语，常用逗号分开。 Tom, wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. = Tom, who is wearing beautiful clothes, followed me down the hill. 4. 有时现在分词可以和副词或名词构成复合词作定语。This is an English-speaking country. （二）作表语 现在分词作表语多表示主语的特征。如amusing, discouraging, puzzling, refreshing, astonishing, exciting 等。The story is moving. （三）现分在句中作宾语补足语，这时现在分词和前面的宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。We all found his equipment interesting. (主表关系) I saw Mary going upstairs then. (主谓关系) （四）作状语现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般是句中的主语，如果不是，需在V-ing 形式前加名词或代词主格作逻辑主语。 1. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句。Being ill, Mary didn't come to school yesterday. 2. 作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句。Seeing their teacher coming, the students stopped talking. 如果现在分词表示的动作与谓语表示的动作同时发生，常在现在分词前加上when或while。 While waiting for the plane, I had a long talk with Simon. 3. 作条件状语。 V-ing 形式作条件状语时，相当于一个条件状语从句。Working harder, you'll be No. 1 in your class. 4. 作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句。Weighing almost two hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. 5. 作结果状语。He died, leaving nothing but debts. 6. 作伴随状语或方式状语。He sat by the roadside, begging. （五）现在分词的完成式表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Having finished his homework, he left the classroom. （六）现在分词的被动式 当句子的主语是动作的承受者时，用V-ing 形式的被动式The factory being built now is a big one. （七）现在分词的否定形式是由“not + 现在分词”构成。 Not having been invited to the party, she had to stay home. 过去分词的用法 一．1. 及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是被动关系,表示主语的状态,既表示被动,又表示完成. (1)_ The cup is broken. 茶杯破了. 2. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语,与句子主语是主动关系,表示主语的状态,只表示动作的完成. (2) He is retired. 他已退休. 3. 有些过去分词作表语时,构成的谓语很接近被动结构. (3)_The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山. 过去分词作表语 【注意】过分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态,而被动语态则表示动作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被动语态,表示动作) (2) The library is now closed. 图书馆关门了.(过去分词作表语)

现在分词的用法

现在分词的用法 现在分词（Present Participle ）（又称-ing形式、现在进行式），是分词的一种，分词又 分为现在分词和过去分词，它们都是非限定动词，即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语和状语），并且它们具有动词的性质，所以又是类动词的一种。 ☆现在分词的两个基本特点： 1. 。例如： a developing country. 一个发展中的国家，boiling water 沸水， risi ng sun 冉冉升起的太阳。（试比较： a developed country —个发达国家，boiled water 白开水，rise n sun 升起的太阳） 2. 在语态上表示主动。例如：the ruling class 统治阶级， the exploiting class 剥 削阶级。（试比较： the ruled class 被统治阶级，the exploited class 被剥削阶级） ':构成形式 doing 现在分词表示主动的，或进行的动作 ?：时态与语态 三：否定式： 所有否定式都是在—ing前面加not

1）现在分词的时态：现在分词本身不能表示具体的时间概念，其动作发生的时间只能是相对于谓语动作发生时间相对而言的。这一点和不定式用法相同。 A）现在分词的一般式：doing 表示分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。或是谓语动作发生时，分词的动作正在发 生过程中。 女口： Looking back, I found she was washing clothes. She smelt something burning.（smelt 发生在 burning 的过程中。） 她闻到有东西烧焦了。 She sat on the chair, readi ng a no vel. B）现在分词的完成式：havi ng do ne 表示现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。 Having worked for 2 hours, we had a rest. Not havi ng received his letter, we all felt worried. 2）现在分词的语态： 现在分词用主动还是被动，决定于它的逻辑主语。如果现在分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者，用主动。反之，用被动。