中考长难句翻译
中考长难句翻译
中学英语长难句子的翻译
一、英语汉语的不同
1、英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念，而汉语则不同，常常使用若干短句，作层次分明的叙述。
Although these stores aren’t very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.
天目山林深人少，古树掩映，清泉石上流，雾生半山腰，如仙境一般。
英语句子的结构: ―葡萄藤型‖结构（grapevine structure），意为在短短的主干上派生出长长的枝蔓和丰硕的果实；汉语句子因为很少叠床架屋，节外生枝，而是一个短句接一个短句地往下延伸，因此被称为―竹竿型‖结构（bamboo structure）。
因此，在进行英译汉时，要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解，翻译成汉语的短句。
2、英译汉的翻译方法和技巧是建立在英汉两种语言的对比之上的。这两种语言在词汇和句法方面的一些表达手段上各有其特点。语序调整主要指词序、句序两方面的调整。
首先我们谈谈词序的调整。
英汉语句中的主要成分主语、谓语、宾语或表语的词序基本上是一致的，但各种定语的位置和各种状语的次序在英、汉语言中则有同有异。
汉语说―他正在卧室里睡觉‖，而在英语中却说He is sleeping in the bedroom.（他睡觉在卧室。）；英语汉语都说―他出生于北京‖，"He was born in Beijing"。
一）定语位置的调整
1. 单词作定语
英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的，译成汉语时一般都前置。
something important（后置）重要的事情（前置）
如果英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。
a little, yellow, ragged beggar（前置）
一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛。（后置）
2. 短语作定语
英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。
their plan to cross the river （后置）他们渡江的企图（前置）
One day an earthquake rocked the mountain, causing one of the eggs to roll down the mountain to a chicken farm, located in the valley below.
二）状语位置的调整
1. 单词作状语
英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同。
He was very active in class.（前置）他在班上很活跃。（前置）
英语中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。
Modern science and technology are developing rapidly．（后置）
现代科学技术正在迅速发展。（前置）
英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。
He is running fast enough.（后置）他跑得够快的了。（前置）
2．短语作状语
英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后，译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的。
Seeing this, some of us became very worried．（前置）
看到这种情况，我们有些人心里很着急。（前置）
A jeep full sped fast, drenching me in spray．（后置）
一辆坐满人的吉普车急驶而过，溅了我一身水。（后置）
英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。
He was born in Beijing on May 20,1970．（地点在前）
他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。（时间在前）
英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大，而汉语中则是从大到小。
三）其次我们谈谈句序的调整
这里，句序是指复合句中主句和从句的时间和逻辑关系叙述的顺序。
（1）时间顺序的调整
1．英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，汉语中则通常先叙述先发生的事，后叙述后发生的事。
I went out for a walk after I had my dinner．（从句在主句之后）
我吃了晚饭后出去散步。（从句在主句之前）
2. 英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句，各个时间从句的次序比较灵活，汉语则一般按事情发生的先后安排其位置。
He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vocation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin．
他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就去北京度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。
（2）英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整
1. 表示因果关系的英语复合句中，因果顺序灵活，在汉语中多数情况是原因在前，结果在后。
He had to stay in bed because he was ill．（后置）
因为他病了，他只好呆在床上。（前置）
2. 表示条件（假设）与结果关系的英语复合句中，条件（假设）与结果的顺序也不固定，在汉语中则是条件在前，结果在后。
I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made．（后置）
如果安排得好，我还是希望你来。（前置）
3. 表示目的与行动关系的英语复合句中，目的与行动的顺序比较固定，多数是行动在前，目的在后，汉语也如此，但有时为了强调，也可把目的放在行动之前。
Better take your umbrella in case it rains．（后置）
最好带上伞以防下雨。（前置）
二、对长句的认识
英语多长句，这是因为英语可以有后置定语。扩展的后置定语可以是带从句或长修饰语的复杂句。
英语长句的特点是什么?
一般说来，英语长句有如下几个特点:
1）结构复杂，逻辑层次多;
2）常须根据上下文作词义的引申;
3）常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判定;
4）并列成分多;
5）修饰语多，非凡是后置定语很长;
6）习惯搭配和成语经常出现。
三、如何构成长句
英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列，平行。所以翻译长句，实际上我们的重点主要放在对各种从句的翻译上。
从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多;(2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。
四、英语中长句的处理手段
英文长句皆由充当定语、状语、介词(短语)、不定式、分词短语或由关系代词、关系副词引导的各种从句所形成。这些成分所处的位置通常就是应该作拆分处理的位置。可以拆分的句子通常带有从句、较多短语或较多并列成分。有时，意义比较复杂的形容词或副词也可能被译为短句，甚至于分拆成独立的句子。这些从句、短语或并列结构等成分分拆出来后，单独译成句子，对句子主干部分进行补充说明。
有些句子仅仅剥离其修饰成分还不够，还需要将句子结构打乱，重新组合。有时需要在译文句子当中添加表示逻辑关系的词。
1. 长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。
2. 5个拆分信号：
①标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干—两个逗号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。
②连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。
③介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。
④不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。
⑤分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。
3. 五步拆分步骤：
①隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点
②寻找连词，确定句子种类——并列句，主从句；
③寻找句中的动词或动词结构
④确定整句框架——标出主句主干部分及从属连词；
⑤确定从句框架——标出从句主谓部分；
**⑥分別翻译——主从句分别进行翻译；
**⑦词句推敲——中文语言进行表述。
注：**部分为翻译要求步骤。
We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading.
One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time.
You have noticed — and yet, not being blind, perhaps you won't — how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter.
The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 p.m. at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing.
五、翻译方法
在英语长句的翻译过程中，一般采取下列的方法：
(1) 顺译法。
即顺着英文原有的顺序翻译，条件是英语句子的内容与叙述方式同汉语习惯基本一致。如：Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to choose between being born a gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie (A city in southeast New York), you would have chosen Poughkeepsie because your chances of living a successful life were much greater there.
Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year.
(2) 逆译法。
即不再遵照英文原有的顺序，甚至完全逆着原有顺序翻译，如果英文的表达次序和汉语的表达习惯不同甚至相反的话。
The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通讯设备).
―At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,‖ notes Dr Greg Feero, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute.
(3)分译法。
如果句子中的从句(或修饰语)与主句的关系不是很密切，可以将它们与主句分割开来，使译文变成好几个短句。这与英汉两种语言表达较复杂的意思的习惯是一致的：前者偏向于使用含有许多重层次的主从复合句或并列复合句，而后者往往崇尚―言简意赅‖。
如：Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.
(4)综合法。
上面讲述了英语长句的顺译法、逆译法和分译法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下，英语长句如果单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。
如：people were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
I think it would be a mistake to use these tools to control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us.
Teaching them small acts of kindness,such as letting someone else go through a door first as they hold it open,may seem unimportant, but it can go a long way toward helping students realize how to be polite and thank others .
2.从句的译法
英语中主从复合句十分常见，但汉语中却没有这样频繁使用从句句式的习惯。因此，在翻译时需要将各种从句进行处理，使之符合汉语习惯。
1)名词性从句
名词性从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等等。通常名词性从句可被译成名词词组，有时原文语序不需变化。
①主语从句
What he said was recorded in this book.
译文：他的话被记录在这本书里。
主语从句译为名词词组，原句语序不变。
From some time past it has been widely accepted that babies --- and other creatures --- learn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards
译文：婴儿和其他动物由于某些做法有回报才学着做事情，这种观点在过去一段时间里一直为人们所广泛接受。主语从句提前，符合汉语习惯。
②宾语从句
宾语从句译为汉语时，通常不需要改变语序。
Many people believe that man is not solving these problems of pollution quickly enough and that his selfish pursuit of possessions take him past the point of no return before he fully appreciates the damage.
译文：许多人认为，人类没有尽快的解决这些污染问题而只顾谋求私利，以至于错过了悔改的机会，以后才充分认识到这种损害。
原文中有两个由that引导的宾语从句，从句由and连接，翻译时根据其逻辑关系，添加―而‖。
③表语从句
表语从句翻译时通常也不用改变原文语序。
What he cares is how much profit he can get from the project.
译文：他关心的是他从该项目中能获得多少利润。
句中表语从句仍按原文顺序，主语从句译为名词词组。
④同位语从句
同位语从句的翻译主要按照该从句与主句的逻辑关系来确定，在汉语中译为宾语、定语或补语等，通常不改变原句顺序。
The belief that failure is the mother of success has kept him go on experimenting.
译文：失败是成功之母的信念使他继续进行实验。
同位语从句说明主语内容，译做定语从句。
They jumped to the conclusion that all our flights out of China had been made from Beijing.
译文：他们匆忙作出了结论：我们从中国飞出的飞机都是从北京起飞。
同位语从句前用冒号，原句顺序不变。
There were indications that the enemy had retreated.
译文：有种种迹象表明敌军已经撤退。
根据逻辑关系同位语从句译为宾语从句，原句顺序不变。
2)定语从句的译法
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。由于二者在翻译时无大差异，所以讨论时不加严格区分。定语从句的译法一般有三种：
(1)译成含―的‖字结构的定语，放在先行词之前。由于定语从句的作用相当于定语，所以这种译法是最普遍的。不过，条件是定语不可过长。
(2)采用―分译法‖，将较长的定语从句独立出去，并将先行词重复一次。
(3)译成状语从句。
如：Walking together, my father and I used to have a lot of conversations through which I learned lessons from his experiences.
Doctors and other scientists who study the human mind and try to explain why people behave in the way that they do, called psychologists, are starting to believe it.
He called himself ―the first clown in space‖who enter-tained the crew of the ISS and hosted a show from space.
3)状语从句的译法
由于在句中用来表示时间、原因、条件、目的、让步、比较等等，这类从句往往用在主句后面，而汉语的习惯则要求将状语的内容先于主句表达，即要用逆译法。结果状语从句例外。
Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule – no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy.
He often drew pictures on the floor with chalk and when his mother saw what he had done, she would quickly clean them with a mop.
六、实战训练
1)从真题中选取有代表性的长难句，每篇文章找出2—3个。
2)将这些长难句收集到一起，打印或者抄下下来。
3)反复阅读，最好能够达到熟能成诵的境界，注意在此过程中不进行任何语法分析。在头脑中把英语句子中各成分拆分，然后把这些概念组合成可以理解的汉语句子就可以了。
4)将真题中的长难句都如此练习一番，长难句就基本攻破了，之后，我们将会进入到一个阅读的新境界!
中考英语常见长难句子分析
The world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通讯设备).
Life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems.
They stop people from burning coal (煤) in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air.
Third，compare prices: that is, you should examine the prices of both different brands(品牌)and different sizes of the same brand.
Although these stores aren’t very attractive, and they usually do not have individual dressing rooms, not only are the prices low, but you can often find the same famous brands that you find in high-priced department stores.
Wise shoppers read magazine ads and watch TV commercials(商业广告)，but they do this with one advantage: knowledge of the psychology behind the ads.
Today, though, a growing number of mental health experts think that anger is a serious problem that needs its own treatment.
An example: While most people would get upset if a driver cut them off, someone with disordered anger might try to chase down the car and force it off the road.
But people with anger problems often stay angry for days, weeks or even years; their feelings of anger don’t disappear over time.
The programs sometimes include life-skills training as well: increasing someone’s level of competence (竞争)– whether on the job or as a parent or partner – helps bring down stress and cut angry feelings.
Not only can the whole family get involved, but everyone can benefit from the harvest.
Taking part in nature clean-ups or volunteering to do path maintenance(维护)teaches kids that they have the ability to do something positive for the environment and communities.
When parents get involved, they can set a good example for their children to follow, which will help children realize their responsibility to protect the environment.
Just remember: be prepared，know your subject and your audience，say what you have to say and be yourself so that your ideas will bring you and your audience together.
Twenty Chinese students talked directly to an astronaut (spaceman) in the International Space Station (ISS) on radio in Nanjing, capital of east China's Jiangsu Province on Sunday, 2007.
The 20 students, aged 10 to 19 from Shanghai, Guangzhou and Nanjing, began talking to Clayton C. Anderson, a 48-year-old American astronaut at 18:50 p.m. at Nanjing No. 3 Middle School when the ISS was passing over Nanjing.
Keep this space, which may be a desk or simply a corner of your room, free of everything but study materials.
You have noticed — and yet, not being blind, perhaps you won't — how the sun shines into the tower through the windows here and there, so that one can feel the cool steps suddenly become quite warm, even in winter.
Then, in March, he entered a free-throw competition at the school, and the town saw just how big a team player Guei really is—both on and off the court (球场).
Since that time, a growing number of private companies have come on the market mostly through the Internet, offering to scan (扫描) your personal DNA and compare it to some disease markers of the blueprint, called DTC genetic tests.
But over the last five years the medical world has been discussing excitedly about whether these DTC tests are helpful or harmful, scientifically believable or completely useless.
―At present they largely remain in the period of research studies,‖ notes Dr Greg Fee ro, special advisor to the director of genomic medicine at the US National Human Genome Research Institute.
Other worries include the privacy of the results and how your personal genetic information might be used by insurance (保险) companies to refuse your insurance or your boss to dismiss you.
It was Professor Albert Mehrabian who discovered that we express our feelings and attitudes with 55 percent body language, 38 percent tone of voice and only 7 percent actual words.
A person touching his nose, pulling at his ear or rubbing his eye with his left hand might be lying to you.
I think it would be a mistake to use these tools to control or lie to people, but we need to realize the signals we are giving so we can show people that they really do matter to us.
We all know that it is difficult to learn everything in the classroom, for example, the ways English people are living and working today can be learnt by reading.
Because I want students to fully study the material and discuss with each other in the classroom, I have a rule – no computers, iPads, phones, etc. When students were told my rule, some of them were not happy.
I’ve seldom had students make wrong use of technology in my classes; however, I have been e-mailed by students while they were in other teachers’ classrooms.
The real reason why I ask students to leave technology at the door is I think there are very few places in which we can have deep conversations.
I want them to push each other to think differently and to make connections between the course material and the class discussion.
I have been teaching my history class in this way for many years and the evaluations (评价) show student satisfaction with the environment that I create.
Students realize with deep conversation and difficult tasks, they learn at a deeper level – a level that helps them keep the course material beyond the classroom.
I am not saying that I won’t ever change my mind about technology use in my history class, but until I hear a really good reason for the change, I will continue my plan.
To err, or to make mistakes, is indeed a part of being human, but it seems that most people don’t want to accept the responsibility for the problem.
Common sense tells you that you take an umbrella out into a rainstorm, but you leave the umbrella home when you hear a weather forecast for sunshine.
One of the common problems with making excuses is that people, especially young people, get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time.
When students and parents are asked to grade subjects according to their importance, the arts are usually at the bottom of the list. Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important.
Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it shows their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from.
The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions.
When we do not give children an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.
Once inside the lobby, she had to stand at the elevators and wait several minutes before she could get on one going to the sixth floor．
For those secretaries whose bosses ask them to print out all their e-mails and leave them in their in-trays, this means using up a great deal of paper every month," Metcalf says．
But if the brotherhood bundle is broken, it will happen to you just as it has to these sticks, which lie there broken on the ground.‖
Thirty years ago, he tells Friedman, if you had to choose between being born a gifted person in Shanghai and a common person in Poughkeepsie (A city in southeast New York), you would have chosen Poughkeepsie because your chances of living a successful life were much greater there.
Globalization(全球化), as he calls it, is driven by those persons: free writers and totally new businesses all over the world, especially in India and China.
Yet a nother message questioned Mi’s money situation, saying the clothes looked cheap but that even poor people should have a better fashion sense.
―I just wanted to share my online shopping experience,‖ said a deeply red-faced Mi, who deleted her photos from the website the next day.
Sina’s Weibo, for example, requires users to register(注册) with their real name, yet people do not shy away from using dirty words whenever they disagree with each other.
It’s a bit like drinking: wine might make us feel good, b ut too much wine harms our minds and makes us lose our self-control.
Even if you are a single parent of 16 or 17 years old, these requirements are necessary when you ask for this social assistance.
If possible, take at least one piece of identification(鉴定) to show the worker, and a report that shows you are in school or a training program.
Although this kind of loneliness can cause physical problems, such as headaches and sleeplessness, it usually does not last for more than a year.
An online tour of the reserve, he believed, would help protect the Surui by showing the world the results of cutting trees and the attacks (进攻) on tribal land. I
The Internet search company sent teams to the Amazon to train the Surui in using computers, cameras, and phones to photograph their surroundings, which could be found using GPS and then shown on Google Earth.
While their work is supported (支持) by some international groups, Narayamoga hopes they can support themselves within ten years, with coffee production and tourism.
考研英语长难句30-38
30. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. 解析：该句的主干是The goal … will be to try to explain...，explain后接的是双宾语，即explain to sb. sth.，直接宾语是that引导的从句。该从句的主干是there are not two theories for...，其中origin和evolution，universe和life都是and连接的并列名词。 词汇：unenlightened adj. 无知的，不文明的 valid adj.有效的 evolution n. 进化，发展 译文：所有（这些书）的目的是试图告诉那些迷惑不解且常常头脑不开化的普通百姓：就宇宙和生命的起源与发展问题而言，不可能存在两种同样成立的科学理论。 31. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example—and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 【分析】在这个主从复合句中，while引导的从句由两个部分组成，中间用and 连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容，做为插入语。注意：many are required by state or federal regulations中的many是指many warnings。it isn't clear … is injured是主句，主句用了一个形式主语it，真正的主语是that引导的 从句，they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability是主体，之后是一个if引导的条件从句。 【词汇】interaction 相互作用 federal 联邦 regulation法规 protect…from…保护…以免 liability 责任(be liable for对…负责) 【译文】尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的——比如对于药物相互作用的危险提 出警告——许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们) 并不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者和销售者豁免责任。 32. The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC ——including ordinary listeners and viewers to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. 【分析】主句是The debate was launched by the Government，后面是which引导的非限定性 定语从句，谓语部分比较特殊，是invited…sb. to say …破折号后面是anyone with an opinion of the BBC的解释说明。say后面是两个宾语从句，一个是what引导，一个是whether 引导。【词汇】launch 发起 viewer观众
(完整word版)英语长难句翻译技巧及方法
英语长难句翻译技巧及方法 英汉两种语言句子的不同特点是：英语书面语长句较多；汉语一般短句较多。英语句子结构较紧，多用主人结构，英语可有各种后置修饰语（介词短语、不定式短语、动名词短语、分词短语以及从句），这些成分都是造成英语长句的原因；汉语句子结构较松，多用并列结构。有翻译经验的人们对这些特点作过形象的比喻，把英语句子结构比作“葡萄”，把汉语句子结构比作“竹节”。翻译长句时，可将英语的葡萄结构拆成汉语的竹节结构，即把成串的拆成成条的。 英汉两种语言的语序差异是：英语时间顺序灵活（表示时间的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是从先到后。英语逻辑顺序也比较灵活（表示原因、条件的从句可以在主句之前或之后）；汉语一般是前因后果，先进条年，后谈结果。英语中的句词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句）与汉语句子主谓宾的语序基本一致，因此，一般都可按汉语的表达方式处理。 顺序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序以及名词性从句与汉语句子的语序基本相似，一般可按原文顺序译：如： 本句时间状语从句在前，用顺序法译。 （1）As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. 由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠看看橱窗，逛逛公园。有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。 逆序法 如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序与汉语句子的语序相反，一般可逆原文顺序译。如： （2）“Neither believe nor reject anything,” he wrote to his nephew, “because any other person has rejected or believed it ……”他在给侄子的信中写道：“不要因为别的人相信或拒绝了什么东西，你也就去相信它或拒绝它。……” 分译法 由于的英语可有各种后置修饰语，所以有些英语句子很长。为了符合汉语表达习惯，我们常可将长句中的一连患后置修饰语与其修饰成分分开来译，即把短语或从句拆译为短句，有时还需将后置修饰语另作适当安排并适当增加词语。如： （1）A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to pro duce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月份怀胎，五月底或六月初生下两只幼鹿，这时，他必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量，这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产乳汁。
历届高考英语长难句100句精选
历届高考英语长难句100句精选(1) 1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （NMET2003.C篇） 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. （NMET2003.E篇） 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. （NMET2003.E篇） 或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。 4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. （NMET2003.E篇） 这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。 简析：关键词other than而不是。 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. （NMET2003.D篇）
2013年考研英语长难句翻译六大技巧
2012年考研英语长难句翻译六大技巧 2012年的英语考研大纲与2011年的相比没有大变化。阅读理解部分的翻译仍是一块分量很重的考察内容。其实掌握了翻译的解题技巧，翻译就成了最好拿分的一个题型。因为翻译题型主要考察两点：词汇和长难句。而翻译题型的词汇一般是认识的，最主要的一点就是碰到最难翻译的长句该怎么办？ 从近些年的真题中，我们发现命题者有一个非常清楚的或者非常明显的趋势和导向，就是对于比较复杂的句子结构和文章考察的比重加大。这个体现在各个部分的题型当中，尤其以英译汉部分最为明显。所以想要抓住获得高分的“核心竞争力”就要着重提高对文章长难句和段落逻辑结构的把握上，再加上一定的应试技巧和策略，才能在考研英语中取得高分。万学海文提醒大家要特别注意英语和汉语之间的差异，将英语的长句分解翻译成汉语的短句，这样翻译做起来就容易得分多了。 在英语长句的翻译过程中，下面六个技巧可以发挥很大的作用： (1) 逆序法 英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。 例如： It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice。
英语长难句翻译技巧总汇
1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. （难度系数5，下同） 译文：那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。难句类型：倒装、省略 a.本句的正常语序应当是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted will be favored.但是因为主语That sex ratio之后的以which引导的修饰它的定语从句，如果按照以上语序，则有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装成谓语will be favored之后。 b.在which引导的从句中，有两处省略：第一处在maximize的第一个宾语the number of descendants that an individual will have中，an individual will have是修饰descendants的定语从句，但是，因为descendants在从句中作have的宾语，所以引导词that可以省略。第二处省略是在第二个the number of 之前，省略了与前面一样的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作为前面“最大化一个个体的后代的数目的”结果。 2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower .(5++)复杂+倒装+省略; 这是一种照亮现实的欲望，此欲望从来就不会唐突的取代后面的那种欲望，后者是我们可以将其部分的理解为一个兼任小说加和科学家的人想要去准确并具体的记录下一朵花的结构和文理的那种意义上的欲望。 A、句首省略了this is 。这种用一个词代替一个句子的方式如果在书面语中出现，只能出现在高级英语中，因此我们以前的英语学习中从未遇到过。其形式类似于我们中文的“精彩”是“这句话真是精彩”的省略形式。 B、desire后跟着两个大的修饰成分，一个是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒装到了over reality之后，正常应是throw a light over reality.不过这个便装部分与throw距离不远，读者看得还算懂。关键是第二个修饰成分。注意：从that开始直到句尾结束的长长的定语从句不是修饰其前的light的，而是修饰一开始的desire的。 C、第二个修饰成分中又来了一个倒装，由于作者为了强调never,所以将其提前，引发了定语从句中的倒装：正常语序应该是that might never be given away，倒装后系动词was被提前，given因为在情态动词might之后所以变成了原型give。A give way to B，是A让位于B，而A be given way to B，则是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部分修饰后面的desire, what引导的从句现场阅读时可以看成一个名词。What从句中的不定式to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一个避免头重脚轻的倒装，正常语序应该是to record the structure and texture of a flower
(完整版)高考英语经典长难句分析200句-1
1. For example adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other group so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group. 【句式翻译】例如，进入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群更愿意购买电脑游戏，因此，针对这个目标群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告是有意义的。 【句式分析】本句是一个含有so引导的结果状语从句的复合句，同时又含一 个than引导的比较状语从句。 【词语点拨】1)likely adj. 可能的；常用于句型：sb/sth be likely to do= it is likely that… 可能做…… He’s very likely to send me an email tonight. =It’s very likely that he’ll send me an email tonight. 很可能他今晚会给我发电子邮件。 The com pany is likely to set up a branch in our city. =It’s likely that the company will set up a branch in our city. 这个公司可能要在我们的城市建立分公司。 2) make sense 有意义；讲得通；make sense of 理解 I can’t follow these instructions -- they don’t make sense. 我不理解这些指示--根本讲不通嘛。 We read the sentence through but could not make sense of it. 我们我们把句子看了一遍但不明白它说些什么。 3) appeal to吸引；appeal to sb. for sth/appeal to sb. to do sth 呼吁某人干某事；求助于 Blue and red appeal to me but I don’t like gray or yellow. 我喜欢蓝色和红色而不喜欢灰色或黄色。 Jack sincerely appealed to his friends to support him. 杰克真切地向朋友请求支持。 We can appeal to the website for the information we need. 我们可以在网上查找我们需要的信息。 【语法点拨】本句中的than any other…，意为“比其他任何一个……”，谈 论的对象在比较的范围之内；若不在范围之内，则不用 other。如： China is larger than any other country in Asia. 中国比亚洲任何别的国家都大。 China is larger than any country in Africa. 中国比非洲的任何国家都大。 2. The more exposed young people are to financial issues and the younger they become aware of them the more likely they are to become responsible forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively. 【句式翻译】年轻人越接触经济问题，他们就能越早地了解这些问题，他们就更有可能成为 有责任感的、早作打算的成年人，能够有信心地、有效地管理自己的经济问题。 【句式分析】本句含有“the+比较级，the+比较级”的句式，同时又含有一个who引导的限制 性定语从句，修饰先行词adults。 【词语点拨】1) expose vt.揭露；使暴露；be exposed to暴露于；接触 We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers. 我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。 We should allow children to be exposed to new ideas.
历届高考英语长难句100句精选.doc
历届高考英语长难句100 句精选 1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.（NMET2003.C篇） 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难， 包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理 工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.（NMET2003.E篇） 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的 人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求 主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. （NMET2003.E 篇） 或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身， 印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。
考研英语长难句翻译之四大状语从句
考研英语长难句翻译之四大状语从句 状语从句时考研翻译中很重要的一部分，几乎涉及到每一个长难句，所以我们有必要把状语从句单独拿出来解决。一般来讲状语从句的翻译相对简单，顺着句子的顺序去翻译就好了，但我们有时候还是会发现有些问题不是很好处理。 首先我们先看一下状语从句的特点。1.一般情况下，引导英语状语从句的从属连词，基本可以在汉语中找到相对应关联词，但有时不必翻译，因为引导汉语状语分句的关联词时常省略，有近50%的汉语复句中并不使用关联词语而且省略关联词的汉语句子更为精练。 2.英语状语从句的位置颇为灵活，置于主句之前或主句之后均可。汉语状语分句一般位于主句之前，只有偶尔才位于主句之后。 这是在翻译状语从句时总体来讲应该注意的问题，下面我们从状语从句的几个分支分别来看一下翻译。 (一)时间状语从句的翻译 1、译成与汉语完全对应的表示时间的状语 例：When they approached Trenton, lights were still burning in many of the houses and Christ mas parties were still going on. 当他们逼近屈兰敦时, 许多房子里仍然灯火通明，圣诞晚会还未结束。 由于英汉语言表达的习惯差异，通常汉语的状语从句位于句首，而英语的状语从句可前可后, 以后为多。汉语是一种意合的语言，汉语句子较少使用关联词。 2、翻译成固定(常规)句型 一般像由hardly (scarcely)…. when (before)…no sooner…than…as soon as …the moment(the instant )…just as…等短语连词引导的时间状语从句翻译成汉语时, 主句与从句通常要互换, 常常译成包含"刚(一)……就……"这种结构的句子。同样，包含该结构的汉语句子亦应翻译成英语中相对应的固定句式。 例：计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。 Hardly had the computer started working when viruses were found. As soon as she heard the news, she fainted. 3、译成并列分句 例：I was going home when I met Mary. 我正要回家, 就在这个时候，我碰到了玛丽。 4、转译为其他状语从句 英语状语从句有时它们的深层意义互相渗透，可以互相替换，需要转译。有些时间状语从句虽然形式上是由表示时间的引导词(如 when, before, until 等)引导，但根据句子逻辑意义来判断，应灵活翻译成表因果关系的从句，或者翻译为表条件的状语从句或表目的的状语从句。
长难句翻译
1.And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened by the simple mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. [语法难点]：句子的主语是separation，谓语是is deepened。the detective feels是修饰separation的定语从句，介词短语between himself and…也是修饰separation的定语，这两个定语造成了主谓分隔。as引导的句子是方式状语从句;介词短语 of citizens, social workers…是mindedness的定语;who引导的定语从句修饰前面的五个名词;that引导的定语从句修饰hope。 [句子翻译]：警察认为由于人们(市民、社会工作者、医生、立法人员以及法官)头脑简单——比如，法官不是重罚以消除犯罪而是量刑从轻以期促使罪犯改过自新——使得他们(警察)与社会之间的隔阂更深一层。 2. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. 3. There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end. 4.Captured document which we have obtained from individuals who had been infiltrated through this corridor plus prisoner--of—war reports that we have obtained in recent months led us to believe that the volume of infiltration has expanded substantially. 5.A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research。
[全]高考英语-经典长难句解析及翻译
高考英语-经典长难句解析及翻译 7. 2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇 The team' s data only went up to2007，but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. 生词： function n. 功能 tablet n. 平板电脑 第一步：有并列结构（but） 第二部：分析主干和定状 The team' s data（主语）only（小状）went（谓语）up to 2007（小状）， the researchers（主语）also explored（谓语）what would happen（宾语）if consumers replaced old products with new electronics（状语，从句）that serve more than one function （定语）, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing（同位语）. 第三步： 根据状语倒序前置，定语倒序前置的翻译方法，我们可也把这句话翻译为： “这个团队的数据截止到2007年”
“如果消费者用不止一个功能的新电器，比如可以处理文字并且看电视的平板，来取代老的产品，研究者们也弄清楚了将会发生什么事情。” 第四步：合并并列结构并翻译： “这个团队的数据截止到2007年。但是，如果消费者用不止一个功能的新电器，比如可以处理文字并且看电视的平板，来取代老的产品，研究者们也弄清楚了将会发生什么事情。” Get busy living or get busy dying 6. 2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇 According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window. 生词： analysis n. 分析 cathode ray tubes 阴极射线管 consumption n. 消耗 第一步：没有并列结构 第二部：分析主干和定状 According to the analysis（状1，分词短语）of Babbitt's team（状2，介词短语）, old desktop monitors and box TVs（主语）with cathode ray tubes（定语）are（系）the worst devices
历年高考英语长难句精选100句(51-75)
掌门1对1教育高中英语 历年高考英语长难句精选100句(51-75) 51. News reports say peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement reached.(NMET2003.31) 新闻报道说这两个国家的和平谈判失败,没有达成协议。 简析：关键词break down失败，reach an agreement达成协议。 52. The old couple have been married for 40 years and never once have they quarreled with each other.(NMET2003.34) 这对老年夫妇结婚40年了，两人从来没有一次争吵。 简析：含主谓倒装句。 53. After all, Ed’s idea of exercise has always been nothing more effort-making than lifting a fork to his mouth.(NMET2003) 要记住的是，伊德搞锻炼的想法根本没有进餐使用刀叉那么费力。 简析：含比较级句型。 54.As a result , at the point in our game when I’d have figured on (predicted) the score to be about 9 to 1 in my favor , it was instead 7 to 9 —and Ed was leading.(NMET2003) 就在我们比赛之前，我曾预料这场比赛对我有利，比分大概是9比1，结果比分反而是7比9，伊德暂时领先。 简析：关键词figure on预计，估计;in one’s favor对某人有利。 55.So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered
考研英语长难句精读
1. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。【析句】句子的主干是The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Science s to tell us that...and that...。主系表容易辨认，to tell us作目的状语，两个并列的that引导tell的宾语从句。令整个句子略显复杂的是插入语enlisted by the Whi te House，割裂了这句话的整体性。 2. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。【析句】首先，句子的主干science does provide us...future and it is critica l...。and连接两个并列的句子，前句是个简单句，容易理解；后句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，因为从句很长，若放在句首，句子则显得头重脚轻。t hat主语从句中，our nation and the world 是主语，base是谓语，important policies是宾语，on the best judgments 是宾语补足语，而judgments后有that引导的定语从句。注意，concerning the futrue...actions中的concerning此处是介词，意为“关于，就……而论”。 3. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (2005. 阅读. T ext 2) 【译文】就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。【析句】句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters,insiting that...,that... 中，insisting是现在分词作定语，相当于that insist; 两个that引导的都是宾语从句，作insist的宾语。第二个that从句中，还包含until引导的时间状语从句。 1. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in
历年高考英语长难句100例大汇总
历年高考英语长难句100例大汇总（上） 1. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。 2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，虽然几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎;overtime超时地。 3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market. 或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。 4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste. 这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。 简析：关键词other than而不是。 5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers. 这些术语，主要从英语和汉语引入，经常会变成不再被说本族语的人们理解的形式。 简析：关键词term术语。 6. It is one of many language books that are now flying off booksellers’ shelves. 它是现在很畅销的许多外语书中的一本。 简析：比喻生动形象。 7. The mass media and government white papers play an important part in the spread of foreign words. 大众传播媒介和政府白皮书(正式报告)在外国词传播过程中起重要作用。 简析：关键词the mass media and government white papers大众传播媒介和政府白皮书(正式报告)。