常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国戏剧)【圣才出品】

第19章美国戏剧

19.1 复习笔记

I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述）

American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.

American theater entered a new phase in its development when diversity became one of its salient features.

美国戏剧开始于1916年普罗文斯顿剧团演出奥尼尔第一出戏《东航卡迪夫》之时。19世纪没有戏剧大师问世，戏剧界没有声名如麦尔维尔或詹姆斯那样的大手笔，但是不能由此而忽视，在戏剧领域有不少人在辛勤耕耘，为20世纪20年代美国戏剧的复兴进行着准备工作。20世纪20年代美国戏剧经历了一场复兴。美国戏剧成为美国文学中独立的分支，与诗歌和小说相媲美。大萧条期间的戏剧并不沉闷。像文学的其他分支一样，戏剧较多地关注社会生活。1945年田纳西·威廉姆的《玻璃动物园》的上演具有重大的意义，它标志着美国戏剧的成熟。50年代后期美国戏剧经历了短暂的衰落。但是在60年代美国戏剧获得了新的能量。随着时间的推移，出现了远离百老汇的趋势。越来越多的剧目在外百老汇和外外百老汇上演。在60年代末美国戏剧进入了新的发展阶段，多样化已成为它的显著特点之一。

II. Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953)（尤金·奥尼尔）

1. Life（生平）

Eugene O’Neill was America’s greatest playwright. He was born in New York. His father was a famous actor and O’Neill traveled around with his father’s group and took a year in Princeton, from which he was expelled because of misbehavior. Then he began his experience of wandering and loafing about which stand him in good stead. In the winter of 1912-13 he developed tuberculosis and was sent to a sanitarium. In this period he read widely in the world’s dramatic literature. In 1916 his one-act play Bound East for Cardiff was staged. The event marked the beginning of O’Neill’s long and successful dramatic career and

ushered in the modern era of the American Theater. O’Neill was a prize-winning playwright. He received the Pulitzer Prize for his Beyond the Horizon and Anna Christie between 1920 and 1922, and the Nobel Prize in 1936.

尤金·奥尼尔是美国最伟大的剧作家。他出生于纽约市，他的父亲是当时有名的演员。幼年时奥尼尔常随父亲的剧团演出。他曾就读于普林斯顿大学，但一年后因行为不端被校方开除。之后他开始了漂泊生涯，这段经历对其创作意义重大。1912年到1913年冬天奥尼尔因肺结核不得不疗养治病。这段时间他广泛阅读世界戏剧名著。1916年他的独幕剧《东航卡迪夫》上演。这标志着奥尼尔漫长且成功的戏剧生涯的开始，也标志着美国戏剧现代化时代的到来。奥尼尔的一生赢得了众多奖项。1920年到1922年间，他的《天边外》和《安娜·克里斯蒂》分别获得普利策奖，1936年他获得了诺贝尔文学奖。

2. Artistic characteristics（艺术特点）

(1) O’Neill was a tireless experimentalist in dramatic art. He took drama away from the old tradition of the last century and rooted it deeply in life. He introduced the realistic or even the naturalistic aspect of life into the American theater.

The stylistic aspect of O’Neill’s art merits notice for its variety and its display of consummate craftsmanship.

(2) He borrowed freely from the best traditions European drama, be it Greek tragedies, or the realism of Ibsen, or the expressionism of Strindberg, and fused them into the organic art of his own. He borrowed freely from modern literary techniques such as the stream-of-consciousness device with the help of which he managed to reveal the emotional and psychological complexities of modern man.

(3) And he made use of setting and stage property to help in his dramatic representation. O’Neill’s ceaseless experimentation enriched American drama and influenced later playwrights. He was regarded as the American Shakespeare.

(1) 奥尼尔坚持不懈地革新戏剧艺术，他把戏剧从19世纪的传统束缚中解放出来，使之深深地扎根于现实生活。

他首次把现实主义乃至自然主义的手法引进美国戏剧中，他的艺术以多样化及精深圆熟而著称。

(2) 他大胆借鉴欧洲戏剧传统中的精华，诸如希腊悲剧、易卜生现实主义及斯特林堡表现主义等，并把它们融入到自己的艺术中。他还大胆借鉴现代派文学技巧，如意识流手法，这有助于他揭露现代人情感及心理上的复杂性。

(3) 此外，他还特别重视布景和道具的使用。奥尼尔不懈的创新丰富了美国戏剧、影响了后来的剧作家。他被誉为“美国的莎士比亚”。

3. Major works（主要作品）

Bound East for Cardiff《东航卡迪夫》

Beyond the Horizon《天边外》

The Emperor Jones《琼斯皇》

Anna Christie《安娜·克里斯蒂》

The Hairy Ape《毛猿》

Desire under the Elms《榆树下的欲望》

All God’s Chillun Got Wings《上帝的儿女都有翅膀》

The Great God Brown《大神布朗》

Lazarus Laughed《拉萨路笑了》

Strange Interlude《奇异的插曲》

Marco Millions《马可百万》

Dynamo《发电机》

Morning Becomes Electra《悲悼》

Ah, Wilderness《啊，荒野》

Days without End《日子没有尽头》

The Iceman cometh《送冰的人来了》

Long Day’s Journey into Night《进入黑夜的漫长旅途》A Moon For the Misbegotten《月照不幸人》

A Touch of the Poet《诗人的气质》

III. Elmer Rice (1892-1967)（艾尔默·赖斯）

◆Major works（主要作品）

The Adding Machine《计算器》

On Trial《审判》

Street Scene《街景》

Left Bank《左岸》

Judgment Day《审判日》

Dream Girl《梦幻女孩》

The Grand Tour《周游》

The Winner《获胜者》

A Voyage Purilia《小溪之旅》

IV. Susan Glaspell (1882-1948)（苏珊·格拉斯伯尔）◆Major works（主要作品）

The Verge《边缘》

Alison’s House《爱丽森之家》

Fidelity《忠贞不贰》

The Morning Is Near Us《清晨在靠近我们》Trifles《琐事》

V. Clifford Odets (1906-1963)（克里夫德·奥德茨）◆Major works（主要作品）

Waiting For Lefty《等待老左》

Till the Day I Die《到我死之时》

Paradise Lost《失乐园》

Awake and Sing！《觉醒而唱歌》

I Can’t Sleep《我睡不着》

Golden Boy《金孩子》

Rocket to the Moon《飞往月球》

Night Music《夜里的音乐》

Clash by Night《夜冲突》

The Big Knife《大刀》

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第3章美国浪漫主义欧文库柏 3.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American Romanticism（美国浪漫主义简介） In the history of American literature, the Romantic period is one of the most important periods. It stretched from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the civil war. 美国文学中的浪漫主义时期开始于18世纪末，到南北战争爆发为止，是美国文学史上的重要阶段。 1. Background（背景） (1) A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression. The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times seemed in some measure responsible for the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling. The literary milieu proved fertile and conductive to the imagination. Magazine appeared in ever-increasing numbers. They played an important role in facilitating literary expansion. (2) Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England

美国文学笔记

美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期 Part two: American Literature Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s L eaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”） 2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。 3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。 4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 5. The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。 6. This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。 7. Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。 8. Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。 9. It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性，多样性，与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓

美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.

History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1

常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(美国戏剧)【圣才出品】

第19章美国戏剧 19.1 复习笔记 I. Overview of American drama（美国戏剧概述） American drama began in 1916 when the Provincetown Players produced Eugene O’Neil’s first play, Bound East for Cardiff. It is true that there were no great masters in the theater comparable in stature to such major figures in fiction as Melville or James, but there had been people who did spadework for the rise of American drama in the 1920s. There was a renaissance of drama in the 1920s. American drama began the process of developing itself into a department of American literature equal in significance to both poetry and the novel. The theater of the Depression was not depressing. Like other branches of literature the drama was preoccupied with social concern. The staging of Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie on Broadway in 1945 was an even of unusual significance, as it marked American drama’s coming of age. The late fifties saw a temporary decline in dramatic productions, but in the next decade, American drama picked up a good deal of fresh energy. With the passage of time there has appeared the increasingly more obvious tendency to “decentralize”from Broadway with more and more plays stages Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway. And from the end of the sixties.

常耀信《美国文学简史》笔记和考研真题详解(纽约派诗人 沉思型诗歌 黑山派诗人)【圣才出品】

第22章纽约派诗人?沉思型诗歌?黑山派诗人 22.1 复习笔记 I. The New York School（纽约派诗人） 1. Features of the New York School（纽约派诗歌的特点） The so-called New York School became well known with the publication of Donald Allen’s 1960 anthology. The poets of the New York School were different in their separate pursuits, but their poetry reveals something they shared in common. (1) For one thing, they were all vehemently up against the dominant New Critical values such as the impersonal presentation of images, and tried to assert their individual poetic voice. (2) They also introduced the popular and the low features of life into their writings like popular songs, comic strip figures, and Hollywood movies. (3) Thirdly, they exhibited a huge sense of humor, offering room as their poems did for elements like the vulgar and the sentimental. (4) Finally, they experimented with Surrealism, for a while. 所谓的纽约派是随着唐纳德·艾伦1960年发表的文集而出名的。纽约派诗人的追求各异，但他们的诗歌都有相同的特点。

常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)【章节题库(含名校考研真题)】(第2章 爱德华兹

第2章爱德华兹?富兰克林?克里夫古尔 I.Fill in the blanks. 1.In his_____Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy’s rise from_____to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.（天津外国语学院2008研） 【答案】Autobiography,poor 【解析】富兰克林在《自传》中讲述了其白手起家、自力更生的故事，平凡却生动的讲述表明他坚信通过努力就能实现美国梦。 2.If we say Jonathan Edwards represents the upper levels of the American mind, _____represents the lower levels. 【答案】Benjamin Franklin 【解析】美国文学评论家范·威克·布鲁克斯（Van Wyck Brooks）在《美国的成年》(America’s Coming Age)中指出乔纳森·爱德华兹和本杰明·富兰克林是美国18世纪的两位重要的哲学家，他们是不同层次思想的代表。 3.Before his death,_____had gained a position as America’s first systematic philosopher. 【答案】Jonathan Edwards 【解析】乔纳森·爱德华兹（1703-1758）是美国“大觉醒”（the“Great Awakening”）