大学英语阅读题以及答案

阅读理解

(共75小题, 75分)

作业与测试 > 测试分析

阅读理解75题，总分值：75分

Directions：Read the following passages carefully. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer to each question.

Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized (利用) to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or develop resources hitherto (到目前为止) unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.

Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations (创新) for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, in the early industrialized countries of Europe, the process of industrialization —with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed —was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements —themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.

1)

What is believed to directly affect the welfare of people according to the passage?

A. Varying measures of centralized control

B. Economic strength and wealth of the community.

C. Economists and operational research experts.

D. Help of specialized scientists.

How can the governments do to promote the production?

A. By interfering in different sectors that can promote science and technology to ensure smooth operation

B. By asking the scientists and technologists to improve efficiency.

C. By utilizing natural resources to the best advantage.

D. By changing the structure of education to train more scientists.

3)

What can be inferred from the development in mass-communications?

A. People are constantly changing their customs and ideas.

B. People always want something new and remarkable to feel better.

C. Governments are under greater pressure of bringing about new inventions.

D. Governments are often forced to keep up with new customs and ideas.

4)

What has posed pressures and problems for the governments concerned according to the passage?

A. Social changes throughout the world are speeding up compared with the past.

B. The rate of social changes in the early industrialized countries is becoming slow now.

C. The far-reaching changes in social patterns can be spread over in a developing country within a decade.

D. The normal rate of social changes is taking place at a steady speed.

5)

Why are governments becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists?

A. Because governments need to handle social stresses and problems.

B. Because governments want to learn from early industrialized countries.

C. Because governments have to make modern means of transport relatively easy.

D. Because governments need them for the industrialization of their own countries.

参考答案：

1) B 2) A 3) C 4) A 5) A

解析：

（无）

∧收起解析

Why do smokers tend to weigh less than nonsmokers and gain weight when they give up the habit?

Contrary to “common knowledge”, nonsmokers do not generally eat more than smokers, nor do they exercise less, studies find. Research performed on smokers at rest indicates that nicotine (尼古丁) itself can increase basal metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates, meaning smokers burn more energy than nonsmokers during periods of inactivity. But surveys suggest most smokers smoke not while completely at rest, but while performing light activities such as desk work that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.

Unless nicotine’s metabolic effects increase proportionally with metabolic rates, its influence on weight might be insignificant.

Now a study shows that nicotine’s effects on body-fuel consumption indeed increase proportionally with increases in activity. “These results indicate that the metabolic effect of nicotine may play a greater part in accounting for body-weight differences between smokers and nonsmokers than was previously believed,”says Kenneth A. Perkins and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

The researchers gave a nicotine nose spray to individuals performing light work —in this case riding an exercise bicycle modified to allow easy riding while subjects remain seated in a comfortable armchair. The activity raised resting metabolic rates two to three times.

By analyzing air breathed out, the researchers calculated energy consumption in the armchair bicyclists before and after giving the nose spray and compared the relative changes with subjects in the control group given placebo (（试验药物用的）无效对照剂) nose sprays. Relative to their baseline bicycle expenditures, individuals in the nicotine group expended considerably more energy than did those in control group while doing the same amount of work. With nicotine, Perkins says, “It’s as if the body is becoming much less efficient in using its stored energy.”

While the results may seem discouraging to smokers who’d like to quit without gaining

weight, Perkins notes that walking an extra mile a day should make up for the difference in metabolic efficiency. And he says smokers would have to gain “well more than 50 pounds”to counterbalance the health risks of continued smoking.

6)

What might “common knowledge”say about smokers and nonsmokers?

A. Smokers eat more and exercise less than nonsmokers.

B. Smokers eat less and exercise more than nonsmokers.

C. Smokers eat more and exercise more than nonsmokers.

D. Smokers eat less and exercise less than nonsmokers.

7)

When might nicotine influence smokers’weight significantly?

A. While smokers are at rest.

B. While smokers are exercising.

C. When Nicotine’s metabolic effects and metabolic rates increase at the same rate.

D. When Nicotine’s metabolic effects increase proportionally with the amount of light activities.

8)

The word “subjects”in the fourth paragraph means .

A. researchers

B. addicted smokers

C. people under medical treatment

D. people undergoing an experiment

9)

What have the researchers found out in their study?

A. People in the nicotine group consumed more energy.

B. People in the control group breathed out more air.

C. People without nicotine nose spray are becoming much less efficient in using energy.

D. People in the armchair expended more energy than people doing desk work.

10)

Why do the study results seem discouraging to some smokers according to the passage?

A. Because they want to keep fit without having to quit smoking.

B. Because they want to quit smoking and still keep fit.

C. Because they want to gain weight to tackle the health risks of continued smoking.

D. Because they want to walking an extra mile a day to lose some weight.

参考答案：

6) B 7) C 8) D 9) A 10) B

解析：

（无）

∧收起解析

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. In short, a leader of the new school contends (声称), the

scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable (无数的) directions.

Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation (创新) have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.

The core of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.

Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology

or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 11)

What leads to the expansion of science in terms of the new school of scientists?

A. The creative ideas of the great minds.

B. The scientific knowledge of the geniuses.

C. The improvement of ordinary tools and techniques.

D. The neglected force in scientific innovations.

12)

What is the nature of scientific revolution according to a leader of the new school?

A. It helps to invent a series of new instruments.

B. It is actually the result of the development of a series of instruments.

C. It pushes the science toward a particular direction

.D. It has improved the techniques in innumerable directions.

13)

Why does modern school of scientists pay attention to the invention and improvement of tools and technology?

A. Because they can be applied in scientific experiments.

B. Because they are greatly admired by scientists and inventors.

C. Because they are overlooked by historians and philosophers.

D. Because they can be served as a source of basic innovations.

14)

What can be inferred from the statement “the real hero of the story, …, was the long

evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses”?

A. The role of Galileo at the start of the scientific revolution was underestimated.

B. Ptolemy was the first astronomer to elaborate the system of heavenly motions.

C. The improved technology and machinery contributed to Galileo’s great discovery.

D. Galileo proved that the sun rather than the earth is the center of the universe.

15)

What conclusion can be drawn from the last paragraph?

A. The government’s decision on its finance allocation is determined by its opinion on the priority between science and technology.

B. The government has developed pure science at the expense of technology.

C. The government has attached more importance to technology than pure science.

D. The government will no longer increase the financial support to pure science.

参考答案：

11) C 12) B 13) D 14) C 15) A

解析：

（无）

∧收起解析

Recently there has been a tendency to sympathize with thieves whose operations have been carried out on a grand scale, and no attempt whatever has been made to hold them responsible. Some of the most thievish (像窃贼的) transactions have flourished and are

still flourishing. Their success and their wealth are the only things recognized. They are honored as financiers and men of affairs, looked up to and respected.

In reality they are nothing more and nothing less than a lot of merciless and heartless thieves. Fraud is fraud and cheating is cheating despite the artistic manner in which it is committed or the size of the scale upon which it is operated.

It is time these men were classed properly and placed where they rightly belong, for they are no better than the miserable sneak-thief who steals a penny from a blind man’s dog.

For the past two or three years working people who have made sacrifices to save a few pennies have been cheated most unmercifully. Their hard-earned savings have been stolen from them by every possible scheme from the obvious looting (打劫) of a bank to the higher and more artistic method of legalized high risk, complex financial products. Men high up in the financial world have lent their names to some of the most shady and notorious schemes that ever dishonored a community or a people. Because of this the most diligent and economical (节俭的) American people have been induced to place their hard-earned and carefully guarded savings in what they were led to believe was a safe investment, only to find out when too late that they had fallen into the hands of a gang of extremely respectable cheats. They cannot recover what they have lost.

The thief is too powerful to be affected by the law while the victim is too weak to put its

machinery in motion. It may be that the law is defective, or it may be that those having its machinery in charge are influenced by the wealth of the transgressors (违犯者). Whatever or whichever it is that is responsible ought to be investigated and the evil remedied.

16)

What does the tendency mentioned in the first paragraph reflect?

A. People only respect success and wealth without any moral judgment.

B. People prefer to carry out operations on a grand scale.

C. People have made attempt to hold thieves responsible.

D. People encourage some of the most thievish transactions to flourish.

17)

How did working people lose their hard-earned savings?

A. They were robbed by the thieves nearby.

B. They were unlucky in investment.

C. They lent their money to men high up in the financial world.

D. They were cheated by the bank.

18)

When the writer says “a gang of extremely respectable cheats”in Paragraph Four, it is implied that .

A. they are respectable in artistic cheating

B. they are well-educated but ill-behaved

C. they are not well-educated but respected

D. they are cheats with respectable goals

19)

What could be a possible reason for the thieves to escape from law according to the passage?

A. They are powerful enough to ignore the law.

B. There are defects in the law.

C. The victim is too weak to investigate them.

D. They are wealthy enough to compensate the victims.

20)

It can be inferred from the passage that .

A. any thief should be punished

B. moral standards are always upheld

C. there are too many thieves and robbers

D. industrious and honest people should be highly paid

参考答案：

16) A 17) D 18) B 19) B 20) A

解析：

（无）

∧收起解析

There is something grimly ridiculous as well as pathetic in the messy way we manage things in our crude attempt as civilization. While we are spending hundreds of thousands of dollars of the people’s money annually in improving the breed of pig, or in fighting cattle

disease, we are neglecting the most valuable asset of all, the children of the nation. A million dollars of the people’s money can be spent upon a speedway so that rich people might have an opportunity of exercising their blooded stock, while not a penny can be found in the State appropriations (拨款) to find food for starving children.

This foolish state of affairs was brought out in strong relief when the school teachers organized themselves into a relief committee to find ways and means for supplying food to the hungry children under their charge. This organization was brought about by the pitiable plight of the children, many of whom had become so weakened for lack of proper nourishment that they fainted at their desks while trying to study their lessons. The teachers have called their organization the “Children’s Relief Society,”and the day after the organization was perfected they were enabled to issue tickets to the most destitute (赤贫的) of the children which entitled them to immediate relief.

Besides this effort on the part of the teachers, emergency measures for the relief of hundreds of pupils in other schools have been adopted by the committee of school board members. The newspapers reported that relief came in this case in the form of two soup kitchens which were opened and equipped so as to provide for hundreds of the starving children.

Destitution has visited hundreds of families as the result of the business depression. Not only have the educational authorities taken up the matter, but various generous societies

have begun active work for relieving the distress. All of which is excellent in every way, yet it is not enough; it does not go far enough, for it ought not to be left to charity, but ought to be made a State duty.

21)

We learn from the first paragraph that _____.

A. we manage things well as civilization

B. we are rich enough to spend money freely

C. we need to care for the starving children

D. rich people should exercise their blooded stock

22)

What motivated school teachers to organize the “Children’s Relief Society”?

A. The distressing situation of the children.

B. The improper ways of supplying food to the children.

C. The charge of food unaffordable for children.

D. The weak performance of children in study.

23)

What would the Children’s Relief Society do after its establishment?

A. They would provide food directly to poor children.

B. They would teach lessons to poor children for free.

C. They would give poor children tickets to get food.

D. They would relieve poor children’s pressure.

24)

What other effort for the relief of children is mentioned in the passage?

A. The committee of school board members has taken emergency measures.

B. People from the newspapers have built soup kitchens to provide for starving children.

C. The educational authorities have set up funds to provide help.

D. Generous societies have adopted hundreds of pupils in schools.

25)

According to the passage, who should be most responsible for the relief of children’s starvation?

A. The teacher.

B. Children’s Relief Society.

C. Charitable societies.

D. The State.

参考答案：

21)C 22) A 23) C 24) A 25) D

解析：

（无）

∧收起解析

How is it that despite our amazing powers of production there are still hundreds of millions of people all over the earth in continuous want and poverty, and dangerously near the brink of starvation? What are the causes of poverty? Everyone is forced to realize and recognize its existence and no one has yet found a cure for it.

Every thinking man has realized that poverty and starvation are not inevitable in the scheme of things. On the contrary, the fruitful earth yields enough for every one of the human beings inhabiting its surface without the twisted distribution of nature’s generosity (慷慨). This twisting is caused by our crude and ill developed ideas of distribution and the improper ordering of human services. In the first place, these services can be hindered at their source, and among the factors that operate in this direction may be war, crime, lack of healthy supervision, insufficient attention to rising generations, monopolies (垄断) and various private ownerships that limit the usefulness of property, and neglected and wasteful destruction of property.

In the second place, the great cause of poverty is unproductive consumption. Services become unproductive when they are devoted to supplying luxuries or an excessive quantity of necessaries, which may be summed up in a single word: waste. These are the primary causes of poverty; they are responsible for the presence of starvation.

Is there a remedy?

The elimination of waste through perfect production and distribution is a problem that is slowly but surely being solved by the great combinations of capital that have destroyed competition. These monopolies, selfish in the extreme and with no thought beyond profit at any price, are rendering us useful service by teaching us the importance of cooperation

and cooperative methods. When these great industrial combinations, these wonderfully smooth running great business machines become the property of all the people and cease to be operated for private gain, a great step will have been taken in the direction of the solution of the starvation problem. When everyone will produce according to his ability and consume according to his needs, then, and not until then will poverty and starvation depart entirely and forever from the minds of men.

26)

According to the passage, starvation _____.

A. is inevitable in whatever condition

B. is the result of insufficient production

C. is owing to the improper distribution of nature’s generosity

D. is due to excessive consumption by human beings

27)

Which of the following can hinder human services at their source?

A. Private ownerships and unproductive consumption.

B. Luxuries and an excessive quantity of necessaries.

C. Crime and lack of wealthy supervision.

D. War and destruction of property.

28)

Why does unproductive consumption is considered as the great cause of poverty in Paragraph Three?

A. Because people stop producing but only consume.

B. Because people devote too much to luxuries and don’t produce anything.

C. Because people are supplied with excessive quantity of necessaries and waste a lot.

D. Because people who don’t produce are responsible for the presence of starvation.

29)

How to eliminate waste through production and distribution according to the passage?

A. By seeking profit at any price and being selfish.

B. By privatizing business machines and teaching the importance of cooperation.

C. By creating more monopolies to make more profits.

D. By cooperating and making the industrial combinations public property.

30)

When can the starvation problem be solved according to the passage?

A. When the great industrial combinations cease to be operated for private gain.

B. When private monopolies become public property and the element of profit is eliminated.

C. When production is organized based on personal capabilities and distribution on individual needs.

D. When efficiency of production has been greatly enhanced.

参考答案：

26) C 27) D 28) C 29) D 30) C

解析：

（无）

∧收起解析

When DR. THOMAS E. DEIKER, 59, remembers his life almost 30 years ago in Pineville, La., he thinks about guns. Worried that more of his neighbors appeared to be buying firearms, Deiker, a research psychologist at Central Louisiana State Hospital at the time, wrote a My Turn in 1974 advocating stricter gun-control laws at a time when any legislation that existed was loosely enforced.

Little progress on the issue of gun control has been made since his My Turn, Deiker says. “My judgment would be that from 1974 to now, there has been no change in gun-control laws at a national level”. What makes him angry is that even after the “long series of copycat (模仿犯罪的) high-school shootings”and “a long series of dissatisfied employees walking into their places of business and killing large numbers of people”, there has still been little action taken. “There was some debate and discussion, but nothing ultimately happened to improve the gun-control laws.”

In fact, weapons today are more deadly. “We have shifted clearly to a far more dangerous and lethal form of firearms in the United States,”he says, “with the widespread use of automatic and semiautomatic weapons, the Internet has proven a perfect provider, offering information on how to build these weapons and where to purchase them.

Many of those buyers, Deiker worries, are hardly older than children. The amount of graphic (图像的) violence youth are exposed to today desensitizes (使麻木) them to

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