5000字外文翻译
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外文文献原文
1.Introduction
Marketing continues to be a mystery to those who create it and to those who sponsor it. Often, the ad that generates record-breaking volume for a retail store one month is repeated the following month and bombs. A campaign designed by the best Madison Avenue ad agency may elicit mediocre response. The same item sells like hotcakes after a 30-word classified ad, with abominable grammar, appears on page 35 of an
all-advertising shopper tossed on the front stoops of homes during a rainstorm! The mystery eludes solution but demands attention. The success of an enterprise and development of enterprises depends to a large extent on whether or not they have advanced, meet the needs of the enterprise marketing strategy. For Marketing is the definition, The well-known American scholar Philips marketing of the core marketing concept of the following description : "Marketing is individuals or groups to create, provide and exchange with other valuable products, to satisfy their own needs and desires of a social activities and management process. " In the core concept contains a number of elements: needs, desires and needs; Products or provide; Value and satisfaction; exchange and transactions; and networking; market; Marketing and sales were a series of concept.
This article is devoted to the idea that your marketing results can be improved through a better Understanding of your customers. This approach usually is referred to as the marketing concept.
Putting the customer first is probably the most popular phrase used by firms ranging from giant conglomerates to the corner barber shop, but the slogan zing is often just lip service. The business continues to operate under the classic approach -- "Come buy this great product if you dedicate your activities exclusively to solving your customer's problems. The quality of services, and enterprises to cultivate customers satisfaction and loyalty, and can create enterprise value.
Any marketing program has a better chance of being productive if it is timed, designed and written to solve a problem for potential customers and is carried out in a way that the customer understands and trusts. The pages that follow will present the marketing concept of putting the customer first. Marketing is a very complex subject; it deals with all the steps between determining customer needs and supplying them at a profit. In addition to some introductory material on marketing, this publication includes practical material on the marketing approaches to budgeting, layout design, and headline writing, copywriting and media analysis. So that a clear understanding of enterprise marketing strategy to improve the operations of enterprises.
2.The marketing concept
Market positioning is identifying the target market, enterprises will adopt what marketing methods, which provide products and services the target market and competitors to show distinction, thereby establishing corporate image and obtain favorable competitive position. Market positioning is a process of enterprise differentiation process, how to find the differences, identify differences and show differences. Today too many similar products, consumers how to choose Consumers buy what is the justification.On the effective positioning for a solution.
Positioning is the first to propose in the advertising industry, advertising emphasized in the eyes of the public who left the location, And people often prefer preconceptions; If enterprises can target your customers mind to establish a definite position, to the consumer a reason to buy, enterprises can often compete in an advantageous position.
Marketing is an economy built on science, behavioral science and modern management theory on the basis of applied sciences. It enterprise marketing activities and to study law,with full, comprehensive, practical features. As a modern enterprise "businesses" Marketing system introduced in the market economy under the conditions of the enterprises should have a sense of the market, business sense, Marketing strategies and methods. With China's economy growing prosperity, the market competition is becoming increasingly fierce; enterprises need Modern Marketing Theory as the guide. In the initial stage, a number of enterprises have marketing only as a help to product sales growth strategy and means If so far, many Chinese enterprises remain with the Department of Marketing with sales of two and one; When people realize that to meet the needs of the customer-oriented marketing concept should become an enterprise operating philosophy, and the enterprise's overall business activities have an impact, there will be a marketing position inappropriately increase the tendency For many people believe that marketing should be the decision-making levels of guiding ideology, rather than the level of implementation work. Marketing of the enterprise understanding of the position is not correct, will be marketing in the enterprise application will be affected. Marketing work is to open up markets, capture the market and expand the market work, enterprise development, and production activities should open up the market for services, a market that is the basis of the final services in the market. Marketing work is based on enterprise customers as the starting point for the reproduction process, and ensures the customer as the focus of the process of reproduction.
That customer demand-oriented, according to the actual needs of customers developing marketable products, and targeted marketing of the market, and its sales to meet the needs of customers. With enterprises to become the main players in the
market, corporate marketing work more salient position, business leaders must attach great importance to it.
Unfortunately, there is still a misunderstanding about the word marketing. Many people, including top executives, use it as a sophisticated term for selling. Marketing representative is commonly used in ads to recruit salespeople. Actually, marketing is a way of managing a business so that each critical business decision is made with full knowledge of the impact it will have on the customer.
Here are some specific ways in which the marketing approach differs from the classic, or sales, approach to managing a business.
①In the classic approach, engineers who develop the product and finally to engineers who produce it. Thus, the sales approach only ends with the customer, while the marketing approach begins and ends with the customer.
②The second major difference between the sales and marketing approaches is the focus of management. The sales approach almost always focuses on volume while the marketing approach focuses on profit. In short, under the classic (sales) approach the customer exists for the business, while under the marketing approach the business exists for the customer.
The marketing concept is a management plan that views all marketing components as part of a total system that requires effective planning, organization, leadership and control. It is based on the importance of customers to a firm, and states。
- All company policies and activities should be aimed at satisfying customer needs.
3.The marketing plan
The marketing plan is a problem-solving document. Skilled problem solvers recognize that a big problem is usually the combination of several smaller problems. The best approach is to solve each of the smaller problems first, thereby dividing the big problem into manageable pieces. Your marketing plan should take the same approach. It should be a guide on which to base decisions and should ensure that everyone in your organization is working together to achieve the same goals. A good marketing plan can prevent your organization from reacting to problems in a piecemeal manner and even help in anticipating problems.
Before your marketing plan can be developed, research must give you the basic guidelines: for whom you are designing your product or service (market segmentation), and exactly what that product or service should mean to those in the marketplace (market positioning). Below are some guidelines to help you develop a marketing plan to support the strategy you have selected for your organization.
This is the study of the distribution, density and vital statistics of a population, and includes such characteristics as
- Sex.
- Age.
- Education.
- Geographic location.
- Home ownership versus rental.
- Marital status.
- Size of family unit.
- Total income of family unit.
- Ethnic or religious background.
- Job classification -- blue collar versus salaried or professional.
PsychographicsThis is the study of how the human characteristics of consumers may have a bearing on their response to products, packaging, advertising and public relations efforts. Behavior may be measured as it involves an interplay among these broad sets of variables:
- Predisposition -- What is there about a person's past culture, heredity or upbringing that may influence his or her ability to consider purchasing one new product or service versus another?
- Influences -- What are the roles of social forces such as education, peer pressure or group acceptance in dictating a person's consumption patterns?
- Product Attributes -- What the product is or can be made to represent in the minds of consumers has a significant bearing on whether certain segments will accept the concept. These attributes may be suggested by the marketer or perceived by the customer.
Life-Style
Statements consumers make about themselves through conspicuous consumption can be put to good use by research people who read the signals correctly. By studying behavioral variables, such as a person's use of time, services and products, researchers can identify some common factors that can predict future behavior.
4.Market research
To use the marketing concept effectively in a growing business, you should
? Analyze your firm's competitive advantage. What do you do best?
? Identify specific markets you now serve.
? Determine the wants and needs of your present customers.
? Determine what you are now doing to satisfy those wants and needs.
? Prepare a marketing plan that allows you to reach out to new customers or to sell more to
your present customers.
? Test the results to see if your new strategies are yielding the desired results.
Market research must be used in each of these six steps to help define your business for your customer's interests, not your own. It is the process of learning what customers want or need and determining how to satisfy those wants or needs. It is also used to confirm whether the customer reacted to a marketing program as expected. The benefits of market research include
? Learning who your customers are and what they want.
? Learning how to reach your customers and how frequently you should try to communicate with them.
? Learning which advertising appeals are most effective and which ones get no response.
? Learning the relative success of that, properly done, market research is quite expensive, takes time and requires professional expertise. Acquiring all the necessary data to reduce the risk to your venture may cost so much and take so long that you may go out of business. The answer is to find a quick and inexpensive way of getting enough data to help you make the right decision most of the time. Some obvious pitfalls are
? Using a sample that does not re present the total market.
? Asking the wrong questions.
? Not listening to the responses.
? Building in biases or predispositions that distort the reliability of information.
? Letting arrogance or hostility cut off communication at some point in the marke ting process.
If you have a limited budget, develop the skills to hear what your customers and potential customers are telling you. Some techniques worthy of consideration are
? Advisory board -- Occasionally convene a group of local people, whose opinions you respect, to act as a sounding board for new ideas. Choose your group with extreme care; one or two negative thinkers can distort the thought process of the entire group.
? User group -- Gather customers together to discuss new ideas. Their opinions can help you keep your business on track. Pick a neutral setting where the people will talk. Be sure to reward the participants and share the credit for good ideas.
? Informal survey -- If you seek feedback from customers by simply asking how was everything? You can be seriously misled. Most people, even those with legitimate complaints, are reluctant to speak out because they are afraid of appearing foolish.
外文文献翻译
1.简介
对于企业的创造者和提案者而言，营销策略是一个迷。它能够使企业起死回生，也能够使企业从天堂掉进地狱。一个企业能否成功和发展，在很大程度上取
决于企业是否拥有先进的，符合企业发展需要的营销策略。美国著名的营销学者菲利浦对市场营销的核心概念进行了如下的描述：“市场营销是个人或群体通过创造，提供并同他人交换有价值的产品，以满足各自的需要和欲望的一种社会活动和管理过程”。在这个核心概念中包含了几个方面的内容：需要，欲望和需求；产品或提供物；价值和满意；交换和交易；关系和网络；市场；营销和营销者等一系列的概念。
这篇文章的撰写，是专门让客户了解到企业的营销成功是可以通过更好地理解顾客的需求的方法来获取市场的。而使企业的营销策略得到改善这种办法通常被人们称为营销理念。
把顾客放在首位，恐怕是当今企业最受用的字眼。无论是从巨人集团还是到理发店，纷纷提出为顾客服务的口号。这些口号的提出往往只是口惠而已。企业的经营典型模式也是这样的“来买这个伟大的产品，我们创造成本，奇妙的服务我们提供。”所谓的赠品当然只是我们一词。换句话说，大部分的商业活动，包括广告，都致力于解决公司的营销问题。不过，如果企业能把所有的经济活动都是完全为了解决客户问题的话，企业就更加容易得到成功。因为优质的服务，有利于企业培养顾客群的满意度和忠诚度，并可以创造企业的价值。
任何营销计划，在良好的契机上能成为使企业得到成功的方法，以下的内容将目前的营销观念的设计和解决潜在客户问题的进行方式，从而使企业清楚认识营销策略，改善企业的经营运作。
2.营销观念
营销学是一门建立在经济科学、行为科学和现代管理理论基础上的应用学科。它以企业营销活动过程及其规律性为研究对象，具有全程性、综合性、实践性的特点。作为现代工商企业的“生意经”，市场营销学系统地介绍在市场经济条件下企业应当具备的市场观念、经营意识、营销策略与方法。随着我国经济的日益繁荣，市场竞争的日趋激烈，企业急需现代市场营销理论的指导。
在最初阶段，很多企业都把市场营销仅作为一种有助于产品销售增长的策略和手段，如至今为止，中国的很多企业仍然是将营销部同销售部合二而一的；当人们认识到以顾客需要的满足为导向的市场营销观念应当成为企业的一种经营哲学，而对企业的整体经营活动产生影响时，又出现了将市场营销的地位不恰当地提高的倾向，如有不少人认为，市场营销应当是企业决策层次的指导思想，而不是执行层次的工作。对市场营销在企业中地位认识的不正确，必须会对市场营销在企业中的运用带来影响。
市场营销工作是属于开辟市场、占领市场和扩大市场的工作，企业的开发和生产活动都要为市场的开拓工作服务，即以市场为依据，最终服务于市场。市场营销工作是以顾客作为企业再生产过程的起点，又以顾客作为再生产过程的重点。即以顾客的需求为导向，按顾客的实际需要开发适销对路的产品，并有的放矢地推销到市场，实现销售，满足顾客的需要。随着企业成为市场主体，企业市场营销工作的地位日益突出，企业领导者必须高度重视。
可惜的是，对于许多人而言，包括高层的管理人员，对营销存在了一个严重的误解。管理者只是利用营销理论作为一种先进的销售策略，把营销代表当作常用的广告招聘推销员。其实，营销是属于一种企业管理理论，用营销的知识来充分了解客户和企业之间的关系，从而影响每一个关键的商业决定。
以下有一些具体的办法，是用经典的营销方式和传统的销售办法来管理业务的不同做出比较，从而得出营销不等于销售。
（1）所谓的营销方式，就是指工程师和设计师创造了一种产品，这是当时给销售人士用于找客户以及推销的产品。在营销方式上，第一步是要确定哪些客户需要或想要什么，理解到客户的需求。然后销售人员把该信息反馈给设计师上，从而让工程师和设计师了解到客户对产品的要求，不断改进产品的性能。然而，传统的销售方式只是销售人员与客户接触的开始与结束的这一个过程。
（2）第二个主要差别的销售和营销方法的侧重点。营销方法的重点是管理。销售方式的重点几乎都是集中在商品的利润。总之，在古典的销售方式，客户的存在是为了生意，而在营销方式而言，客户的存在是为了加强企业的管理。
营销观念是一个管理计划，把所有营销元件作为一个整体系统，要求有效的规划，组织领导和控制。它是基于对客户坚定的支持。所有公司的政策和活动都应以满足顾客的需求为主。有利可图的销售量是公司一种较好的目标，比如最高销售量等。
（3）营销计划是就像一个解决问题的方法。要做到熟练解题，就必须把一个大问题分成几个较小的问题，然后每一个小问题中开始解决：第一，从而把大问题变成一个可管理的问题。企业的营销计划应采取同样的态度，它应是一个引导，在此基础上决定，并应确保员工在企业的组织工作达到相同的目标。一个良好的促销计划，可以防止企业的组织在一些零碎的方式的反应问题上洞悉先机。要使企业的营销计划得到进一步的发展，必须为营销计划制定一个具科学性的基本方针。首先，企业要明确对象设计产品或服务，也就是说如何进行市场分割。而要提供怎样的产品或服务，则是指如何进行市场定位。以下列举的一些准则，有利于企业制定营销计划，进行市场分割和定位。
①用人口统计学的方法，也就是研究人口的分布，密度和人口动态来统计的人口,具包括性的特点。如：性别、年龄、教育、地理位置、自置居所与租赁、婚姻状况、家庭成员人数的单位、总收入的家庭单位、种族或宗教背景、职位分类等。
②研究了人类特性的消费者行为来衡量。研究可能会影响其对产品包装，广告和公关工作。如一个人的过去，接受的文化教育，生长环境等因素都可能影响到他或她的能力，从而考虑是否需要购买一个新的产品或服务。又如产品属性在消费者心中代表的意义，是否能够让消费者接受这些属性,可建议由经销商去访问顾客的感觉。
③生活方式：报表，使消费者对自己的消费，可以善加利用的研究人阅读正确信号。通过学习行为的变数，如某人的使用时间，服务及产品。研究人员可以找出一些共同的因素，用于预测未来的行为。
④市场细分：企业的营销计划应承认各部分市场为企业的产品或服务,并说明如
何调整产品能达到在独特的市场里生存，而不是推销产品，具体的进入方法就比较明确。首先，实行点的占据。因为企业不可能一开始就进入到目标区域的中心，只能在这一区域的附近选择有利的阵地点，并在这个点上展开强有力的营销活动。其次，在第一个点的营销活动取得相当成功后，再在目标区域附近另选第二个点。在第二个点完成后，便可形成营销网络的线。再次，线形成后，再选一个第三点，此点应能与第一、第二点形成对目标区域的包围圈，这样营销面积便告形成。在面积形成后，企业还要设立第四点，此点应放在目标区域的中心，这是一个非常重要的点，没有这一点，目标区域还不能算进入，因为相对于竞争对手来说，你的企业活动只是外围组织而已，核心市场没有进入。选择目标市场应注意三个问题：（1）市场细分，确定目标消费群，只能在你的有效市场范围内，决不能放弃自己的优势，去追逐所谓的“热”；（2）对已确定的目标市场一定要进行精细地了解；（3）细分后的目标市场的变化要有足够的把握。
⑤市场定位：企业必须意识到产品或服务不能面面俱。极少数项目在市场上具有普遍感召力。即使基本商品像食盐或阿司匹林，营销人到各种极端创品牌意识和产品的鉴别。如果企业的产品或服务是在适当的位置，有意购买者或使用者，应立即承认其独特的利益或好处，并能更好地评估它。定位是企业如何让其产品或服务的品牌得到识别。
市场定位是指确定目标市场后，企业将通过何种营销方式、提供何种产品和服务，在目标市场与竞争者以示区别，从而树立企业的形象，取得有利的竞争地位。市场定位的过程就是企业差别化的过程，如何寻找差别、识别差别和显示差别。在今天同类产品太多了，消费者如何选择？消费者购买的理由是什么？靠企业的有效定位来解决。定位最早提出是在广告业，强调广告要在视听者心目中留下一定的位置，而人往往又是喜欢先入为主；如果企业能在你的目标顾客心中去确立一定的位置，给消费者一个购买的理由，企业往往能在竞争中处于有利的地位。
需要记住的是企业的营销位置和营销产品应该能够符合市场的当前条件的变动，公司的能力调整将由市场的最新知识的获取而得到很大的提高。当从客户上获取最大的信息以后，紧扣顾客的购买动机，你就可以作出最优的市场定位
表现如下：1、定位特定产品的特征――一种非常普遍的做法，尤其是工业产品。如果你的产品或服务具有一些独特的特点，具有明显的价值，这可能是一段路要走。2、定位的好处――强烈的关系定位，对产品的特点。一般来说, 这是更为
有效，因为你可以跟你的客户对你的产品或服务能做。特征可能是好的,但是，
除非客户能理解为什么产品能为他们带来的好处。
当今社会，竞争日趋激烈，企业对市场的把握稍纵即逝。任何企业行动停滞甚至迟缓都可能导致其业绩一落千丈。企业与企业之间的差距在外部环境较好时并不明显，而在外部环境较差时方显英雄本色。实际上，没有那种产业、那种行业与生俱来就是增长性的产业、行业，只有那些能够抓住增长机会的企业才可以得到发展和壮大。企业要克服“营销近视”倾向。就应该加强对消费者需求和行为发
展趋势的研究，随时研究和掌握变化中的市场动态，及时作出正确反应。
自动化外文翻译
景德镇陶瓷学院 毕业设计(论文)有关外文翻 译 院系：机械电子工程学院 专业：自动化 姓名：肖骞 学号： 201010320116 指导教师：万军 完成时间： 2014.5.8 说明
1、将与课题有关的专业外文翻译成中文是毕业设计（论文）中的一个不可缺少的环节。此环节是培养学生阅读专业外文和检验学生专业外文阅读能力的一个重要环节。通过此环节进一步提高学生阅读专业外文的能力以及使用外文资料为毕业设计服务，并为今后科研工作打下扎实的基础。 2、要求学生查阅与课题相关的外文文献3篇以上作为课题参考文献，并将其中1篇（不少于3000字）的外文翻译成中文。中文的排版按后面格式进行填写。外文内容是否与课题有关由指导教师把关，外文原文附在后面。 3、指导教师应将此外文翻译格式文件电子版拷给所指导的学生，统一按照此排版格式进行填写，完成后打印出来。 4、请将封面、译文与外文原文装订成册。 5、此环节在开题后毕业设计完成前完成。 6、指导教师应从查阅的外文文献与课题紧密相关性、翻译的准确性、是否通顺以及格式是否规范等方面去进行评价。 指导教师评语： 签名： 年月日
TMS320LF2407, TMS320LF2406, TMS320LF2402 TMS320LC2406, TMS320LC2404, MS320LC2402 DSP CONTROLLERS The TMS320LF240x and TMS320LC240x devices, new members of the ‘24x family of digital signal processor (DSP) controllers, are part of the C2000 platform of fixed-point DSPs. The ‘240x devices offer the enhanced TMS320 architectural design of the ‘C2xx core CPU for low-cost, low-power, high-performance processing capabilities. Several advanced peripherals, optimized for digital motor and motion control applications, have been integrated to provide a true single chip DSP controller. While code-compatible with the existing ‘24x DSP controller devices, the ‘240x offers increased processing performance (30 MIPS) and a higher level of peripheral integration. See the TMS320x240x device summary section for device-specific features. The ‘240x family offers an array of memory sizes and different peripherals tailored to meet the specific price/performance points required by various applications. Flash-based devices of up to 32K words offer a reprogrammable solution useful for: ◆Applications requiring field programmability upgrades. ◆Development and initial prototyping of applications that migrate to ROM-based devices. Flash devices and corresponding ROM devices are fully pin-to-pin compatible. Note that flash-based devices contain a 256-word boot ROM to facilitate in-circuit programming. All ‘240x devices offer at least one event manager module which has been optimized for digital motor control and power conversion applications. Capabilities of this module include centered- and/or edge-aligned PWM generation, programmable deadband to prevent shoot-through faults, and synchronized analog-to-digital conversion. Devices with dual event managers enable multiple motor and/or converter
计算机专业毕业设计说明书外文翻译(中英对照)
Talking about security loopholes Richard S. Kraus reference to the core network security business objective is to protect the sustainability of the system and data security, This two of the main threats come from the worm outbreaks, hacking attacks, denial of service attacks, Trojan horse. Worms, hacker attacks problems and loopholes closely linked to, if there is major security loopholes have emerged, the entire Internet will be faced with a major challenge. While traditional Trojan and little security loopholes, but recently many Trojan are clever use of the IE loophole let you browse the website at unknowingly were on the move. Security loopholes in the definition of a lot, I have here is a popular saying: can be used to stem the "thought" can not do, and are safety-related deficiencies. This shortcoming can be a matter of design, code realization of the problem. Different perspective of security loo phole s In the classification of a specific procedure is safe from the many loopholes in classification. 1. Classification from the user groups: ● Public loopholes in the software category. If the loopholes in Windows, IE loophole, and so on. ● specialized software loophole. If Oracle loopholes, Apach e,
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
自动化制造系统与PLC关系---自动化外文翻译5000字
自动化制造系统与PLC关系 控制工程随着时间的演变。过去的人们主要致力于控制方面研究。最近电力已被应用于控制,早期电气控制是基于继电器的。这些继电器使其可以在没有机械开关的情况下被开动和关闭。这是通常使用继电器进行简单的逻辑控制的方法。低成本计算机的发展带来了新的革命,可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)出现于70年代,它已成为制造控制的最常见选择。PLC的功能受到越来越多的工厂欢迎并可能作为主要控制手段再今后的一段时间内。而这其中绝大部分原因是因为PLC 它的优点很多。 1.1梯形逻辑 梯形逻辑编程法是主要的PLC编程方法。正如之前所说,梯形逻辑已发展到模仿继电器逻辑。通过选择简单的梯形逻辑编程法,培训工程师和商人所需要的金钱极大的减少。现代控制系统仍然包括继电器,但这些都是很少的逻辑使用。字母a继电器是一个简单的装置,它使用一个磁场来控制开关,如图图1.1。当电压作用于输入线圈产生的磁场,产生电流领域。拉起磁场的金属开关,再实现它的接触和联系,关闭开关。 图1.1 简单的布局和继电器电路图 继电器的工作方式,让一个电源开关关闭另一(通常是高电流)电源,同时保持他们孤立。一个简单的例子,控制继电器应用,见图 1.2。在这方面,左边第一个接力是通常使得系统关闭,并允许电流流动,直到电压加到输入端甲,第二个中继器通常是开放的,不会允许目前的速度,目前的输入二是流经前两个继电器
然后电流流通过在第三继电器线圈,并关闭输出 C.此电路的开关会通常应用在制定阶梯逻辑形式。这可以被解释为将C逻辑作用,如果A关闭B合上的话。 图1.2一个简单的继电器控制器 图1.2中的例子没有显示整个控制系统,只有逻辑。当我们考虑一个PLC 有输入,输出,和逻辑。图1.3显示的更全面。这里有两个按钮的输入。我们可以想像激活24V直流在PLC继电器线圈的输入。反过来驱动器是一个输出继电器,开关115伏交流电,结果打开了一盏灯。请注意,在实际情况下PLC的输入继电器,常常又是输出继电器。PLC梯形图逻辑其实一种计算机程序,用户可以输入和更改它。注意,两个输入的推按钮常开,但里面的PLC梯形图逻辑有一个常开触点,和一个常闭触点。在PLC梯形逻辑图不需要匹配输入或输出。许多初学者会被抓住这点试图使阶梯逻辑匹配它的输入类型。 图1.3继电器PLC的简图 许多继电器也有多个输出(抛出),这允许输出继电器可以同时输入。图1.4所示的电路是一个例子,它是在电路里称为印章。此电路的电流流过两个电路的分支,通过接触标签A或B的输入端,B只相对乙输出。如果B是关闭的,而A 是通电,那么B将打开。如果B打开,然后输入,B将打开。打开后,乙在输出,乙将不会关闭。 图1.4电路 1.2编程
计算机专业外文文献翻译6
外文文献翻译（译成中文2000字左右）： As research laboratories become more automated,new problems are arising for laboratory managers.Rarely does a laboratory purchase all of its automation from a single equipment vendor. As a result,managers are forced to spend money training their users on numerous different software packages while purchasing support contracts for each. This suggests a problem of scalability. In the ideal world,managers could use the same software package to control systems of any size; from single instruments such as pipettors or readers to large robotic systems with up to hundreds of instruments. If such a software package existed, managers would only have to train users on one platform and would be able to source software support from a single vendor. If automation software is written to be scalable, it must also be flexible. Having a platform that can control systems of any size is far less valuable if the end user cannot control every device type they need to use. Similarly, if the software cannot connect to the customer’s Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) database,it is of limited usefulness. The ideal automation software platform must therefore have an open architecture to provide such connectivity. Two strong reasons to automate a laboratory are increased throughput and improved robustness. It does not make sense to purchase high-speed automation if the controlling software does not maximize throughput of the system. The ideal automation software, therefore, would make use of redundant devices in the system to increase throughput. For example, let us assume that a plate-reading step is the slowest task in a given method. It would make that if the system operator connected another identical reader into the system, the controller software should be able to use both readers, cutting the total throughput time of the reading step in half. While resource pooling provides a clear throughput advantage, it can also be used to make the system more robust. For example, if one of the two readers were to experience some sort of error, the controlling software should be smart enough to route all samples to the working reader without taking the entire system offline. Now that one embodiment of an ideal automation control platform has been described let us see how the use of C++ helps achieving this ideal possible. DISCUSSION C++: An Object-Oriented Language Developed in 1983 by BjarneStroustrup of Bell Labs,C++ helped propel the concept of object-oriented programming into the mainstream.The term ‘‘object-oriented programming language’’ is a familiar phrase that has been in use for decades. But what does it mean? And why is it relevant for automation software? Essentially, a language that is object-oriented provides three important programming mechanisms:
机械设计制造及其自动化外文翻译外文文献英文文献普通钻床改造为多轴钻床复习过程
普通钻床改造为多轴钻床 目前，我国中、小型企业的产品质量和生产效率都需要有一个新的提高, 但是加工手段却远远不能满足需要, 许多中小型企业都结合自己的实际对设备的技术状态进行改进，通过强化自身, 以求自我发展普通钻床为单轴机床，但安装上多轴箱就会成为多轴的钻床，改造成多轴钻床后，能大大地缩短加工时间，提高生产效率。 多轴加工应用：据统计，一般在车间中普通机床的平均切削时间很少超过全部工作时间的15%。其余时间是看图、装卸工件、调换刀具、操作机床、测量以及清除铁屑等等。使用 数控机床虽然能提高85%，但购置费用大。某些情况下，即使生产率高，但加工相同的零件，其成本不一定比普通机床低。故必须更多地缩短加工时间。不同的加工方法有不同的特点，就钻削加工而言，多轴加工是一种通过少量投资来提高生产率的有效措施。 多轴加工优势：虽然不可调式多轴头在自动线中早有应用，但只局限于大批量生产。即使采用可调式多轴头扩大了使用范围，仍然远不能满足批量小、孔型复杂的要求。尤其随着工业的发展，大型复杂的多轴加工更是引人注目。例如原子能发电站中大型冷凝器水冷壁管板有15000个“ 20孔，若以摇臂钻床加工，单单钻孔与锪沉头孔就要842.5小时，另外还要 划线工时151.1 小时。但若以数控八轴落地钻床加工，钻锪孔只要171.6 小时，划线也简单，只要1.9 小时。因此，利用数控控制的二个坐标轴，使刀具正确地对准加工位置，结合多轴加工不但可以扩大加工范围，而且在提高精度的基础上还能大大地提高工效，迅速地制造出原来不易加工的零件。有人分析大型高速柴油机30 种箱形与杆形零件的2000 多个钻孔操作中，有40%可以在自动更换主轴箱机床中用二轴、三轴或四轴多轴头加工，平均可减少20%的加工时间。1975年法国巴黎机床展览会也反映了多轴加工的使用愈来愈多这一趋势。 多轴加工的设备：多轴加工是在一次进给中同时加工许多孔或同时在许多相同或不同工件上各加工一个
外文翻译1
译文（一） THE ACCOUNTING REVIEW V ol. 83, No. 3 2008 pp. 823–853 市场参与者的杜邦分析的使用 马克?t?Soliman 华盛顿大学 文摘:杜邦分析,一种常见的财务报表分析，依靠于净营业资产收益率的两个乘法组件:利润率和资产周转率。这两个会计比率衡量不同的构造。因此,有不同的属性。之前的研究已经发现,资产周转率的变化是未来收益的变化正相关。本文全面探讨了杜邦组件和沿着三个维度有助于文学。首先,本文有助于财务报表分析文献,发现在这个会计信息信号实际上是增量学习会计信号在先前的研究在预测未来收益。其次,它有助于文学在股票市场上使用的会计信息通过检查眼前和未来的股本回报投资者应对这些组件。最后,它增加了分析师的文献处理会计信息的再次测试直接和延迟反应的分析师通过同期预测修正以及未来预测错误。一致的跨市场加入者的两组,结果表明是有用的信息就是明证杜邦组件和股票收益之间的联系以及维度分析师预测。然而,我发现预测未来预测错误和异常返回信息处理表明似乎没有完成。平均水平,分析表明杜邦组件代表增量和可行的操作特征信息的公司。 关键词:财务报表分析、杜邦分析、市场回报、分析师预估。 数据可用性:在这项研究中使用的数据是公开的来源显示的文本。 在本文中,我分析杜邦分析中包含的信息是否与股市回报相关和分析师预测。之前的研究文档组件从杜邦分析,分解的净营业资产收益率为利润率和资产周转率,有解释力对未来盈利能力的变化。本文增加了文献综合研究投资者和分析师反应杜邦组件三个维度。首先,它复制先前记录的预测能力和检查是否健壮和增量其他预测已经考虑在文学的存在。其次,它探讨了使用这些组件的股市投资者通过观察同生和未来收益。在同时代的长窗协会和短时期限信息测试,结果显示积极联系杜邦组件和股本回报率。但小未来异常返回交易策略显示的信息可能不完整的处理。最后,检查当前预测修正由卖方分析师和未来的预测错误。尽管他们似乎修改他们的预测未来收益与这些杜邦组件中的信息一致,修订似乎不完整就是明证可预测的未来预测错误。一致的市场参与者,在两组同期结果表明,信息是有用的,但是未来的测试表明,信息处理似乎没有完成。 由金矿和笔者(2001)提供了一个使用剩余收益的股票估值方法框架,给出了一个简单的财务比率分析的直接映射到股票估值。特别是他们用杜邦分析,分解公司的净营业资产收益率(RNOA)利润率(PM)和资产周转率(ATO)点的地方1。PM和ATO会计信号,测量不同结构对一个公司的业务2。PM 往往是来自定价权,如产品创新,产品定位,品牌知名度,先发优势和市场定位。ATO措施资产利用率和效率,通常来自于有效的利用财产,工厂和设备,有效的库存流程;和其他形式的资本管理工作3。 我们有理由期待竞争力量的影响这两个来源盈利能力不同。大的利润率通常吸引新进入者进入市场或快速模仿新思想从现有的竞争对手。由此产生的竞争导致高利润率回归正常水平,暗示更多暂时的利益。与利润不同,然而,竞争可能少威胁要部署一个有效的资产。更难以模仿另一个公司的高效生产流程因为这样模仿通常包括大型和昂贵的改革目前的工厂和操作。 1.具体来说,RNOA营业收入/平均净营业资产,PM营业收入/销售和ATO销售 /平均净营业资产。此后,点和ATO被称为“杜邦公司组成”。另一个常见的形式是分解罗伊(利润杠杆资产周转率)或(NI /产品销售/资产资产/股本)。讨论的“估值理论和RNOA”部分,我在分析使用RNOA为了专注于操作,因此抽象从公司的融资决策。 2.例如,阿伯克龙比和惠誉赚取高额利润通过出售used-looking服装被认为是时髦和青少年所要
3-电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面
1、 外文原文 A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer Th e si ng le -ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui t a r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tury [1]. Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e -ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am /d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A-1, o th ers fo ll ow t he p h il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al -p ur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gram a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re, sh ow n in F i g.3-5A -2. In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s c h ar ac te ri ze d b y th e i nc or po ra tio n o f al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A -3. Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard type Fig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computer Program memory Data memory CPU Input& Output unit memory CPU Input& Output unit
计算机专业外文翻译
专业外文翻译 题目JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties 系（院）计算机系 专业计算机科学与技术 班级 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 职称讲师 二〇一三年五月十六日
JSP Technology Conspectus and Specialties The JSP (Java Server Pages) technology is used by the Sun micro-system issued by the company to develop dynamic Web application technology. With its easy, cross-platform, in many dynamic Web application programming languages, in a short span of a few years, has formed a complete set of standards, and widely used in electronic commerce, etc. In China, the JSP now also got more extensive attention; get a good development, more and more dynamic website to JSP technology. The related technologies of JSP are briefly introduced. The JSP a simple technology can quickly and with the method of generating Web pages. Use the JSP technology Web page can be easily display dynamic content. The JSP technology are designed to make the construction based on Web applications easier and efficient, and these applications and various Web server, application server, the browser and development tools work together. The JSP technology isn't the only dynamic web technology, also not the first one, in the JSP technology existed before the emergence of several excellent dynamic web technologies, such as CGI, ASP, etc. With the introduction of these technologies under dynamic web technology, the development and the JSP. Technical JSP the development background and development history In web brief history, from a world wide web that most of the network information static on stock transactions evolution to acquisition of an operation and infrastructure. In a variety of applications, may be used for based on Web client, look no restrictions. Based on the browser client applications than traditional based on client/server applications has several advantages. These benefits include almost no limit client access and extremely simplified application deployment and management (to update an application, management personnel only need to change the program on a server, not thousands of installation in client applications). So, the software industry is rapidly to build on the client browser multilayer application. The rapid growth of exquisite based Web application requirements development of
文献翻译-机械加工中心
附录1 中文名称：机械加工中心英文名称：machining center 其他名称：自动换刀数控机床 定义：能自动更换工具，对一次装夹的工件进行多工序加工的数控机床。机械加工中心,简称cnc，是由机械设备与数控系统组成的使用于加工复杂形状工件的高效率自动化机床。加工中心又叫电脑锣。加工中心备有刀库，具有自动换刀功能，是对工件一次装夹后进行多工序加工的数控机床。加工中心是高度机电一体化的产品，工件装夹后，数控系统能控制机床按不同工序自动选择、更换刀具、自动对刀、自动改变主轴转速、进给量等，可连续完成钻、镗、铣、铰、攻丝等多种工序，因而大大减少了工件装夹时间、测量和机床调整等辅助工序时间，对加工形状比较复杂，精度要求较高，品种更换频繁的零件具有良好的经济效果。按控制轴数可分为：（1）三轴加工中心 （2）四轴加工中心 （3）五轴加工中心。 项目二机械加工中心设备技术分类加工中心的品种、规格较多，这里仅从结构上对其作一分类。 一、立式加工中心指主轴轴线为垂直状态设置的加工中心。其结构形式多为固定立柱式，工作台为长方形，无分度回转功能，适合加工盘、套、板类零件。一般具有三个直线运动坐标，并可在工作台上安装一个水平轴的数控回转台，用以加工螺旋线零件。立式加工中心装夹工件方便，便于操作，易于观察加工情况，但加工时切屑不易排除，且受立柱高度和换刀装置的限制，不能加工太高的零件。立式加工中心的结构简单，占地面积小，价格相对较低，应用广泛。 二、卧式加工中心指主轴轴线为水平状态设置的加工中心。通常都带有可进行分度回转运动的工作台。卧式加工中心一般都具有三个至五个运动坐标，常见的是三个直线运动坐标加一个回转运动坐标，它能够使工件在一次装夹后完成除安装面和顶面以外的其余四个面的加工，最适合加工箱体类零件。卧式加工中心调试程序及试切时不便观察，加工时不便监视，零件装夹和测量不方便，但加工时排屑容易，对加工有利。与立式加工中心相比，卧式加工中心的结构复杂，占地面积大，价格也较高。
5外文翻译原文1
A Case Study of Pattern-based Software Framework to Improve the Quality of Software Development Chih-Hung Chang, Chih-Wei Lu Dept. of Information Management, Hsiuping Institute of Technology No.11, Gongye Rd., Dali City, Taichung County, Taiwan(R.O.C.) 886-4-24961123 ext 3112 {chchang,cwlu}@ https://www.wendangku.net/doc/108879774.html,.tw William C. Chu Dept. of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tunghai University No.181, Sec. 3, Taichung Port Rd.,Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-23508983 cchu@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/108879774.html,.tw Nien-Lin Hsueh Dept. of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University No. 100 Wenhwa Rd., Taichung, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4- 24517250 ext 3773 nlhsueh@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/108879774.html,.tw Chorng-Shiuh Koong Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Taichung University No.140, Ming-Sheng Rd., Taichung City, Taiwan (R.O.C.) 886-4-22183804 csko@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/108879774.html,.tw ABSTRACT In recent years, development of the software industry and demand for software systems have increased rapidly, but developers often does not know whose suggestion to follow regarding methodologies of software engineering. One reason for that is the difficulty in applying new software engineering technologies. Developers take a long time to train. Another reason is the difficulty in integrating CASE toolsets. So many indeterminate factors make the development process more and more complex. On the other hand, software development is too customized, and software reuse is difficult. T he reasons above are the cause for software development and maintenance to become more complex and difficult to control. In this paper we explore the importation of a software pattern-based framework, and the development of an ERP/support chain system. Based on software patterns, developers can separate development and business so as to reduce problems caused by the developer’s lack of business experience. T he quality of the product can thus be enhanced, software development costs be reduced, and software maintenance be improved. Keywords Design Pattern, Framework, Software Development Process, XML 1.INTRODUCTION In Object-Oriented T echnology, the property of inheritance allows software components to be reused, which can obviously reduce the cost of software development. For this reason, to produce a highly reusable software component is an important goal of software engineering. However, programmers are usually focused on code reuse while ignoring design reuse. Design patterns provide a clear concept of design structure by describing the relationships of inheritance and reference between components of the system. Design patterns are a series of familiar usages and constructions utilized throughout system design. Design patterns allow rapid coding of certain components by following certain patterns of steps. T his can improve the documentation and maintenance of existing systems by providing an explicit specification of class, object interactions and their underlying intents. One of the main purposes of design patterns is to help software engineers to understand the common characteristics of software objects/components in specialized domain. In recent years, due to the development and maturation of WWW and Java [14] technologies, many applications are now web applications or leaning in that direction. Many software concepts are utilized for the web as well, such as Design Patterns and Frameworks. The Apache Struts [12] and Spring Framework [13] are both open source frameworks used to address and reduce the complexity of developing an enterprise application. T he advantage of using a framework is the layered architecture it provides. Layered architecture allowed users to choose the component desired, while also providing the integration framework when developing application using J2EE. T hese developing web concepts can facilitate the development of web applications. However, these very useful tools and concepts lack a systematic organization. We hope to use these open source software technologies to develop a software framework which can be applied to web application. T his should solve the problem of web applications lacking a good structure, while through applying these open source software technologies, software development costs will be reduced. Furthermore, a guideline for programmers who wants to use these open source technologies will be provided. This paper is organized as follows: In the next section, we discuss works related to our project; in section 3, the open source technologies used in the paper and the system implementation will be described; Section 4 is a sample experiment. T he conclusion is given in section 5.