Specialization Computer and Data Communication Networks

Curriculum Vitae

Aline Carneiro Viana

Last name: CARNEIRO VIANA

First name: Aline

Birth date: February 17, 1976

Citizenship: Brazil

Address: 38, rue Legraverend

35000, Rennes, FRANCE

Phone: +33 2 99 84 74 67 (office)

+33 6 68 34 63 93 (mobile)

Fax: +33 2 99 84 25 28

+33 2 99 84 71 71

E-mail: aline.viana@irisa.fr

Webpage: http://www.irisa.fr/paris/pages-perso/Aline-

Viana/welcome.htm

Current affiliation: PARIS Project

IRISA/INRIA-Rennes

Campus de Beaulieu

35042 Rennes cedex - France

Office E-319

EDUCATION

2005-2006 Post-Doc in Computer Science

Location Paris Project, IRISA/INRIA-Rennes, France.

Keywords Gossip-based Algorithms, Epidemic Algorithms, Semi-structured Peer-To-Peer Systems, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Energy-conserving routing Specialization Computer and Data Communication Networks

Anne-Marie Kermarrec

Project

contact

Date October 2005 – September 2006

2005 Ph.D. in Computer Science

Location University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), France.

Dissertation "Locating and Routing in Large-Scale Self-Organizing Networks: from Distributed Hash Tables to Adaptive Addressing Structures"

Keywords Self-organizing Networks, Routing Protocols, Adaptive Addressing Spaces, Network Architecture Design, Distributed Networks, Distributed Hash Tables

Specialization Computer and Data Communication Networks

Advisors Serge Fdida, Marcelo Dias de Amorim, and Jose Ferreira de Rezende

Date July 2005

2001 M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering

Location Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Brazil. 1999-2000

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil. 2000-2001

Dissertation "Evaluation of an Environment of Proportional Differentiated Service with TCP traffic”

Keywords Quality of Service, Internet, TCP, Relative Differentiated Service

Specialization Computer-Communication Networks

Advisors José Ferreira de Rezende, Otto Carlos Muniz Bandeira Duarte, and Leonardo Rezende Guedes.

1998 B.Sc. in Computer Science

Location Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Brazil

Systems, Networking

Areas of

Concentration

1993 Telecommunication Technician

Location Technical High School (CEFET), Brazil

AWARDS

-Postdoctoral Fellowship, INRIA-Rennes, October 2005 to September 2006.

-Selected paper from IEEE PERCOM 2003 to be published in ACM/Kluwer Wireless Networks.

-Full Ph.D. Scholarship, CAPES/COFECUB, January 2002 to August 2005.

-Full M.Sc. Scholarship, UFG/Brazil, March 1999 to March 2001.

-Undergraduate Research Project Scholarship, CNPq/Brazil, July 1995 to June 1997

-Undergraduate Research Project Scholarship, Nortel Networks/Brazil and UFG/Brazil, July 1997 to February 1998.

INVITED TALKS

1. "Easily-managed and topology-independent location service for self-organizing networks"

University of Thessaly, June 2005

2. "Twins: Easily-managed location in self-organizing networks using Hilbert space-filling curves"

Tarot (Algorithmic techniques, Networks and Optimization for Telecommunications) Workshop

INRIA-Lyon, October 2004.

3. "Self-organization in spontaneous networks: the approach of DHT-based routing protocols"

INRIA-Lille, June 2004.

4. "A different approach to peer-to-peer concepts"

EuronetLab meeting, LIP6, University of Pierre et Marie Curie, July 2003.

LANGUAGES

Portuguese (native), French, English.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

1. Researcher scientist (Post-Doc)

Paris Project at IRISA

INRIA, Rennes, FR, 2005-2006.

Research: I am currently working on (i) reliable and efficient data dissemination for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), by the use of Peer-To-Peer (P2P) communication paradigm and low signalling overhead, and (ii) energy-conserving routing algorithm for WSN, by the use of the distributed system concept of “probe” for power down nodes. Aimed design issues are: high mobility, fault tolerance, scalability, reliability, and maximized network lifetime. Topics of interest include: gossip-based algorithms, epidemic algorithms, and semi-structured peer-to-peer systems (cf. Post-Doc Research Statement)

2. Research assistant (Ph.D.)

Network and Performance Analysis Group at LIP6

Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris VI, Paris, FR, 2002-2005.

Research: My research work at the LIP6 Laboratory of University Pierre et Marie Curie focused on the development of solutions to address the routing issues related to the new design requirements imposed by large scale self-organized networks (SONs). The main outcome of this research was the design of two distributed network architectures, called Tribe and Twins (cf. Ph.D. Research Statement).

3. Research Collaboration

Network and Performance Analysis Group at LIP6

Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris VI, and North Carolina State University, USA, 2004-2006.

Research: In my third year of Ph.D., I started a collaboration with the Professor Yannis Viniotis from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the North Carolina State University. This collaboration contributed with many improvements in my Ph.D. research, resulting in two important publications in the computer network domain (TPDS 2006 and ACM Mobihoc 2005, cf. Main publications and Technical Reports).

4. Visiting scholar

ICSI Center for Internet Research (ICIR)

Berkeley, CA, EUA, October 2003

Research: During the month that I visited the ICIR, I have the opportunity to interact with other researchers at the laboratory, and to change knowledge related to my Ph.D. research. I also worked on the problem statement related to the design of scalable SON architectures that allows efficiently combining robustness to mobility and simplicity to management. My research work focused on the proposal of an adaptive mathematical structure that allows the deployment of (i) a robust-to-mobility routing procedure and (ii) an easy-to-manage and DHT-based location service. This initiative resulted in

the design of one of the distributed networks architectures presented in my Ph.D. dissertation thesis: the Twins system (cf. Ph.D. Research Statement).

5. Supervision of M.Sc. students

Network and Performance Analysis Group at LIP6

University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, FR, January 2003 to September 2003

-Farid Benbadis - "Evaluation of indirect routing protocols"

Research: His research work focused on the study of the existent DHT-based routing proposals for self-organizing networks. A simulator performing the Tribe protocol's characteristics (designed in my thesis research) was implemented. The architectural characteristics of the protocol were then analyzed by simulations.

-Matthieu Delabarre - "Security issues in DHT-based networks"

Research: His research work focused on the design and performance analysis of a safety procedure to the guarantee of the Tribe topology consistency. His research work started by the study of the safety procedures proposed for peer-to-peer overlay architectures. A simulator was then implemented to evaluate the performance of the designed safety procedure when applied to the Tribe architecture.

6. Research assistant (M.Sc.)

Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiás, GO, BR 1999-2000

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR, 2000-2001

Research: TCP-related research shows that its congestion control mechanism is strongly influenced by queuing delays and packet drops. This feature brings difficulties to foresee its behaviour in relative service differentiation. It is then interesting to examine the impact of per-hop proportional delay and loss rate differentiation on the TCP throughout. C. Dovrolis et.al proposed a proportional differentiation model to perform delay and loss rate differentiation, and presented a mathematical analysis as a first investigation of the proposed model with TCP traffic characteristics. Nevertheless, simulations evaluating the performance of the model with TCP traffic had not been provided. My research work was then to exactly evaluate the behaviour of TCP traffic with the existent proportional differentiated model using simulations. A packet-forwarding environment that follows that model was implemented in NSv2 and its performance was evaluated with TCP traffic. The simulation results validated the C. Dovrolis’s mathematical analysis and confirmed the appropriate functioning of the proportional differentiated model with TCP traffic.

7. Networking consultant and Partial Start-up Owner

ápice Telemática LTDA.

Goiás, GO, BR, 1998-2000.

Duties: I was a partial owner of the start-up ápice Telemática LTDA., where I could work on project design and implementation of corporate networking plans. Customers included both public and private sector companies and institutions. My administrative tasks included helping in the company business management and managing team and network projects for technical/business negotiation. My consulting tasks included studying client's needs for the networks infrastructures, proposing technological avenues to meet their networking demands, and laying out detailed designs of the proposed solutions. Once networking infrastructures were in place, my network duties included the setup, configuration, and maintenance of the computational platform. I also performed technical teaching activities in computer network concepts, like TCP/IP, Ethernet/Fast Ethernet, ATM, LAN Emulation, and Classical IP, and in the setup and configuration of ATM/Fast Ethernet Nortel Networks equipments.

Research: I worked as a researcher at the Internet 2 consortium in Brazil, called REMAV (High Speed Metropolitan Networks - http://www.rnp.br/remav/index.html), where ápice Telemática was one of the participant groups. The objective of the consortium was the design and the implementation of an ATM backbone in the metropolitan area of the Goiania city for the support of multimedia applications. My research work focused on the study of the Quality of Service's (QoS) perspectives in the Internet, and on the interaction of QoS protocols. In this context, the Video on Demand (VoD) application was evaluated under an IntServ and DiffServ infrastructure, which was tested in the designed ATM backbone. The results validated the importance of the resource allocation for VoD applications in the deployed infrastructure, and confirmed the feasibility of deploying VoD applications under the implemented ATM infrastructure.

8. Research Intern, Nortel Networks and Federal University of Goiás (UFG)

Goiania, GO, BR, July 1997 to February 1998.

Duties: Design and implementation of ATM/Fast Ethernet equipments in the UFG campus network. My duties included: the setup, configuration and maintenance of the computational platform. I was also the leadership of an eight-person group that performed installation and configuration tasks in the ATM campus network.

RESEARCH INTERESTS

- Self-organizing networks

-Wireless sensor networks

- Epidemic algorithms

- Gossip-based algorithms

-Information distribution systems: Peer-to-peer architectures

- Overlay networks

- DHT functionalities

-Energy-conserving routing

- Autonomic computing

MAIN PUBLICATIONS AND TECHNICAL REPORTS

Transaction and International Journal

-Twins: A Dual Addressing Space Representation for Self-organizing Networks Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. de Amorim, Yannis Viniotis, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

To appear in IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems (IEEE TPDS). December 2006.

-Self-organization in spontaneous networks: the approach of DHT-based routing protocols Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. Amorim, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

Ad Hoc Networks Journal, 3 (5), Elsevier Academic Publishers. September 2005.

-An Underlay Strategy for Indirect Routing'', ACM/Kluwer Wireless Networks, Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. Amorim, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

ACM/Kluwer Wireless Networks, 10(6), November 2004

International Conference

-Easily-managed and topology-independent location service for self-organizing networks Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. de Amorim, Yannis Viniotis, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

ACM MobiHoc, Urbana-Champaign, IL. May 2005. (Accepted: 14,2%)

-Easily-Managed Location in SONs by exploiting Space-Filling Curves

Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. Amorim, Yannis Viniotis, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

IEEE Infocom Student Worshop, Miami, FL. March 2005

-Indirect Routing using Distributed Location Information

Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. Amorim, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom). Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas. March 2003.

Technical Report

-Architectural Considerations for a Self-Configuring Routing Scheme for Spontaneous Networks José I. Alvarez-Hamelin, Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. Amorim

cs.NI/0510082,arXiv e-print service in Computer Science (https://www.wendangku.net/doc/169393509.html,/abs/cs.NI/0510082)

-Twins: Easy-Managed Location in Self-Organizing Networks Using Hilbert Space-Filling Curves Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. Amorim, Yannis Viniotis, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

TR 04/02, CACC, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA. July 2004.

French Conference

-Routage basé sur ancre dans les réseaux à large échelle auto-organisables

Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. Amorim, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

CFIP - Colloque Francophone sur l'Ingenierie des Protocoles, Paris. October 2003.

-Routage pair-à-pair dans les réseaux spontanées à large échelle

Aline C. Viana, Marcelo D. Amorim, Serge Fdida, José F. de Rezende

Algotel'03 - 5ème Rencontres Francophones sur les Aspects Algorithmiques des Télécommunications. Banyuls-sur-mer. May 2003.

POST-DOC RESEARCH STATEMENT

Due to the recent developments in hardware miniaturization and wireless networks, a wide and exciting spectrum of new perspective emerges for many distributed applications and for the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The deployment of WSNs raises a number of key design issues such as spontaneity, dynamically-changing topologies, and adaptability. Given the potentially large number of participating sensors in a WSN and their limited resources, it is crucial: (1) to deploy fully decentralized solutions, (2) to evenly balance the load between participating sensors, and (3) to find methods for energy-efficient route discovery and for the reliable relaying of data from the sensor to the sink (maximizing the network lifetime). Existent techniques in distributed systems, in particular, in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communication paradigm, may be successfully adapted to explore new solutions in sensor application area.

The P2P communication paradigm has been clearly identified as the key to scalability. P2P systems are fully decentralized, meaning that each peer may act both as a client and a server. Central points of failures disappear as well as associated performance bottlenecks. Scalability is achieved as the load is evenly balanced between all peers in the system. Moreover, one of the main characteristics of these systems is that each peer only requires limited knowledge of the system to operate.

The acquired Ph.D. research experience contributed to my selection on October 2005 as a Post-doc in the Paris research group at INRIA-Rennes. I was selected to work on an interdisciplinary research project with researchers specialized in the domain of P2P systems. The context of this project is the deployment of a health monitoring wireless sensor platform. In particular, we are interested in sensors placed on the human body to follow the physical activity and the energy consumption of a population. The objective is to monitor the daily activities of a group of children in order to study the causes of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases as obesity and diabetes. Because the sensors will be positioned on the human body, they are exposed to a high degree of unpredictable environment and topology variations. These peculiarities impose research problems and bring new challenges to the deployment of large-scale sensor networks that differ from those for generic sensor network data dissemination. In this later, most of the researches approaches assume that sensor and sink nodes (monitoring stations) are stationary or that sink nodes have low mobility. Thus, the first motivation of my Post-Doc was the design of network solutions to deal with high-mobility sensor-based applications. In this context, I have been studying the challenges and design factors imposed by health monitoring sensor-based applications.

The possibility of direct interaction with distributed systems researchers from Paris group helped me to envisage the potential of the integration of distributed systems concepts in the context of wireless sensor networks. I consider the P2P cooperation paradigm a promising approach to the design of WSN architectures and to the exploitation of new solutions in sensor application area. Nevertheless, I argue that a well design adaptation of P2P functionalities to sensor network systems is strongly required, but represents a not trivial task. Thus, the second motivation of my Post-Doc lays on this adaptation requirements. Based on the identified design factors of health monitoring applications, I am currently studying a distributed mechanism for sink location estimation that has the goal of allowing information dissemination in a reliable, simple, and efficient way. In this context, and having the studied challenges in mind, the flooding of messages to the entire network should be avoided. Moreover, considering the mobility of sink and sensor nodes, it is important to ensure that collected data of a monitored person will reach sink nodes in a reliable and robust manner. More specifically, I am interested in ``how to make sensors and sinks to communicate in a reliable way, without a prior absolute knowledge about their locations''.

In this scenario, one first envisaged solution is the use of rumour among mobile sensor nodes to autonomously determine good potential physical neighbors that will propagate the information to the sink. The objective is for each collected data forwarding, to create a ``headlight''-based dissemination toward the sink location. Besides of avoiding the global flooding of data, the proposed rumour-based dissemination procedure should also provide an adequate resolution propagation redundancy for each sensor. The principle underlying the rumour technique for propagating sink location information has close analogy with the spread of a rumour among humans via gossiping, another popular dissemination technique in distributed systems - referred as gossip dissemination algorithms. Thus, I have been working on the formalization of that first envisaged solution.

In addition to the health monitoring project, I am also collaborating with the Ph.D. student Erwan Lemerrer (from France Telecom and Paris group) in the energy consumption management for wireless sensor networks. The objective is the design of an energy-conserving routing protocol by using the distributed systems concept of probe for power down nodes. In particular, we are interested in providing a lightweight way to maintain and to alternate the selection of an adequate power-on sensor resolution for stimulus sensing accuracy and the sink routing connectivity.

Ph.D. RESEARCH STATEMENT

The increasing demand for spontaneity, adaptability, independence of a wired infrastructure, and easy-managed architectures are driving a revolutionary change in the network community research. The number of proposals in the literature related to technologies such as ad hoc, sensor, and wireless mesh networks, witnesses for the interest in the deployment of distributed, spontaneous, and self-organizing networks (SONs). Under the umbrella of all these domains, scalability issues are particularly challenging.

My thesis research has focused on the design and evolution of scalable self-organizing architectures. I argued that the scalability of SONs is tightly related to the distributive nature of location information and of management operations, and to the location-independent identity of nodes. In order to provide these new functionalities, I considered the integration of DHT abstraction in the network-level routing systems. Few related approaches really question the challenges that this integration introduces in the network architecture specification. Moreover, to the best of my knowledge, no research has examined how this integration can be correctly performed; or what are the new components related to the design of such network architecture; or how the initial decisions of the designers about priorities of different issues and requirements may impact the overall behaviour of the system. My research work started then by identifying and studying the aforementioned aspects. I stressed that the design of scalable SON architectures requires efficiently combining robustness and complexity. To deal with this issue, I proposed the representation of the network as a mathematical space - which defines an addressing structure and specifies the topology organization - and the distribution of the designed space's management among nodes. I observed that the robustness vs. complexity tradeoff should be considered in the design of the addressing space, the location service, and the forwarding mechanism. Moreover, this tradeoff is affected by the dimensionality of the defined mathematical structure. I then proposed two systems to address these issues: Tribe and Twins. The evaluation of these two proposals helped me better understanding those observations.

The mathematical architectures of Tribe and Twins implement DHT structures in two different ways. In Tribe, the structure is used for locating and routing, while in Twins, it is only used for locating. Tribe defines a tree-like mathematical structure to assign addresses to nodes, and to forward data, without any central control entity or positioning mechanism. The resulting structure allows performing location and forwarding by considering only neighboring information. Tribe has as advantages the simplicity of the addressing/routing structure construction, the small amount of information to implement routing, and the low signalling overhead. Twins specifies a multidimensional Cartesian addressing structure, which is a strict mathematical representation of the network geographic space. This representation is obtained through Hilbert space-filling curves. The geographic space is used for addressing and routing, while location is performed on the designed mathematical structure. When compared with the tree-like scheme, Twins improves the resilience and routing performance due to the flexibility in route selection. Twins inherits Tribe's advantages of simplified management operations, simple forwarding decisions, and low communication cost. It proposes a robust forwarding mechanism for the control plane and provides scalability, distributed management overhead, and fair allocation of routing overhead.

In summary, my thesis research addressed the problem of efficiently routing content in large scale self-organizing networks. Both Tribe and Twins raise fundamental issues in SONs and provide: (a) the use of well-defined mathematical spaces, which allow controlling overhead and complexity of management operations, and (b) scalable location services that are independent of spatial distribution of nodes over the topology.

REFERENCES

Serge

Fdida [serge.fdida@lip6.fr]

-Prof.

LIP6 Laboratory at University of Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris VI

-INRIA Research Director Anne-Marie Kermarrec [Anne-Marie.Kermarrec@irisa.fr] IRISA/INRIA-Rennes

-CNRS Researcher Marcelo Dias de Amorim [marcelo.amorim@lip6.fr] LIP6 Laboratory - University of Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris VI

Yannis

Viniotis [candice@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/169393509.html,]

-Prof.

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering - North Carolina State University

-Prof. José Ferreira de Rezende [rezende@gta.ufrj.br] Network and Automation Group (GTA/COPPE) - Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

英国文科类专业申请的情况

免费澳洲、英国、新西兰留学咨询与办理 官网：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/169393509.html, 英国文科类专业申请的情况 随着2019年英国申请季的开始，选专业又成为我们面临的重大事情。今天我们主要帮助学生梳理一下英国文科类专业申请的情况。 英国文科类的专业主要包括：教育学、政治学、社会学和人类学、传媒等。教育学 顾名思义就是研究当老师的学问。英国大学教育学专业分支丰富，不仅有倾向于教学的分支，例如倾向于教学方法的分支， 主要培养教学这个方向。还有倾向于管理的分支。例如教育领导管理的分支。主要培养学校的行政管理人员。所以如果想去大学当辅导员的学生，可以考虑这个专业分支哦。 政治学

免费澳洲、英国、新西兰留学咨询与办理 官网：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/169393509.html, 顾名思义研究国家和国际政治的专业。英国大学政治学主要开设专业分支有政治理论、国际关系和公共政策等。这一类专业申请比较多的是国际关系，因为国际关系相对于政治学，学习内容更加具体。例如国际关系会关注国际安全、人权与公平正义、比较政治经济学等。申请该专业的优势在于不需要专业背景，一般接受转专业申请的学生。分数要求也不高，例如去年有一个学生来自福建师范大学，本科是传播学，82分。申请到曼彻斯特大学和伯明翰大学。对于条件比较普通 的学生，可以考虑这个专业。 近期有一个学生来自于上海师范大学天华学院，本科国际商务贸易专业，分数是77分，学生比较想去好学校，在推荐学校和专业时，首先从文科出发，相对于教育学和传媒，学生申请国际关系更能申请到比较到的学校。 传媒 传媒属于我们申请的热门专业之一。传媒主要包括新闻，电影，媒体和创意产业等专业。新闻专业要求比较高的写作水平，所以新闻专业不太好申请，除非写作功底比较好的同学可以尝试。电影专业分支比较适合本科专业就是电影专业，因为课程涉及到一些动画设计等课程。媒体类和创意产业属于大家选择比较多的分支，因为专业背景比较宽泛，雅思要求比较适中，一般都是总分要求6.5（6.0）。典型学校有利兹大学、诺丁汉大学、华威大学、格拉斯哥大学、谢菲尔德大学。如果条件比较适中的学生可以选择纽卡斯尔大学、莱斯特大学、东英吉利亚大学等。去年有一个三本的学生，均分为 83，本科就读汉语言文学专业，拿到了上述3个大学的offer 。 人类学和社会学

高中英语必修2课文(人教版)

高中英语必修2（人教版） Unit1 Cultural relics IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country's best artists about ten years to make. In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors.

人教版高一英语必修二英语课文原文

Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg.About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . Later,Catherine Ⅱhad the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city . A FACT OR AN OPINION? What is a fact? Is it something that people believe? No. A fact is anything that can be proved. For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This is a fact. Then what is an opinion? An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. So an opinion is not good evidence in a trial. For example, it is an opinion if you say “Cats are better pets than dogs”. It may be true, but it is difficult to prove. Some people may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right. In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewit nesses to believe and which not to believe. The judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. He/she only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence. Unit 2 AN INTERVIEW Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2,000 years ago, has come on a magical journey on March 18th 2007 to find out about the present-day Olympic Games. He is now interviewing Li Yan, a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games.

英语必修二课文原文

人教版新课标必修2u n i t1课文原文和翻译w o r d格式 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . Later,Catherine Ⅱhad the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city . A FACT OR AN OPINION What is a fact Is it something that people believe No. A fact is anything that can be proved. For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This is a fact. Then what is an opinion An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. So an opinion is not good evidence in a trial. For example, it is an opinion if you say “Cats are better pets than dogs”. It may be true, but it is difficult to prove. Some peo ple may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right. In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe. The judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. He/she only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence. 人教版新课标必修2 unit2 课文原文word格式 AN INTERVIEW Pausanias, who was a Greek writer about 2,000 years ago, has come on a magical journey on March 18th 2007 to find out about the present-day Olympic Games. He is now interviewing Li Yan, a volunteer for the 2008 Olympic Games.

必修2 人教版高中英语课文原文和翻译

实用标准 Book2 Unit1 Cultural relics IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM 寻找琥珀屋 Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country's best artists about ten years to make. 普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉一世绝不可能想到他送给俄罗斯人民的厚礼会有一段令人惊讶的历史。 这件礼物就是琥珀屋,它之所以有这个名字,是因为造这间房子用了近几吨琥珀, 被选择的琥珀色彩艳丽,呈黄褐色,像蜜一样。屋子的设计当时流行的极富艺术表现力的建筑风格。琥珀屋这件珍品还镶嵌著黄金和珠宝,全国最优秀的艺术家用 了是年的时间才完成它。 In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors. 事实上,琥珀屋并不是作为礼物而建造的。它是作为腓烈特一世的宫殿而建造的。然而,下一位普鲁士国王,腓烈特·威廉一世,这个琥珀屋的主人却决定不再要它了。1716年,他把它送给了彼得大帝。作为回馈,沙皇则送给他一队自己最好的士兵。所以,琥珀屋就成了沙皇在圣彼得堡东宫的一部分。琥珀屋长约4米,被用作接待 重要来宾的小型会客室。 Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly, although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing. 后来、叶卡捷琳娜二世派人把琥珀屋搬到了圣彼得堡郊外避暑的宫殿中。她让艺术家们给它增添了更多的装饰。1770年,这间琥珀屋按她要求的方式完工了。将 近600支蜡烛照亮了这个房间,里面的镜子和图画就像金子一样闪闪发光。不幸 的是,虽然琥珀屋被认为是世界奇迹之一,可是现在它却下落不明。 In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg. This was a time when the two countries were at war. Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace, the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art

人教版英语必修2课文—原文

2－1 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg.About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . Later,Catherine Ⅱhad the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city . A FACT OR AN OPINION? What is a fact? Is it something that people believe? No. A fact is anything that can be proved. For example, it can be proved that China has more people than any other country in the world. This is a fact. Then what is an opinion? An opinion is what someone believes is true but has not been proved. So an opinion is not good evidence in a trial. For example, it is an opinion if you say “Cats are better pets than dogs”. It may be tr prove. Some people may not agree with this opinion but they also cannot prove that they are right. In a trial, a judge must decide which eyewitnesses to believe and which not to believe. The judge does not consider what each eyewitness looks like or where that person lives or works. He/she only cares about whether the eyewitness has given true information, which must be facts rather than opinions. This kind of information is called evidence.

武汉工程大学文科基金项目

所属学科及学科代码： 项目编号： 武汉工程大学文科基金项目 申请书 项目名称： 项目负责人： 联系电话： 依托学院部门： 申请日期： 武汉工程大学科技处制 2007年9月

简表填写要求 一、简表内容将输入计算机，必须认真填写，采用国家公布的标准简化汉 字。简表中学科（专业）代码按GB/T13745-92“学科分类与代码”表填写。 二、部分栏目填写要求： 项目名称——应确切反映研究内容，最多不超过25个汉字（包括标点符号）。 学科名称——申请项目所属的第二级或三级学科。 申请金额——以万元为单位，用阿拉伯数字表示，注意小数点。 起止年月——起始时间从申请的次年元月算起。 项目组其他主要成员——指在项目组内对学术思想、技术路线的制定理论分析及对项目的完成起主要作用的人员。

一、项目信息简表

二、选题：本课题国内外研究现状述评；选题的意义。 三、内容：本课题研究的基本思路和方法；主要观点。 四、预期价值：本课题理论创新程度或实际应用价值。 五、研究基础：课题负责人已有相关成果；主要参考文献。 六、完成项目的条件和保证：包括申请者和项目组主要成员业务简历、项目申请人和主要成员承担过的科研课题以及发表的论文；科研成果的社会评价；完成本课题的研究能力和时间保证；资料设备；科研手段。 （请分5部分逐项填写）。

七、经费预算

六、项目负责人承诺 我确认本申请书及附件内容真实、准确。如果获得资助，我将严格按照学校有关项目管理办法的规定，认真履行项目负责人职责，积极组织开展研究工作，合理安排研究经费，按时报送有关材料并接受检查。若申请书失实或在项目执行过程中违反有关科研项目管理办法规定，本人将承担全部责任。 负责人签字： 年月日 七、所在学院意见 负责人签字：学院盖章： 年月日 八、科技处审核 已经按照项目申报要求对项目申请人的资格及项目申请书内容进行了审核。项目如获资助，科技处将根据项目申请书内容，落实项目研究所需经费及其它条件；以保证项目按时顺利完成。 科技处盖章 年月日

人教版高中英语必修2各单元课文原文

必修2 unit1 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM Frederick William Ⅰ，the King of Prussia , could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history . This gift was the Amber Room , which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it . The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey . The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days . It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels , which took the country's best artists about ten years to make . In fact , the room was not made to be a gift . It was designed for the palace of Frederick Ⅰ. However, the next King of Prussia , Frederick William Ⅰ,to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return , the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room because part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg.About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors . Later,Catherine Ⅱhad the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it .In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted . Almost six hundred candles lit the room ,and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly , although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world , it is now missing . In September 1941, the Nazi army was near St Petersburg . This was a time when the two countries were at war . Before the Nazis could get to the summer palace , the Russians were able to remove some furniture and small art objects from the Amber Room . However , some of the Nazis secretly stole the room itself . In less than two days 100,000 pieces were put inside twenty-seven woooden boxs . There is no doubt that the boxs were then put on a train for Konigsberg, which was at that time a German city on the Baltic Sea . After that, what happened to the Amber Room remains a mystery . Recently , the Russians and Germans have built a new Amber Room at the summer palace . By studying old photos of the former Amber Room , they have made the new one look like the old one .In 2003 it was ready for the people of St Petersburg when they celebrated the 300th birthday of their city .

202X美国留学文科专业申请建议.doc

202X美国留学文科专业申请建议 现在，去美国留学，文科专业比较容易申请一些，但是，美国的文科专业众多，该如何申请呢，下面来说说美国留学文科专业申请建议。 1、文科专业非常庞杂，常见专业有：语言类，新闻和传播，政治学，社会学，人类学，历史学，经济学，法学，教育学，心理学，建筑学，城市规划和景观设计，艺术类等。 2、若是英语专业，可以申请教育学，比如教育心理，TESOL，早期教育等；文学类，比如比较文学等；传媒类，公关，广告等；或者政治学、社会学、历史学。具体申请什么专业根据申请人的背景经历进行确定。中文和日语专业的可以申请东亚研究，有东亚研究设置的专业都是TOP50的学校，所以申请难度也是很大的。 3、美国的顶尖大学综合排名前30的学校里设置传播学院的并不多。因为传播学是后兴起的专业才有七、八十年的历史，很多老牌的学校他们排斥这样的新兴学科，所以他们不设置这样的学院，例如哈佛，耶鲁，牛津，剑桥等根本没有传播学校。有些学校虽然有传播学院或者有相关的专业但是规模一般也很小，有些学生甚至只招生本校的本科生。例如：斯坦福大学，传播学一直没有权威的专业排名，比较出名的学校有：哥伦比亚大学，纽约大学，但是这两个牛校都只设置新闻学院，并没有传播学研究。而且这两个学校的新闻类专业是属于那种超级牛人才能申请到的，一般在国内每年招生只有1-2个，甚至没有。总的来说新闻类专业申请难度很大。并且对申请人的英语及GRE成绩要求非常高，并且申请人最好有在央视，新华社，这样的背景才会比较有利。 4、政治学，社会学，人类学和历史，一般硕士的申请很难拿到奖学金，博士奖学金设置会很多，但是同时对学生的研究兴趣有要求，并希望看到学生对未来的职业发展规划。