英语语言学专业样题2007
天津外国语学院
2007年攻读英语语言文学专业硕士学位
研究生入学考试样题
考试科目：基础英语+汉语
（考试时间180分钟总分150分）
I. Choose the one answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20points for 20 questions) The following are five sample questions.
1.You talk about it as if it were a grammar school instead of a leading university.
A.very large
B.very serious
C.very prestigious
D.very fundamental
2.I attended the great poet’s prior lecture and was not about to miss his encore—even though I was quartered 110 miles north of the university.
A.lived
B.was separated
C.was informed
D.was arrested
3.At that moment Mr. Frost’s host materialized behind him to remind him of his schedule.
A.appeared
B.handed him something
C.spoke
D.told
4. Companies will address this situation through methods like on-site counseling and the development of special programs.
A.go to the spot
B.remember
C.record
D.deal with
5. I got out thanks to a college scholarship and because I was a little more articulate than the average.
A.able to do addition effectively
B.able to express one’s thoughts effectively
C.able to write effectively
D.able to initiate things effectively
II. Read carefully the following passage(s) and then answer the questions.
(20 points for 20questions). The following is a sample passage with five
sample questions.
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.
Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.
“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we ca n't yet give a robot enough ‘commonsense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.
1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .
A. the use of machines to produce science fiction.
B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.
C. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.
D. the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
2. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .
A. programs.
B. experts.
C. devices.
D. creatures.
3. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can .
A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.
B. interact with human beings verbally.
C. have a little common sense.
D. respond independently to a changing world.
4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .
A. make a few decisions for themselves.
B. deal with some errors with human intervention.
C. improve factory environments.
D. cultivate human creativity.
5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .
A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure.
B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately.
C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.
D. best used in a controlled environment.
III. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase to complete the following passage. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
As a doctor who travels quite a lot, I spent a lot of time on planes listening for that dreaded “Is there a doctor on board?” announcement. I lave been called only once for a woman who had merely fainted. But the __1__ made me quite ___2__ how often this kind of thing happens. I wonder what I would do if confronted with a real midair emergency without access by a hospital staff and the usual emergency equipment. So when the New England Journal of Medicine last week published a study about in-flight medical events, I read it with __3__.
The study estimated that there are an average of thirty in-flight medical emergencies on US flights every day. Most of them are not __4__. __5__ 13% of them are serious enough to require the pilot to change course. The most common emergencies __6__ heart trouble, stroke and difficulty in breathing.
Let’s face it: plane rides are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitude are set roughly what they would be if you lived at 5000 to 8000 feet above sea level. Most people can __7__ these pressures, but passengers with heart disease __8__ experience chest pain. Another problem is deep venous
thrombosis—the so-called economic class syndrome. ___9_ happens, do not panic. Thanks to more recent legislation, __10___ with just one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.
IV. Paraphrase the underlined sentences. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)
1.War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for
our young people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to the bustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of Victorian social structure.
2.For the great majority of automobile workers, the only meaning of the job is
in the pay check, not anything connected with the work or the product. Work appears as something unnatural, a disagreeable, meaningless and stultifying condition of getting the pay check, devoid of dignity as well as of importance.
V．There are two sections in this part. For Section 1, you are asked to translate two of the three underlined sentences in the passage into Chinese. For Section 2, you are asked to translate the underlined five parts in the paragraph into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)
Section 1
[1] It is as though some giant’s hand were squeezing the trunks of the trees, forcing the sap up and along the branches, for the blossom seems to squirt into the air.
There have been other Mays in other years, but never has there been so much blossom. The bees are bewildered by it. A few small bush-apples which were as austere as walking sticks when I planted them only two months ago are now in full flower, and look like little girls just off to a carnival.
Peach, cherry, plum and apple strain into the air;[2] all the trees in the orchard are out together, and for once, no clumsy wind has shorn or rain washed their frail, enameled, fine petals down into the lecherous hands of grass.
[3] What flower is there as delicate as this flower that grows out of a gnarled old tree with its trunk all twisted and its bark all blistered? It is a paradox. Beauty is always a paradox.
Vocabular y
blister: a bump or swelling appears
enamel：a substance like glass that can be heated and put onto metal, glass or pottery in order to decorate or protect it.
lecher: a man who is continually thinking about sex
Section 2
[1]西方文化以宗教为本，从希腊神话到拉美神话的叙事传统，[2]人界之外还有神界的深厚资源和广阔空间，魔幻的力量诱人至深，[3]今天风靡天下的《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》，更把这一传统在高科技的参与下发挥光大。[4]中国文学中六月飞雪，梁祝化蝶，白发三千丈，倒拔垂杨柳等，是介乎浪漫与魔幻之间的想象夸张，即便偶有神幻的点缀，也用之极慎。[5]撇开佛家道家的传统不谈，中国儒家主流强于人本视角而弱于神本视角。
VI. Please write in English an essay of approximately 300 words on one of the titles given below on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
1.The Role of Learner’s Native Language in his/her Learning Process of
English as a Foreign Language
2.The Role of Dictionaries in the Learning Process of English as a Foreign
Language
汉语部分（40分）
（注：英语教育和英语翻译专业的考生答一、四、五题，其他专业的考生答一、二、三、四题。）
一、填空题（每空1分，共10分）
1.《诗经》中的诗歌创作年代是从_________ 至春秋中叶。
2.战国散文按其内容可分为两大类：一类是_________；一类是先秦_________。
3.南朝出现了文学批评史上罕有其匹的巨著《_________》。
4.魏晋南北朝诗歌_________时期的创作最为辉煌，其代表作家是三曹，即
_________、_________、_________和女诗人_________。
5.“楼船夜雪瓜洲渡，”是陆游《_________》中的名句。
二、单项选择题（在每小题的备选答案中选出一个正确答案，每小题1分，共20
分）
1.以语录体形式记述的先秦诸子著作是（）。
A、老子
B、论语
C、孟子
D、荀子
2.按照班固的解释，“离骚”的意思就是（）。
A、遭受忧患
B、离别的忧愁
C、发牢骚
D、被离间骚扰
3.“建安”这一年号属于（）。
A、汉
B、魏
C、蜀
D、吴
4.宋代文人中，文章有战国纵横家之风的是《六国论》的作者（）。
A、王安石
B、苏轼
C、苏洵
D、欧阳修
5.清诗人中以七言歌行《圆圆曲》而名满一时的是（）。
A、钱谦益
B、顾炎武
C、龚自珍
D、吴伟业
6.《望岳》：“岱宗夫如何，齐鲁青未了。”“岱宗”指（）。
A. 华山
B. 嵩山
C. 泰山
D. 恒山
7.下列作品中属于新乐府诗的是（）。
A.《卖炭翁》
B.《琵琶行》
C.《长恨歌》
D.《钱塘湖春行》
8.“斜阳草树，寻常巷陌，人道寄奴曾住。”“寄奴”是指（）。
A. 孙权
B. 刘备
C. 周瑜
D. 刘裕
9..盛唐诗风形成的标志是( )。
A.讲究声律辞藻
B.抒写慷慨情杯
C.诗情画意结合
D.声律风骨兼备
10..最早以“赋”作为文体名称的作品是( )。
A.《高唐赋》
B.《吊屈原赋》
C.《柳赋》
D.《赋篇》
三、多项选择题（在每小题的备选答案中选出二个至三个正确答案，每小题2分，共
10分）
1.《西洲曲》“低头弄莲子，莲子青如水”二句运用的修辞手法有（）（）。
A.比喻
B.拟人
C.顶真
D.谐音
E.夸张
2.下列作家属于桐城派的有（）（）（）。
A. 方苞
B. 刘大櫆
C. 归有光
D. 姚鼐
E. 袁枚
3.“春秋三传”包括的著作有( ) ( ) ( )。
A.《左传》
B.《公羊传》
C.《穆天子传》
D.《谷梁传》
E.《春秋外传》
4.屈原利用楚国民歌形式，运用楚国方言，创造了“楚辞体”，他的作品有( )
( ) ( )。
A.《离骚》
B.《天问》
C.《九辩》
D.《对楚王问》
E.《九歌》
5.“黄河远上白云间，一片孤城万仞山，羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关。”这
首脍炙人口的绝句是A（）B（）C（）。
A.1初唐、2盛唐、3中唐
B.1王之涣、2王翰、3王昌龄
C.1律诗、2七绝、3小令
四、指出下列带点的词性和特殊用法（每题1分，计10分）
1.何．去何从（）
2.王见之．，日：“牛何之．?”( )( )
3.老．吾老，以及人之老． ( )( )
4.亲．贤臣，远小人，此先汉所．以兴隆也 ( )( )
5.六王毕，四海一．( )
6.其是之
．．渭乎 ( )( )
五、阅读文章，写一篇短文（20分）
语言间的文化差异客观存在。现代社会的进步使人感觉到世界变得越来越小，然而并不能使人们的心理距离缩小。不同民族和不同国家的人接触越多，越会感到文化差异的存在。比如，人们在文化取向、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、行为规范、价值观念、社会规范、思维方式等方面存在差异，而方方面面的差异必然反映到语言上。
语言是文化系统的一部分，不同语言具有不同的文化意义。人们在使用不同语言描写同一客观事物时，表现出不同的文化底蕴。学习和使用非母语语言时，负载的文化知识必然产生认知差异，人们在选择词语进行跨文化交际中，常常因为误解和误用词语，导致一些跨文化交际的不协调。
跨文化交际冲突的语言原因有：词汇空缺（word lacuna,两语中找不到相对应相契合的词）、词义错位（misplacing of meaning，两语中相对应的词在不同文化背景中引起不同联想）、词义空缺（semantic lacuna，某一词项的含义在此语言中比在彼语言里宽广）、句法差异（syntactic differencials）、语用失误（pragmatic failure）、非语言失误（failures in misusing non-verbals）等方面。
要求：
1、攻读英语教育专业硕士学位的研究生，根据你的理解和认识，从英语教学的角度
写一篇短文；攻读英语翻译专业硕士学位的研究生，根据你的理解和认识，从英语翻译的角度写一篇短文。
2、字数要求400---500字。
3、观点明确，论述集中，不要面面俱到。
天津外国语学院
2007年攻读英语语言文学专业硕士学位
研究生入学考试样题
考试科目：英语语言文学
（考试时间180分钟总分150分）
注：本试卷共五项，I、II、III 、IV 项（共100分）为所有报考我校英语专业硕士研究生的必答题，主要考查考生的英语水平和专业知识结构，内容涉及英语专业本科教学主要课程，包括英语国家概况、英美文学史、语言学、翻译、教育、高级英语和英语写作；第V项（50分）分为若干专业方向模块，主要考查考生对所报考专业方向知识了解的深度和学术发展潜力，考生根据自己所报考的专业方向选择答题。
I. Choose the one answer that best answer the question or completes/explains the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20points for 20 questions) Five examples are given below as sample questions.
1.Which of the following American authors made colloquial speech an
accepted, respectable literary medium in the literary history of America.
A.Mark Twain
B.Washington Irving
C.Herman Melville
D.Ezra Pound
2.Of the following plays by Shakespeare, which one is not a comedy?
A.King Lear
B.The Merchant of Venice
C.As You Like It
D.Much Ado About Nothing
3.If you meet a stranger from Britain, which of the following questions can you ask him?
A.How old are you?
B.When did you buy your watch?
C.How often do you travel abroad?
D.What is your salary?
4.About 40 million Americans change residences every year because of the following
reasons except__________.
A.the need for bigger or smaller living quarters as family size changes.
B.the desire to start a new life in a new place.
C.deteriorating pollution around their communities.
D.job opportunities.
5.Which of the following is an affricate?
A.[ɡ]
B.[z]
C.[θ]
D.[dr]
II. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase to complete the following passage. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points) Five examples are given as samples.
1._________ was keenly aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors, and
this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life, a theme he successfully dealt with in his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter.
2.In _____________’s Tess of the D’urbervilles, Tess, a pure woman brought
up with the traditional idea of womanly virtues, is abused and destroyed by both Alec and Angel, agents of the destructive force of the society.
3. “All men are created equal”is a famous statement which appears in
____________________.
4.The person who established the translation theory of Fidelity, Fluency and
Elegance is ___________________.
5.The term ___________ is defined as the scientific study of language.
III. Briefly explain each of the following six terms. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)
1.sonnet
2.paradox
3.the Lost Generation
4.Cold War
5.discourse analysis
6.foreignization
IV. Please write in English an essay of approximately 300 words on the title given below on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
Which is your favorite Shakespearian play? Why?
V. Answer the questions, or do the translation, under the area of study for which you are making the application. Write your answers or your
translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (50 points)
(American & British Literature)
Answer three of the following essay questions:
1.In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne is humiliated in the market place, she
then chooses to live in a small thatched cottage on “the outskirts of the town, within the verge of the peninsula, but not in close vicinity to any other habitation,”and seven years later, she meets Dimmesdale in the forest.
Comment on the setting of the novel.
2.Dramatic issues in some of Williams’s plays revolve around the
“imposition” of an “other” imposing his/her sense of “what should be” on another in relation to personal or societal expectations. Illustrate this point with evidence from The Glass Menagerie Or A Streetcar Named Desire. https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1c11004099.html,ment on Walt Whitman’s use of imagery Or rhythm in One of the
following poems:
“There Was a Child Went Forth”
“I Hear America Singing”
“O Captain, My Captain”
“When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d”
4.Why do most of the critics call Shakespeare’s sonnets a story?
5.English romanticism is seen as a strong reaction to neoclassicism of the 18th
century. Could you tell us the difference between romanticism and classicism in terms of the concept of poetry and the poet?
6.With the influence of Ibsen, a great Norwegian playwright, G. B. Shaw made
great contributions to the modern English theatre. In his long literary career, Shaw wrote many plays. Pleas name at least 5 of his famous plays and tell us the main artistic features of his dramaturgy.
(American Society and Culture)
1.How did the blacks suffer in American history? What is the current
situation?
2.How did the Americans lose their national optimism in 1960s?
3.What is your comment on “Whither China: From Membership to
Responsibility”by Robert B. Zoellick, Deputy Secretary of State at the National Committee on US-China Relations, New York City on September 21, 2005.
(Linguistics)
1. As one of the semantic theories that use the notion of “concept”, Ogden and
Richards’ semantic triangle (1923) treats the relation between a word and a thing as being mediated by concept. Discuss through examples how this theory may work.
2. Name and comment on the four categories of maxims in Grice’s CP and
discuss the possibility of violating the rules.
3. Discuss the differences between learning a language and the study of
language.
(Translation and Interpretation)
汉译英
开发利用生物质能资源是未来能源发展的主流趋势。我国生物质能资源丰富，年总量约为7.5亿吨标煤。其中绝大多数集中在农村，仅农作物秸秆、薪柴和人畜粪便即达5亿吨标煤，可作能源利用的秸秆有3.7亿吨。利用生物质能具有分散性、小型化和就地取材等多方面优势，不仅能够适应我国农村的特点和需要，而且还能为“三农”开辟了一条新的生产和致富门路，是农村的一种多功能战略性能源。目前应积极调整能源发展战略，突出农村生物质能源的开发和利用，启动“生物质能源开发工程”，重点在“能源植物”的培育，加快生物质新能源、新材料的开发与利用等方面加快研究、试点、示范和推广应用，多渠道开发和利用生物质能源，发展能源农业。
英译汉
WHAT makes a suicide-bomber? Long before the attacks that killed 52 people
in London on July 7th, Britain’s security services had a clear pattern in their minds. A man who may drink beer, play football, chase girls and lead a life that is indistinguishable from those of most other young Britons starts looking around for something less ordinary. At that point, he comes under the influence of a charismatic imam, who rails against the ill-treatment of Muslims around the world and suggests a straightforward route to self-fulfilment. He may eventually board a plane to Israel or a train to London, with the intention of killing as many civilians as possible.
Trying to prevent rebellious impulses from taking hold is a difficult thing for a parent to do, let alone a government. So Britain’s Labour government is looking instead at clamping down on the people who inspire terrorists. Many of these people, it thinks, are foreign-born, and therefore the state ought to be able to deal with them, without the liberties that British citizens enjoy getting in the
way. That was the impulse behind a plan launched by Charles Clarke, the home secretary (interior minister), to define what counts as unacceptable behaviour by Muslims in Britain. It was also behind the 12-point plan that Tony Blair, the prime minister, announced on August 5th, while Mr Clarke was on holiday, before he too headed for the beach.
Mr Blair’s agenda is wide-ranging and vague. It includes speeding up the deportation of foreign-born radicals, extending a proposed ban on glorifying terrorism to cover people who justify or glorify terrorism anywhere in the world, holding pre-trial hearings to allow sensitive evidence to be admitted (these have already been dubbe d “secret courts”), banning some Islamist organisations from Britain, and closing troublesome places of worship.
English Education 50 points
This part is composed of 3 Items that involves 1. Filling in the blanks (10 points), 2. Explaining the terms (10 points ) and 3. Answering questions(30 points). Here are some samples:
1.Fill in the blanks with proper words. 10 points
Sample:
Based on Michael O’malley and Anna Chamot’s studies, learning strategies are typically divided into three categories: ____________________, ____________________ , and ___________________________ strategies. Communication strategies are formed with ___________________strategies and some of _____________________ strategies. (5 points)
2.Explain the following 10 points
Samples:
(1)Language: (4 points)
(2)Competence and Performance (6 points)
3.Answer the following question: 30 points
Sample:
Li Ming’s parents insist that Li Ming should go to a school of English in Tianjin without considering their son’s choice. Do you think Li Ming will make his learning of English as an FL a success? Why or why not? Please explain the factors that usually affect English language learners when they learn English as a foreign language? (10 points)
英语语言学试题及答案
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英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx
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英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc
英语语言学一、名词解释 第一课 共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课 语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.