英语翻译复习
中美经济合作
We meet at a time of risk and challenge in the global economy, and we both face considerable economic challenges at home.
In the United States, we are making progress in repairing the damage from the financial crisis and putting in place a stronger foundation for future economic growth. We are putting in place a comprehensive program of economic reforms to improve education, increase investments in scientific research and innovation, improve incentives for private investment, and reform the financial system. And we are working to legislate a comprehensive program of reforms to restore fiscal sustainability, building on tough, 10-year spending cuts we put in place last summer. While there is still a long way to go to recover from the financial crisis, the economic expansion in the United States is now more broad based and resilient, and we are significantly more advanced than are the other major developed economics in addressing the imbalances that helped cause our crisis.
In China, you are in the process of exploring the next frontier of economic reforms, recognizing as your predecessors did more than 30 years ago, that future economic growth will require another fundamental shift in economic policy. These new reforms recognize the new reality that China must rely more on domestic consumption rather than exports, and more on innovation by private companies rather than capacity expansion by state owned enterprises, with an economy more open to competition from foreign firms, and with a more modern financial system.
我们在全球经济面临风险与挑战的时刻举行会议，两国也都面临着严峻的国内经济挑战。在美国，我们正在努力修复金融危机造成的破坏，为未来经济发展建立更坚实的基础，现在已经取得了一定的进展。我们制定了全面的经济改革计划，以改进教育、增加科研创新投资、改善鼓励私人投资的激励政策和改革金融体系。去年夏天我们制定了大刀阔斧的削减支出十年计划，如今正在此基础上再接再厉，努力通过立法制定全面的改革计划，以恢复财政的可持续性。尽管要从金融危机中复苏还有很长的一段路要走，但美国的经济扩张现已有了更广阔的基础，并具有了更强的适应能力。在解决导致危机不平衡的问题方面，我们远远走在其他主要发达经济体的前面。
在中国，你们正在探索经济改革的新前沿。正如30多年前你们的前辈们所认识到的那样，你们意识到未来的经济增长需要在经济政策上再次做出根本性的改变。这些新的改革是基于新的现实：中国必须更加依赖国内消费，而不是依赖出口；更多地依赖民营企业的创新，而不是依赖国有企业扩大产能；中国经济应更加开放地接受来自外国企业的竞争、建立更加现代化的金融体系。
展望可持续发展
自工业革命以来，人类社会创造了超过以往所有时代的物质财富，同时也面临人口膨胀、发展失衡、资源枯竭、环境恶化等重大挑战。20年前，在这里举行的联合国环境与发展大会，开启了人类可持续发展的新纪元。20年来，可持续发展理念深入人心，实现千年发展目标取得重大进展。对此，我们深受鼓舞！但是全球化可持续发展并不平衡，南北差距不断扩大，资料环境问题并未缓解，全球危机、气候变化、能源和粮食安全、地区冲突等因素给可持续发展带来新的严峻挑战。今天的世界，已经没有新的大陆和绿洲可被发现，保护资源环境、实现永续发展是我们唯一的选择。展望未来，我们期待一个绿色繁荣的世界，这个世界没有贫困和愚昧，没有歧视和压迫，没有对自然的过度索取和人为破坏，而是达到经济发展、社会公平、环境友好的平衡和谐，让现代文明成果惠及全人类、泽被子孙后代。我认为，这应当是我们携手推进全球可持续发展的长期愿景。
Since the Industrial Revolution, mankind has created more material wealth than in several thousand years before it. But we also face major challenges such as population explosion, imbalances in development, resource depletion and environmental deterioration. The UN Conference on Environment and Development held here 20 years ago ushered in a new era of sustainable development for mankind. We are heartened to see that in the past 20 years, the concept of sustainable development has been widely accepted, and major progress has been made in meeting the Millennium Development Goals. On the other hand, the global sustainable development is not balanced. The gap between the North and the South is widening. Resources and environment related issues remain acute. Sustainable development faces new and grave challenges posed by the international financial crisis, climate change, energy and food security and local conflicts. In the world today, with no new continent or oasis to be discovered, preserving resources and the environment to achieve sustainable development is the only choice we have. Looking ahead, what we expect is a green and prosperous world. In this world, there is no poverty or ignorance, no discrimination or oppression, and no excessive exploitation or human destruction of nature. In this world, there is a balance among economic development, social equity and sound environment. In this world, the progress of modern civilization benefits all the people and their posterity. Such a world should be the ultimate goal we will pursue as we work together for the global sustainable development.
丝绸之路
丝绸之路，是指西汉（公元前202年——公元8年）时，由张骞出使西域开辟的以长安（今西安）为起点，经甘肃、新疆，到中亚、西亚，并联结地中海各国的陆上通道。因为由这条路西运的货物中以丝绸制品的影响最大，故得此名。汉朝张骞两次出使西域，开辟了中外交流的新纪元。这条东西通路，将中原、西域与阿拉伯、波斯湾紧密联系在一起。经过几个世纪的不断努力，丝绸之路向西伸展到了地中海。广义上丝路的东段已经到达了朝鲜半岛、日本，西段至法国、荷兰。通过海路还可达意大利、埃及，成为亚洲和欧洲、非洲各国经济文化交流的友谊之路。唐朝时期，往来于丝绸之路的人们也不再仅仅是商人和士兵，为寻求信仰理念和文化交流的人们也逐渐出现在这一时期。中国大量先进的技术通过各种方式传播到其他国家，并接纳相当数量的遣唐使及留学生，让他们学习中国文化。
The Silk Road refers to the road opened up by Zhang Qian through his diplomatic mission to Xiyu in the West Han Dynasty (202B.C.---8A.D.), starting from Chang?an (Today?s Xi?an) through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia and West Asia and even the countries around the Mediterranean. Since silk was the main product transported westward on it, it was named the Silk Road.Zhang Qian?s mission ushered in a new era for Sino-foreign exchanges. Through centuries?effort, it was extended to the Mediterranean and in a broad sense, to the Korean Peninsula and Japan in the east and to France and Holland in the west, and even to Italy and Egypt across the sea. It became a road for the economic and cultural exchanges between Asia, Europe and Africa.In the Tang Dynasty (618-907A.D.), not only businessmen and soldiers were seen traveling along the Silk Road, but also those who were seeking their beliefs and the cultural exchanges. Thanks to the Road, a great deal of advanced Chinese technology was spread to other countries in different ways and so many envoys and foreign students were sent to China to study the Chinese culture.
虚拟世界及教育
现在，有些教师和家长总会遇见个别孩子沉溺于电脑网络等虚拟世界难以自拔的情况，他们常常把上网聊天等当作自己每一天的“必修课”，而且投入的精力越来越多。这些孩子为此损害了身心健康，浪费了时间，荒废了学业，让教师和家长伤透脑筋却又无能为力。面对这种情况，这些大人大都是要么苦口婆心地“摆事实讲道理”，要么就用强制的手段来限制甚至处罚孩子，其结果不是毫无功效，就是适得其反。实际上，问题在于这些教师和家长不了解孩子沉溺于虚拟世界的本质原因。孩子之所以会这样，是因为他们在现实的生活、学习和人际交往等方面出现了让他们难以解决的“问题”，而沉溺于虚拟世界对他们来说则成为一种最合适、最方便的逃避现实烦恼的途径。
Limit: if you limit something, you prevent it from becoming greater than a particular amount or degree.
Restrict: to restrict the movement or actions of someone or something means to prevent from moving or acting freely.
Essential exact Drug addict
Actually, they have met with problems they are unable
Indulge absorbed into
Everyday Routine Vigor
end up In vain Sentimental access
Health is harmed, time wasted, and study neglected
Anxious headache troublesome
Powerless helpless You are grounded
In vain end up
Put to an end it ends up in vain
Some a few few
茶文化
茶为国饮。国人钟爱茶，从南到北；国人爱喝茶，从古至今。夏日饮绿茶清凉，冬夜品红茶温暖；春秋有青茶养生，四季有普洱作陪。花茶时时飘香，黄茶色泽耀眼，白茶药效显著，黑茶醇厚回甘。真是说不尽的中国茶好，品不够的中国茶香。有了茶，就有了更幸福的人生，而茶馆给了你幸福人生一个更精彩的去处。现代的茶馆也同样热闹，真正是小小茶馆，大大社会；小小茶馆，大大文化！茶馆的功能在日趋丰富，可特意品茶，可小憩休闲，可商务洽谈，可体验文化。当然，对于茶馆而言，最重要的文化自然应该是茶文化，而茶文化最直接的表现形式应该首推茶艺，所以，几乎所有的茶馆都在创造、创新着自己的茶艺。当然，最重要的文化自然应该是茶文化，而茶文化最直接的表现形式应该首推茶艺，所以，几乎所有的茶馆都在创造、创新着自己的茶艺。
Scented tea
Dazzling bright
Miniature
We go to teahouse for different purposes.
Teahouse welcomes people with different purposes.
Tea is drunk throughout China. The Chinese have been showing their love for it since the ancient times. We feel cool when drinking green tea in summer, and warm when drinking black tea in winter. Oolong tea keeps us healthy in spring and autumn, and pu’er tea serves as our good companion all year around. Besides, scented tea smells good, yellow tea has bright colour, white tea serves as herbs and dark tea tastes mellow. To be short, the Chinese tea is such an irresistible drink. Tea makes your life better, and the teahouse is a place worth visiting.
Today?s teahouses are lively places too. A teahouse can be likened to a society and a culture. Teahouses today welcome people with different purposes. You can come here to drink tea, relax yourself, negotiate on business, or experience culture.
Since the most important culture should be the tea culture embodied firstly by the art of tea making,
almost every teahouse is creating and innovating its own tea art.
We feel cool when drinking green tea in summer, and warm when drinking black tea in winter. Oolong tea keeps us healthy in spring and autumn, and pu’er tea serves as our good companion all year around.
white tea serves as herbs and dark tea tastes mellow.
To be short, the Chinese tea is such an irresistible drink.
Even before Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother, Chua?s proudly politically incorrect account of raising her children “the Chinese way”, arrived in bookstores Jan.11, her parenting methods were the incredulous, indignant talk of every playground, supermarket and coffee shop. A prepublication excerpt in the Wall Street Journal (titled Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior) started the ferocious buzz; the online version has been read more than 1 million times and attracted more than 7,000 comments so far. When Chua appeared Jan.11 on the Today Show, the usually sunny host Meredith Vieira could hardly contain her contempt as she read aloud a sample of viewer comments: “She?s a monster”; “The way she raised her kids is outrageous”; “Where is the love, the acceptance?”
Chua, a petite 48-year-old who carries off a short-skirted wardrobe that could easily be worn by her daughters (now 15 and 18), gave as good as she got. “To be perfectly honest, I know that a lot of Asian parents are secretly shocked and horrified by many aspects of Western parenting,” including “how much time Westerners allow their kids to waste---hours on Facebook and computer games---and in some ways, how poorly they prepare them for the future,” she told Vieira with a toss of her long hair. “It?s a tough world out there.”
Chua?s reports from the trenches of authoritarian parenthood are indeed disconcerting, even shocking, in their candid admission of maternal ruthlessness. Her book is a Mommie Dearest for the age of the memoir, when we tell tales on ourselves instead of our relatives. But there?s something else behind the intense reaction to Tiger Mother, which has shot to the top of best-seller lists even as it?s been denounced on the airwaves and the Internet.
Microsoft founder Bill Gates has launched a revolution in international health. Long-term, he hopes to shatter the vicious cycle of disease and poverty by eradicating illnesses, finding new vaccines for old scourges, helping governments improve such basic services as clean water and giving developing nations financial incentives to improve the health of their people.
Bill Gates says that he planned to give away almost all of his vast fortune, largely to the cause of global health, during the course of his lifetime.With an estimated worth of more than $40 billion, according to Forbes, the project will be no small feat for Gates. Having already endowed the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation with $24 billion to address global health issues, Gates says that eventually his entire fortune will be put towards the cause except for “a few percent left for the kids”.
Gates reveals that his interest in philanthropy comes in part from his parents, who both set an example for him as a child. His father, William H. Gates, was the head of the local Planned Parenthood, and his mother, Mary, volunteered for the United Way. As he amassed his fortune, Gates knew he would eventually want to give back as well, but didn?t expect to devote himself whole-heartedly to one project until he was about 60.
However, Gates, 47, began to question his ability to wait that long. “It seemed there was a real time urgency,” Gates said. “I started to think, …How many lives could I save before then??”
As early as 1994, the Gateses narrowed their focus of charitable giving to causes addressing global health issues, education, libraries and community service organizations in the Pacific Northwest. In January 2000, two existing organizations, the Gates Learning Foundation and the William H. Gates Foundation, were merged to form the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a new enterprise devoted to “improving people?s lives by sharing advances in health and learning with the global community”. The Seattle-based charity is being co-chaired by Gates? father and Patty Stonesifer, the foundation president
但是，现年47岁的盖茨开始反思自己能不能等那么久。“现在看来时间真的很紧，”盖茨说，“在这之前我究竟能多拯救多少人的生命？”
早在1994年，盖茨一家就将慈善捐赠的重心缩小到解决全球医疗卫生问题的事业、教育、图书馆和太平洋西北地区的社区服务组织。2000年1月，盖茨学习基金会和威廉﹒盖茨基金会合并成了比尔与梅琳达﹒盖茨基金会，这一新的基金会旨在“通过全球共享医疗卫生进步和共享教育进步来改善人民的生活”。该基金会总部设在西雅图，由盖茨父亲与基金会负责人帕蒂﹒斯通斯弗共同担任主席。
he planned to give away almost all of his vast fortune during his lifetime，largely to the cause of global health.
he planned to give away almost all of his vast fortune, largely to the cause of global health, during the course of his lifetime.
Sophisticated
Phil A e I o u y v Pre pro Phil love f v t d Philanthropy anthropology Zoo philia
Truly appreciating the beauty of Paris is a pleasure that can?t be hurried.Take time to wander down its wide boulevards, savor every sip of strong, black coffee and resist the temptation to fall into step with the throng of tourists and sightseers.Our advice to anyone who finds themselves with 24 hours to spare in the French capital is to stop, breathe, appreciate and indulge.Start the day with a walk down the Champs-Elysees. For some, it retains the title of the world?s most beautiful avenue. For others, the road?s historical charm has been blighted by the arrival of global brands, traffic and tourists.Sunrise offers the history without the hurry. Take a leisurely stroll down its expansive pavements and look up for impressive architecture without fear of bumping into shoppers.Treat yourself to breakfast at one of Paris?oldest tea salons. Laduree was founded as a family business in 1862 and now appears in luxurious locales in London, Monaco, Switzerland and Japan. The original, Laduree Royale on Rue Royale, doesn?t open until 8:30am (and later on Sundays), so for early morning pastries drop into the Champs-Elysees store which opens at 7:30am every day.The queues at Paris?most famous art gallery, the Louvre, are notorious so impatient visitors are advised to go to the Musee de l?Orangerie, set in the historic Jardin des Tuileries. You won?t see the Mona Lisa, but the gallery does boast a collection of Claude Monet?s Water Lilies. The queues are shorter the earlier you go, and to really beat the crowds pre-book your time slot online.
如果您想真正欣赏巴黎的美，就请放慢脚步，因为审美是一种享受。可以在宽阔的大街上悠闲漫步，品味浓烈咖啡，但一定要抵制住诱惑，不要与成群的游客和观光客为伍。我们给那些只能在巴黎待一天的朋友所提供的建议是：停下脚步，舒缓地呼吸，欣赏浪漫风情并沉醉其中。请从香榭丽舍大街开始美好的一天。对一些人来说，这仍是世界上最美丽的大街。对另外一些人来说，这条街道的历史魅力已遭到世界名牌产品、车辆和游人的损害。初升的朝阳缓缓地打开了历史的扉页。可以沿着宽阔的人行道悠闲散步，仰视雄伟壮观的建筑物而不必担心撞到购物者。早餐可以在巴黎古老的茶室中享用。家族企业拉杜丽创立于1862年，现在在伦敦、摩纳哥、瑞士和日本的繁华地段都设有分店。而位于皇家大道上的第一家拉杜丽店——皇家拉杜丽早上八点半才会开始营业，星期天就更晚了，所以要想吃早上的油酥面，得去位于香榭丽舍大街上的拉杜丽店，该店七点半就开门营业。巴黎最有名的艺术馆卢浮宫前的队伍是出了名的长，所以，建议耐不住性子的游客去橘园美术馆看一看，橘园美术馆位于历史上著名的杜乐丽花园中。在那里看不到《蒙娜丽莎》，但可以看到一组莫奈的《睡莲》画。去的越早，队伍就越短。如果想避开拥挤的人群，可以提前网上预约。
我们知道：It be…that是一个强调句结构，在任何语法书中都有很详细的阐述，但唯独It be+a+adj+n+that…这样的结构却难在诸如张道真，薄冰等语法大家专著中占一席之地。我查了几乎所有的语法书，都没有对这个结构进行过一丝一毫的论述，它只散见在一些附带论述语法的文章中，并且只是一笔带过，如象钱歌川这样的英语大家，也只能在他的《翻译的技巧》(127页)中附上一两个句子。
试看：It is a wise father that knows his own child.(Merchant of Venice,II,ii)
这样的句子，著名学者梁实秋译成：聪明的父亲才能认识他自己的儿子呢。
著名翻译家朱生豪译成：只有聪明的父亲才会知道他自己的儿子。
试看以下两个句子：
a)It is the first step that is troublesome.
b)It is a wise father that knows his own child.
以上两句都有It be…that…形式，看起来似乎是一样的。按英语语法规则，It be…that…为强调句型，把It be…that…去掉，a)句就成为The first step is troublesome为普通句。译成汉语就是：第一步是麻烦的。也可：万事开头难。那么b)句能否也一样去掉It be…that…，剩下A wise father knows his own child,译成“一个聪明的父亲知道自己的儿子”呢?如果这样译就大错特错了。因为b)句的句式为It be+a+adj+n+that…，它有无论怎样…也未必…，无论怎样…也未免…之意。它不能以强调句型来理解。这是一种长期以来，人们约定俗成的用法，它虽用肯定形式，却往往具有让步和反语的含义。因此这句话译为：
无论怎样聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子。
a)句和b)句不仅含义不同，在语法结构上也不同，a)句以It be…that…为表现形式的强调句，that为关系代词，修饰前面的先行词，that后的谓语动词还要当先行词的人称，数、性一致(见钱歌川《翻译的技巧》，第127页)。如先行词是人时，That还可用who代替，如：It was Edison who invented the grammophone,b)句不允许如此改动。b)句中的that虽是关系代词，但不修饰father,而是修饰主句中的主语It。
相关的It be+a+adj+n+that…句型还有：
①It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.
译：不论怎样的劣风也未必把人吹垮。或人病医生喜。
②It is a hard winter that one wolf eats another.
译：无论怎样严酷的冬天，狼也不会互相蚕食。
③It is a poor hen that can't scratch for one chick
译：无论怎样贫穷的母鸡也能养活起一只雏鸡。
④It is a good machine that can work without power.
译：无论怎样好的机器都需要动力才能工作。
⑤It is a good fisherman that catches fish all time.
译：再好的渔夫也不会时时捕到鱼。
类似这种结构的谚语很多，如不注意它们的结构和语义矛盾的特征往往会曲解原义，闹出笑话。
⑥It is a wise man that never makes mistkes.
误：从不犯错误的人是聪明人。
正：无论怎样聪明的人也难免要犯错误。
⑦It is a good horse that never stumbles.
误：一匹好马从不失蹄。
正：再好的马也会失蹄。
⑧It is a long lane that has no turning.
误：一条没有拐弯的长巷。
正：无论怎样长的巷子都不免有转弯的地方。
但这并不意味着所有的“It be+a+adj+n+that…”结构，一律都要按“无论怎样…都不免…”或“无论怎样…都未必…”等规则来翻译。根据一些资料来看，无论在古体英语中或在现代英语中，“It be+a+adj+n+that…”结构，按一般强调结构来理解并翻译的例子也不少，也就是说，这种结构的真正含义与字面上的完全一致。
⑨It is a foolish sheep that makes the wolf his confessor.
译：是蠢羊才向狼忏悔。
10. It is a silly fish that is caught twice with the same bait.
译：只有蠢鱼才会吃同一诱饵而被两次捕获。
11. It is an old rat that won't eat cheese.
译：只有老耗子才不会吃乳酪。
综合上述，我们可以看出：“It be+a+adj+n+that…”结构，无论在古体英语或现代英语，都可能有两种理解，因此，也就有两种翻译方法。一种是按强调结构来理解翻译；另一种则可按字面意思与实际意思相反的译法来翻译。不可因强调一方面而忽视另一方面。应当具体问题具体分析。特别在文章里出现这种句型时，我们要尊重英国语言和谚语的习惯译法，也要结合上下文和逻辑关系正确地判断和理解，以求以忠实地表达作者的真正意思。至于单个句出现时，最好能将两种意思都译出来，各取所需灵活运用。
技巧
1. 词性转换：原文和译文中某个词的词性做了转换
例: It is now against the law to throw anything into the sea within five kilometers of land.
现在将任何东西弃入距海岸5千米之内的海域属违法行为. (介词→动词)
2. 肯定否定：分两种情况——正说反译和反说正译
①正说反译：原文中用了肯定，译文中用了否定
例: Please tender exact fare.
恕不找零。
②反说正译：原文中用了否定，译文中用了肯定
例: There is not any advantage without disadvantage.
有一利必有一弊。
3. 主动被动：哎呀这个就是主动被动的转换嘛，略讲
①被动译为主动
例: The whole country was armed in a few days.
几天之内全国武装起来了。
②主动译为被动
例: 这栋房子将在明年年底建成。
The building will be completed by the end of next year.
4. 结构转换：原文和译文中对于句子的结构进行了一个调整（这个技巧建议看看书）
例: The government is determined to keep up the pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end.
不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。
They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.
他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。
5. 省译: 减词法，减词不减义
例: 质子带正电，电子带负电，而中子既不带正电，也不带负电。
A proton has a positive charge and an electron a negative charge, but a neutron has neither。
或者是四个字的中国成语，简化的翻译出来，比如：绫罗绸缎→cloth
6. 增译: 增词法，增词不增义
例：In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions , he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.
晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。
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英汉翻译复习提纲英文版
2.1.7 An invitation to a trade show booth 18 September 1995 Dear Mr Binks, Many thanks for your letter and enclosures of 12 September. We were very interested to hear that you are looking for an UK distributor for your teaching aids. We would like to invite you to visit our booth, no. 46, at next month’s London Toy Fair, at Earl’s Court, which starts on 2 October. If you would like to set up an appointment during non-exhibit hall hours please call me. I can then arrange for our senior staff to be present at the meeting. We are familiar with your excellent products and I am optimistic that we can devise a mutually beneficial arrangement for a UK launch. We look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Martin Crown Managing Director Mr Howard Binks
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