四级短文写作原则

评分原则

为了客观公正地评价考生作文，CET作文题皆采用总体评分(global scoring)方法，阅卷人员就文章总的印象给出奖励分(reward scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。

评分时，着重从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体：考生作文必须表达题目所规定的内容（即切题），而内容要通过语言来表达。因此，阅卷人员要考虑考生是否用英语清楚而准确地表达了思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成了理解上的障碍，遣词造句是否恰如其分地表达了思想或意图。

实际阅卷时，阅卷人员主要看重的是语言，因为我们学语言的目的首先是会运用语言。只要考生的文章语句通顺，自然流畅，句式变化多样，遣词造句熟练，且无重大语言错误（以不影响意思的理解为标准），只要内容切题，即便不够深入，这种作文也会得较高分数。

命题规律

一、四级作文考试的命题形式

根据考试大纲的要求，四级考试作文的命题形式有以下几种：

1、根据给出的段首句或段尾句续写短文；

2、按所给的关键写成短文；

3、看图作文；

4、写文章摘要；

5、根据所给的图表进行描写必评论；

6、根据所给的提纲写成短文。

二、四级考试作文题目初探

适合于四级考试的作文题目很多，涵盖面很广。考虑到字数和时间限制，作文的题目一般具有以下几个特点。

1、命题作文大多是议论文结构，以便于考生展开议论，发表看法。

2、考试题目与考生知识结构比较适应，其内容为考生所熟悉，以便考生写作时有话可说，比如日常生活和学习中的现象，一些社会热点问题控讨，等等。

3、考虑到考生的文化背景、年龄、特点等实际情况，有关大学生生活、学习理想的题目出现概率较高，这从历年考试中考过的以下题目可以看出。

How I Finance My College Education?（2000年1月）

Reading Selectively or Extensively?（1999年6月）

My View on Job-Hopping（1997年6月）

Practice Makes Perfect（1997年1月）

My View on Opportunity（1993年6月）

Advantages of a Job Interview（1995年6月）

How I Overcome My Difficulties in Learning English （1992年6月）

My Ideal Job（1994年6月）

Why I Take the College English Test（1996年1月）

Getting to Know the World Outside the Campus（1997年6月）

依此看来，四级考试不大可能以社会、政治敏感问题作考试题目，尽管这些问题都可能是谈论的热点。

4、作文题还要考虑到考生的平均语言水平，即要考虑考生掌握的大纲词汇和语法结构能否足以表达考题所涉及的内容。例如，“2000，a Special Year”是一个很绿的热点题目，可用来回顾历史展望未来，大到全世界和全人类，小到个人和家庭，可以有许多思考的角度。但作为四级考试的作文题，似嫌过于广泛，除非对其内容加以限制或作适当引导，否则一般水平的考生会感到十分困难。

综上所述，根据学生所掌握的词汇以及他们的知识结构，考虑到他们的年龄特点和文化背景，出题的范围大致可归纳如下：

1、校园生活和学习（学习方式和习惯、考试、读书、课余活动、兴趣爱好等）；

2、科学技术及产品对社会和生活的影响（电脑、电视、汽车等）；

3、社会问题（住房、交通、就业、环境、能源、广告等）。

4、青少年问题（代沟、个人理想、职业选择、家教、抽烟等）；

5、文化教育（阅读、道德修养、出国留学、学生减负、教育与成长等）。

作文步骤与应试技巧

1、认真审题

高分作文的标准之一首先是内容切题。因此，审题立意是写好作文至关重要的一步，贸然下笔很可能会造成离题万里、内容空泛的毛病。平时进行写作练习，应酬有意识地养成认真审题的好习惯。

2、拟写提纲

有些考生认为，考试时间只有30分钟，而且只要求写一百多个词，没有必要列提纲。殊不知，写作前拟写提纲是非常必要的，有助于理清思路，写出层次分明、逻辑性强、条理清楚的好文章，还可以避免考试时由于情绪紧张而造成不应有的失误。

提纲应当简单明了，不必面面俱到。一般可以从以下几个方面考虑：你在文章中要表达舒适观点？文章应从哪几个方面来论述？每个方面需要哪些例证？列写提纲时，还应注意试题的提示，应照顾文章全局，保证全文的连贯性，注意段落与段落之间的逻辑衔接和自然过渡，从而保证文章的整体一致。

3、合理布局

有了提纲，一篇文章就有了主线，接下来要考虑的问题就是文章可分为几段，怎样开头，如何展开，怎么结尾。文章的起、承、转、合要自然流畅。由于字数

的限制，每一个段落至多只能写3~4句，用什么样的句子，是长句还是短句，简单句、疑问句还是复合句，关联词如何使用，都要加以考虑。写作时尽量要用自己熟悉的句子结构和词汇，少用不熟悉的复杂句式或生僻词汇。另一方面，也要避免通篇文章都是“主、谓、宾”简单句堆砌的情况，应根据情况交替使用长句、短句、简单句、并列句、复合句等句型，文章才会显得生动、有力。

4、妥善收尾

文章结尾部分有两个作用：一是总结全文要点，使其前后呼应，给读者留下深刻印象；二是启发读者在所讨论的问题上朝更深的方面去思索。因此，结尾既要涵盖文章的内容，又要有所深化，强调自己的观点并引人深思，使读者有一种既干净利落又意犹未尽的感觉。在具体写法上，文章的结尾可以包含在正文的最后部分，也可以另起段落，这要视情况而定。

5、注意卷面整洁

这一点考生千万要注意。在大规模的全国性考试中，评卷老师阅卷量很大，像作文这样的主观与阅卷人的精力、喜好紧密相关。考生尽理要注意保持卷面清洁，少画叉或涂墨团，字迹要工整、清晰，以取得阅卷人员的好感。另一方面，这样做，既是个人素质修养的反映，也是对评卷老师的尊重。

写作要素

第一节选词

一、用词要准确

英语词汇丰富，许多单词自身用法多变，还有许多同六词和近义词。考生在写作中应特别注意准确用词。请看下列各例。

考生在写作中常常会受到母语的干扰，把一个英语单词的中文译法当作它的确切意思，或者通过中文译法来选择词汇。在许多情况下，在汉语中很难找到在意思和用法上与英语完全对应的词，它们在不同的语境中多多少少会有些差别。所以，为了准确地了解一个英语单词的意思，最好查阅有关英语词典，根据英文的释义和词典提供的例句和语境来确定这个词的英语涵义和用法，从而作出准确的选择。

二、搭配要正确

如果说，在同义词中准确地选词是一种纵向的选择，那么，搭配(collocation)是指横向上确定哪些词可以与哪些词并用。在英语中，许多词对于可与搭配使用的其他词汇有着比较明确的限制。有些词可以搭配，而有些词则习惯上不一起使用。例如，中文说“大雨”，英文说“heavy rain”，而不说“big rain”；“取得进步”，英文说“make progress”，而不说“acquire progress”。类似的例子还有：写作时切忌用母语习惯想当然地去选词搭配。

另外，在写作中，有些考生由于对英语中一些习语或成语(idiom)不熟悉，因而经常犯用词搭配的错误。习语往往无固定规律可循，所以考生只能靠平时日积月累，记住某些词在某成语中的固定搭配。

下面左边列出的是中国学生因不熟悉一些词在习惯用语中的固定搭配而易犯的一些错误：

三、措词要有变化

四级统考作文中经常出现在同一段中多次重复使用一个词或一个短语的现象。其原因在于，表达某一思想时不善于变化措词。

四、注意词语风格

按文体分，英语词语有正式(formal)、一般(general)和非正式(informal)三种。

正式词汇也称学术性词汇或所谓的“大词”(big word)。这类词主要用于正式文体，如学术性较强或理论性较强的文章，其中凶手政治和法律文件以及演讲或报告等；一般的词汇作为共核词汇通常可用于任何种类的文章；非正式词主要用于非正式的场合，如日常的口头交谈等。一般来说，正式的词汇很少用于非正式的文体；反这，非正式的词汇亦很少用于正式场合。

第二节造句

一、句子的完整性

二、句子的种类和类型

三、句子的基本结构和各类从句

四、句子的多样化

第三节组段

一、主题句

1、主题句

主题句是介绍这一段落主要内容的句子，通常是一个概括性的陈述(a general statement)。主题句把纷繁的现象通过简练的文字用一句话总结出来，扼要地指出这一段的中心内容或传递主要信息。在作文时，学会写主题保存，是把握主题，防止跑题的有效手段。主题句可放在段落的开头或放在结尾，也可置于中间。2、扩展句

上文已提到，一个段落的主题句，指出了全段的中心内容，也是作者就其在这一段中所要说的话向读者作出的一个明确陈述。作者写完一句主题句后就得问问自己：怎么知道这是真的？怎样来说服读者？要说服读者，必须用相关的事例和细节(relevant details)来扩展主题句development of the topic sentence)。写作中应列举与主题句相关的扩展句，对不相关的扩展句应予删除。

3、收尾句

段落写作中，主题句与扩展句都必不可少，而收尾句是可有可无的，这往往需要根据作者写作的需要而定。

二、段落展开的几种方法

1、举例展开

通过举例(example)来展开段落，可以使主题句的意思更加具体，给读者留下一个清晰、有趣和深刻的印象。举例不限数量，有时可以只举一个，有时也可多举几个。

2、因果展开

一个段落可以根据因果关系(cause-effect)来展开，可能从原因到结果，也可能从结果到原因。分析事情发生的原因和结果，力求理由充分，逻辑性强。因为事情发生的原因往往不止一个，结果可能也不止一个，亿以在进行分析时要尽量做到全面。

3、比较与对比展开

比较与对比(comparison and contrast)是段落写作中常用的技巧。一般说来，比较是为了找出两样事物的相似处，而对比却是为了集中发现其不同之处。

4、分类展开

分类(classification)是根据事物的特点进行归类。使用分类法展开段落时，要注意事物类别对应，应把同一类别的事物归放在一起，而不应把不同类别的事物并列在一起。

5、定义展开

定交(definition)就是给一个不熟悉的或多义的词、术语或概念进行界定说明。

6、时间展开

段落写作在讲述一件事情时，最简单明了的办法是按照时间(time)顺序来安排写作的内容，先写先发生的事情，后写后发生的事情。

7、空间展开

段落写作在描述方位、场景等事物时，应弄清楚他们的空间(space)方位，决定从哪个角度开始描述。

8、过程展开

段落写作在讲述如何做一件事情或某一事情的过程(process)时，通常按其步骤的先后顺序逐一说明。

三、段落的一致性和连贯性

1、一致性

所谓一致性(unity)，即每个段落是思想的一个整体。所有的段落句子都应紧扣主题。主题句应明确，扩展句应与主题句有关，目的是说明主题思想（观点）。不能支撑(support)主题句的句子会破坏一个段落的一致性。这些句子可按需要移至别处或干脆删除。

2、连贯性

连贯性(coherence)是批段落的每个句子都能自然地、合乎逻辑地过渡到另外一外句子。化是段落写作中最重要的一环，也可以说是写作成功的关键。一个好的段落应该写得条理清晰，层次分明；句子之间的衔接自然流畅，合乎逻辑，写作时应力求句子与句子之间的平稳过渡。所谓的段落连贯性，其中包括句与句之间的连贯性以及段落整体内容安排的连贯性。

1）句与句之间的连贯性

使用过渡词和短语是取得段落句子与句子连贯性的重要手段。英语中，使用某些过渡词和短语，可以暗示不同思想表达之间的连接。

2）内容安排的连贯性

在写作中，有时我们会感到自己在用了and, but, because等过渡词之后，段

落意思好像还是不怎么连贯，从一个观点到另一个观点，仍然跳跃太大，太突然。这说明一个段落除了句子结构上的连贯外，还需要文章内容逻辑安排(logical arrangement)的连贯性。也就是说，说明主题句的例证、事实和细节，必须合乎逻辑、有条不紊地展开，不然的话，段落内容往往会令人费解或给人以支离破碎的感觉。

①推论顺序(from a general statement to specific facts)

这种安排手法把主题句放在段首。首先提出观点，然后例子、事实或细节来加以论证说明。

②归纳顺序(from specific facts to generalization)

这种安排是把具体的事例、细节等放在段首，然后一步步引向最后的结论，最后用总结的句子，即主题句来结束段落。

③按内容重要性递增顺序(from least important to most important examples)

这是一种按内容的重要性程度来安排内容的手法，先讨论不太重要的内容，逐渐进入最后讨论的重要内容。

④按内容重要性递减顺序(from most important to least important examples)

这一内容安排正好与上面一种相反，即一开始先说最重要的内容来吸引读者，然后依次讨论或交待不太重要的内容或信息。

段落内容的组织方法是多样的。除了上述四种外，还可以按时顺序（time order）和空间位置顺序(space order)来安排内容。写作时，学会运用这些方法组织段落内容，有助于作者清晰地表达思想，也便于读者理解段落的内容，使文章具有较强的可读性及连贯性。

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英语四级作文万能模板及范文(多种版)

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