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803-英语语言学

803-英语语言学

2014年硕士研究生入学考试专业课考试大纲

英语语言学讲解

《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初,其目的是揭示人类深层结构,对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说,了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生,在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修,其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是:比较全面,系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果,以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则,从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识,并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中,应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法,使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论,在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生,在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例,但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论,以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。

三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论,语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程,如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支,属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时:72学时 学分:4学分 六、教学内容: 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1.语言学习的意义 2.语言的定义。 3.语言的定义特征 4.语言的起源。 5.语言的功能。 6.语言学的定义。 7.语言学的核心内容。 8.宏观语言学的定义及分支。

英语语言文学专业基础

英语语言文学专业基础 本科目包括英语语言学基础、英美文学基础知识、英语国家概况、英汉互译四部分内容,总分150分,其中英语语言学基础15分,英美文学基础知识70分,英语国家概况15分,英汉互译50分。 I、英语语言学基础(15分) 一、考试要求和内容 该部分主要考查普通语言学的基本概念和基本理论。 二、考试题型 填空题、选择题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《新编简明英语语言学教程》,戴炜栋、何兆熊主编,上海外语教育出版社,2002。 II、英美文学基础知识(70分) 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对有关英美文学的基本概念、主要流派、基础知识的理解和掌握情况,以及运用所学的基础理论知识分析、评论简单的文学文本。 二、考试内容 1、英国文学部分 1)古英语诗歌的形成、发展及主要文本。 2)英国中世纪文学的形成和发展、主要诗人及其作品。 3)英国文艺复兴时期的文学:“文艺复兴”产生的历史背景、定义及其主要特征、对英国文学的影响、主要作家及其作品。 4)新古典主义时期(十八世纪)英国文学:启蒙运动形成的原因、启蒙运动的定义、特征及其对英国文学的影响、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 5)浪漫主义时期(十九世纪早期)英国文学:英国浪漫主义文学形成的历史背景、浪漫主义诗歌的主要作家及其作品、浪漫主义小说的主要作家及其作家品、浪漫主义散文的主要作家及其作品。 6)维多利亚时期(十九世纪中后期)英国文学:英国现实主义文学形成发展的历史背景、这一时期主要的作家及其作品。 7)现代时期(二十世纪)英国文学:英国现代主义文学形成的历史背景、现代主义文学的主要流派、这一时期主要作家及其作品。 2、美国文学部分 1)早期的美国文学:清教主义文学形成与发展、早期美国文学的主要作家及其作品。 2)浪漫主义时期的美国文学:早期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品、超验主义时期的主要作家几作品、后期浪漫主义文学的主要作家及作品。 3)现实主义时期的美国文学:美国现实主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、美国现实主义文学与自然主义文学的异同、这一时期主要的作家及作品。 4)现代时期的美国文学:美国现代主义文学的形成与发展及主要流派、战后美国文学的形成与发展、现代时期美国文学的主要作家及作品。 三、考试题型 填空题、单项选择题、匹配题、名词解释题、文本分析题。 四、参考书 《英国文学简史》(新增订本),刘炳善,河南人民出版社,2007; 《美国文学简史》(第2版),常耀信,南开大学出版社,2003 III、英语国家概况(15分) 一、考试要求 本部分考试旨在考查考生对英美国家的地理、历史、政治、文化、社会习俗、宗教群体、价值观念以及该国人民的思想态度和生活方式的掌握情况。 二、考试题型 填空题、判断题、名词解释题。 三、参考书 《英美概况》(上、下册),张奎武主编,吉林科学技术出版社,2003 IV、英汉互译(50分)

英语语言学论文题目

英语语言学论文题目 13论国际商务谈判中的语言交际技巧 33成人世界的童话——从文体学角度解析现今童话再度流行的现象49论文化差异与英汉商标互译 55浅谈英汉句子结构差异 59诗意的美和喜剧性幽默 62试论广告英语的语言特点 65统觉团对英语初学者词汇学习的影响 67外语学习中应该重视中介语的作用 69新闻报道中的转述动词研究 73英汉禁忌语、委婉语的对比研究 74英汉数字习语的对比研究 76英译汉中词序的变动 78英语广告的语言特征 80英语双关语汉译的可译性限度 101词义演变的原因与方式 137从汉语中英语借词的翻译看文化交流 138从价值观转换看斯佳丽的角色特征 142从礼貌准则看中英文化的异同 146从习语看英汉民族的文化差异 149从英语人名中看性别歧视

157动词过程类型的选择和话语隐性态度的表达161对母语在英语写作中词汇负迁移现象的思考162对严复译作中“信”的质疑 167法律英语用词特征分析 168法律语言翻译与法律文体 177副词EVER的句法环境和语义特征 180功能语法视角下的英语报纸新闻标题的功能183广告口号语的语言特点 189国际商务文化之对比研究 204汉语中双关语的翻译 213基于概念隐喻的诗歌解读 228论广告英语中的幽默 265论广告英语的语言特点 268论汉英谚语的语言特征 280论清教理念与美国西进运动 282论莎士比亚十四行诗中的时间 300论英语广告中几种常用修辞格及其汉译310论尤金?奥尼尔的表现主义手法 324名词化的语篇功能 330诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响 339浅谈英语虚拟语气的语用功能

340浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能 345浅析二十世纪计算机英语词汇的构成特点346浅析汉英动物谚语中的文化 348浅析英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其根源349浅析英语禁忌语及其发展 352浅析英语无标志被动句 356浅议译者能力 359认知语言学角度下“within” 的空间隐喻意义365商标英语汉译的原则和方法 384体育新闻英语文体研究 375社会语言学视野中的网络语言 418新闻英语中的语法特点研究 423颜色词在英汉互译中的不对应性 425移就的审美价值和生成基础 426以认知为基础的颜色隐喻研究 428隐喻认知功能研究的新视角 429隐喻与一词多义的关系 438英汉被动句对比研究 439英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因 440英汉动词非谓语用法之比较研究 442英汉否定问句的答句对比研究

2016-英语语言学期末试题练习-+答案

英语语言学练习题 Ⅰ. Matching Match each of the following terms in Column A with one of the appropriate definitions in Column B. Column A 1.displacement https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a10084385.html,ngue 3.suprasegmental feature 4.deep structure 5.predication analysis 6.idiolect 7.pidgin 8.mistakes 9.interlanguage 10.motivation 11.arbitrariness https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a10084385.html,petence 13.broad transcription 14.morphology 15.category 16.errors https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a10084385.html,ponential analysis 18.context 19.blending 20.culture 21.learning strategies 22.selectional restrictions 23.phrase structure rules 24.culture diffusion Column B A.Learners’ independent system of the second language, which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. 9 B.Learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, having a strong impact on his efforts n learning a second language. 21 C.The rules that specify the constituents of syntactic categories. 23 D.Through communication, some elements of culture A enter culture B and become part of culture B. 24 E. A personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. 6 F. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading. 7 G.The kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents- ---- arguments and predicates. 5 H.They refer to constraints on what lexical items can go with what others. 22 I.The structure formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties. 4 J.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. 3 K.The study of the internal structure of words, and the rules that govern the rule of word formation. 14 L.The abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. 2 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a10084385.html,nguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. It is one of the distinctive features of human language. 1 N.Learner’s conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. 10 O.The total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. 20 P.The common knowledge shared by both the speaker and hearer. 18

《英语语言学》答案完整版

《英语语言学概论》答案完整版 考核方法:闭卷考试 时间:100分钟 题型: I. 单项选择(15×1?=15?) II.判断(15×1?=15?) III.填空(10×1?=10?) IV.术语解释(5×2? =10?) V.简答题(4×5? =20?) VI. 分析题(30’) 重点掌握的术语: 1. Linguistics语言学 The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. 2. design features设计特点 They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality. 3. Displacement移位 Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places. 4. Duality二元性 It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously. 5. Arbitrariness任意性 It is generally the case that there is no …natural? connection between a linguistic form and its meaning. 6. Manner of articulation发音方法 It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated. 7. Place of articulation发音部位 It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated. 8. articulatory phonetics发音语言学 The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or …articulated? is articulatory phonetics. 9. Phonology音系学 The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language. 10. Assimilation同化 It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or …copied? by the other. For example, the word …can? in the sentence …I can go.?may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g]. 11. Back-formation逆构法,逆序构词 A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word …donation? first came into use and then the verb …donate? was created from it.

英语语言学考研真题与典型题详解1

1.3考研真题与典型题详解 I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be called ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences ba sed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rul es for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______. (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a lang uage, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relations hip between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utteran ces) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”, whi ch is the abstract knowledge necessary for speaking,listening, writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextual factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, d ue to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness: 5. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______. (大连外国语学院2008研) A. articulatory phonetics B. acoustic phonetics C. auditory phonetics 6. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions? A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake. B. The emotive function is to convey message and inf ormation. C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings. D. The phatic function is to establish communion w ith others.

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.docx

英语语言学 一、名词解释 第一课 l.Synchronic 共时性:Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “poinL in timeA A kind of description which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind? 2>Langue 语言:The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community? 3>Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. ^Arbitrariness 任意性:One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 1.Phoneme 音位:Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning? The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 2Deep structure 深层结构:Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure or D? structure? 4.Surface structure 表层结构:Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 LReference 指称:Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experienee. 2.Homonymy 同音异义:Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both? 3?Hyponymy 上下义关系:Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word? 第六课 l.Pragmatics 语用学:Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

英语语言学概论--整理

Chapter 1 Language语言 1.Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2.Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3.arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4.symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5.discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6.displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7.duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8.culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9.interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4.★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇

英语语言学的发展概述

英语语言学的发展概述 发表时间:2016-10-11T17:21:16.967Z 来源:《语言文字学》2016年6月作者:周亚莉[导读] 英语是世界上使用国家最多的语言,也是世界上使用范围最广的语言。 西安外事学院文学院 【摘要】语言是很重要的交流工具,语言的发展也经历了一个漫长的过程,英语是世界上使用国家最多的语言,也是世界上使用范围最广的语言,很多人对英语语言展开了研究,使得英语语言学也在快速地发展,英语语言学的发展过程一直是一个重要的研究课题,笔者也想就这个课题谈一谈自己的看法,本文旨在研究英语语言学的发展过程。【关键词】英语语言学发展概述含义 语言是人们传递信息和进行交际非常重要的工具,语言在人们生活中的运用也是十分广泛的,语言是最早的进行传播的方式,在很久以前,信息的传递都是人际传播的,也就是我们所说的口口相传,人们一直都在对语言的发展过程进行探究,语言学的发展过程也一直就是一个重要的研究课题,英语又是一门世界性的语言,人们对英语语言学的研究也是从未间断,最早的英语语言学研究要追溯到十七世纪,笔者根据自己多年的探究,对英语语言学的发展也有了一定的了解,那么,英语语言学的发展过程到底是怎样的呢?让我来谈一谈我的看法。 一、英语语言学的含义 语言学就是把人们的语言当成研究的对象的一门学科,语言学的研究范围不仅包括研究语言的性质、结构、运用,也包括语言的发展过程,广义上说,语言学的研究范围包括和语言有关的所有内容。语言学就是对人类的语言进行一种科学化、理论化、具体化的研究,理清语言的相关知识和发展脉络。了解了语言学的概念和研究范围,我们就可以明白英语语言学就是对英语语言的相关内容进行研究,在研究英语语言的过程中,需要注意语言的发展和一定的社会环境是分不开的,语言的发展也体现在一些艺术创作上。 传统的语言学主要是以研究那些文学作品和古典文献,而现代的语言学主要是以研究当代语言和人们的口语为主,对英语语言学的研究范围扩大了,研究的内容也增多了。语言是人们进行交流的工具,语言的产生也标志着人类的进步和社会的发展,研究语言学,了解人们的口语、书面语的基本情况,可以更加了解人类的语言能力,还可以了解人类的发展情况。 二、英语语言学的发展过程 英语语言学的研究有一个非常久的历史,早在17世纪,文艺复兴运动时期,英语语言学已经开始发展。文艺复兴是14世纪到17世纪,欧洲进行的一场思想文化运动,在这一时期,一些知识分子和普通市民希望能够对古希腊、古罗马的文化进行复兴,借此来对基督教文化进行反抗,在这一时期,出现了很多的代表人物,他们的作品的语言都有很高的造诣,比如说,我们熟知的但丁,他被誉为“中世纪的最后一位诗人,同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”。莎士比亚是这一时期最具有代表性的人物,西方人对莎士比亚是非常推崇的,他是文艺复兴时期的一位文学巨匠,他创作了很多的剧本和诗篇,莎士比亚的剧本和诗篇的影响力是非常大的,在英国和欧洲广泛地进行传播,莎士比亚对人物的刻画,莎士比亚的语言风格都是被推崇的,他的剧本读起来是令人惊奇的,对事情的描绘也是精彩绝伦的,很多的剧本需要我们反复地阅读和思索,莎士比亚的文学作品不局限于某一个阶层,他的创作适合各个语言阶层的人看。在这些优秀的文学大家的领导下,在文艺复兴时期,文学创作非常繁荣,英语语言的结构、语音、构词等都有了很大的发展,因为文学艺术的高度发展,对英语语言学的研究也开始兴起。 在之后,比较出名的文学巨匠有拜伦、雪莱,他们俩所处在的时期是19世纪的“维多利亚时代的英语语言”,他们使得英语语言有了更大的发展。 到了20世纪,由于帝国主义的侵略和经济的快速发展,英语的地位再次提高,英语成为很多国家的母语或是第二语言,对英语语言学的研究,也更加深入,特别是索绪尔的《普通语言学教程》将英语语言学分为共时语言学和历时语言学,共时语言学是指研究某一时期内的英语语言学发展情况,历时语言学是指研究英语语言学在不同时期内所经历的变化,索绪尔的研究代表着现代语言学的形成。 在索绪尔之后,乔姆斯基也开始了对英语语言学的研究,并且取得了非常大的成就,乔姆斯基的《句法结构》给了很多研究人员一个新的研究思路,不仅需要对语言自身进行研究,也需要对一些非语言因素进行研究,比如说语言结构、构词、句法、语音等,这使得对英语语言学的研究更加地深入,也使得英语语言学的研究范围变广,使英语语言学真正系统化、理论化、科学化地对英语语言进行研究。 1987年,查尔斯.弗里斯提出将英语语言学的研究和英语教学进行结合,加强对英语语言学的教学,把对英语语言学的研究编成书籍,让人们可以更好地学习语言,也可以对英语语言学的发展有一个基本的了解,帮助人们解决一些语言学习过程中遇到的困难和错误。英语语言教学是英语语言研究的动力,也是英语语言研究发挥作用的重要场所。 由于英语是一个官方语言,也是一种世界性的语言,使用英语的国家很多,学习英语的人也很多,特别是,美国霸主地位的确立使得英语的地位十分稳固,英语在全世界都有很大的发展,就有更多的人对英语语言学进行研究,英语语言学出现了很多的分支,比如说,每个地域所说的英语都受着当地的自然环境和社会环境的影响,都具有地方特色,于是就出现了英语语言方言学,英语的实用性也开始提高,又随之出现了英语语言应用学,对英语语言学研究的人多了,也就出现了一些各种各样的学派。【结束语】英语语言学的发展是一个漫长的过程,英语语言学的研究也从未中断,很多著名的语言学家的出现都推动了英语语言学研究的发展过程,英语语言学朝着全球化的方向发展,会有更多的人开始对英语语言学进行研究,英语语言学的发展前景也是非常好的。【参考文献】 1、柯招榕.英语语言学的发展概述J.湖北科技学院学报,2013 2、白晓红.英语语言学的发展概述J.出国与就业,2011

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