英语口语的学习方法讲义

48 英语口语的学习方法

我国的英语教学很长一段时间里都背着 “哑巴英语 ”的骂名。这一骂名的价值在于它使几乎每个 学英语的人（包括英语教师）都意识到了口语的重要性。在这里我们且不去探讨 “哑巴英语 ”产 生的原因、教师的无奈、体制的弊端等高深的问题，而是心平气和地坐下来好好谈谈更为实际 点儿的问题，那就是，有了学习口语的决心之后，我们应当怎么做才科学、才见效。本讲义的 提纲如下，今天只讲第一部分：

1．第一层：纠正发音

2．第二层：音标组词

3．第三层：连词成句

4．第四层：连句成篇

5．第五层：学习口语

口语学习第一层：纠正发音

一、为何要学习音标？

许多人英语学了 “好几遍 ”到头来连 48 个音标都读不出、列不全，当然还有些英语学习者尚不知 道英语共有 26个字母。这说明什么问题呢？首先，英语教师难辞其咎。你没有把音标的事情向 学生交待清楚，你没有找到行之有效的办法使学生改变其浓重的地方音，或者是你没有把纠音 的任务当成你的份内之事；其次，英语学习者也脱不了干系。你从没有认认真真地学习过这 个音标，你总想着一口气吃成个胖子，或者是你早早地就失去了耐性。 任何一个英语单词都由音、形、意三部分构成。音标标其声、字母合其形、定义传其意。如果 你只把握了形意部

分而搞不清发不准声音部分，那怎么能够算是学会了这个词呢？语言的主要目的是传达思想的，当思想需要口语来传达时，发音的规范性便开始左右传达的效率了。同时, 发音如写字一样代表着一个人的门面。你写得一手好字，人人都会对你有好感；你说一口流利而标准的英文，既便你的英语整体水平不高，人家也会认为你英语学得不错。

我也见过许多很有语言天分的人，他们知识渊博、思想深邃、词汇丰富、表达流畅、滔滔不绝。美中不足的就是五音不全，语音错误率令人瞠目结舌。就此现象而言，我想说的是，语言以达意为主，你说的别人听得懂，你能保持顺畅的交际便可以了；问题在于这种做法是退而求其次的一种无奈之举，是以损失交际效果及个人形象为代价的。

学音标的另一个优越之处是能够提高词汇的积累效率。汉语的拼音与汉字之间几乎没有什么联

系，可以说是两种语言系统，所以汉语是世界上最难学习的语言之一；而英语则不同，音标组

合与字母组合之间有相当多的规律可以遵循。我的学生都知道我给他们列出的记词标准：看到

生词便能发出其音，重读不错则不许有错；听到生词便能写出其形，允许有一至两个字母的差错。记单词的顺序在我这里因此就成了先记发音，再通过发音识记词形，最后才是把音形与意通过记忆、运用等方式牢牢掌握住。据学生的反映，这种方法使他们摆脱了每个词写上百八十遍的记词法、记单词不是很累、听力有所加强等等。当然也有负面的反映，有几个小学生向我告状，说他们的英语老师课上考单词是念汉语意思让他们写出英语单词来，所以写得都不好，要是读英语写英语，就准保没问题。

二、选择英语还是美语？

英语音标还有英式与美式之分，这给英语学习者带来了不小的混乱。所以首先我们来谈一下英美音的取舍问题。我国的英语教育在很长一段时间里是以标准的英国英语为准绳，因此以前所编著的小初中高及大学教材几乎无一例外的是英式英语的。随着近年来中国英语教育的大转向，

美语教材开始频频出现。这里多少有政治因素在里面，我们且不去谈，只要明白美语在你未来的英语学习中将占很大的部分就可以了。

针对这种情况，我的建议是，还是要先学习国际音标，然后在国际音标的基础上再学习美式音标。因为我的经验证明这样的做法比较简单可行。以后我会给大家列出英美语发音区别的一个

单子供大家参考。至于你是选择说英式英语还是美式英语，我觉得这个问题比较复杂，因为我连自己说的到底是

英式还是美式也不是很清楚，呵呵，我只能说我说的英语具有很明显的美语倾向。我之所以这样说是想告诉你，所谓英式英语与美式英语之分对于英语初学者是没什么必要的，你既便是象李阳的学生那样说一口漂亮的美音，你也未必说的是美式英语，因为英美语的差别不只是发音上的，还有用词啊、语法啊、语篇啊、文化啊等等无以数计的区别呢。我们在这方面能做的只能是在发音上尽可能的向英式或美式靠近一些，不要在发音上不伦不类就可以了，至于其它层次上的区别，想做到不不伦不类可就很难喽。说到这我就来问你个问题，你怎么念这个词：WATER这是能检验你发音是否不伦不类的一个好词，呵呵。等你看了我给你开出的英美音区分表，你再回头想想你刚才读的是英音、美音还是两者都不是。英美音问题先说到这儿，接下来谈谈学习音标的方法。

三、怎样校正音标？

大家都知道我们中国人说的英语有一个雅号，叫中国式英语（Chinglish ）。中国式英语至少有以下三个特点（1）发音奇特；（2）语法奇特；（3）思维奇特。后两个特点超出了本讲义的内容，这里忽略不计。我们来看看中国式英语的发音奇特之处：

1．平翘舌不分：如this 读成Dis, orange 读成oranZe 。这种现象通常发生在我国北方地区，以沈阳为典型，我们抚顺也是一样。我的学生就总笑话我汉语平翘舌不分，可奇怪的是我英语平翘舌分得倒是清楚得很。

2．清辅音浊化并拉长：如Stop 读成Stoper ，如I think I have come to the point that 变成了“ Th in KER I haDER coMMMe to the poi nTER thaTER …”。晕！

3. ［ t / ］与［d 3加［u］音：如China读成Chuainer。Change读成Chuenj u,典型特点是嘴撅得老高。

4. ［r］与［B］;南方有些地域的人发不出［r］音，所以把［r］都读成［I］,如three就变成了thlui ; 而Little 前面的L读［l］,后面的L读［B］，而这个［B］在发音时只要把舌尖轻轻顶上去就行了，而许多人总是把舌尖向后卷起，就产生了可笑的littOUOHH 。

5.双元音发音不到位，不饱满：典型的就是I ［ai］读成［e］, time 读成［tem］。

以上列出的是我所知的最常见的中国式英语的发音特征。若其中有一种情形符合你的发音特点，那就说明你得重新学一下音标了。找一本中小学英语课本，把国际音标列表找出来，然后参照以下提示开始你的纠音过程。

（一）音标分元音与辅音两类，元音相当于汉语的声母，辅音相当于汉语的韵母。元音在发音时空气没受到任何阻碍便从你的体内出来了；而辅音在出来时多多少少都受到了一些阻碍，如舌头，牙齿，嘴唇等等。

（二）先学会那12个单元音。带[:] 的叫长元音，是指其发音长度相当于两个无此符号的单元音那么长。这12个单元音至关重要，希望你能找本磁带边听边练。

（三）12个单元音掌握好了，余下的8个双元音就相当好学了。首先，双元音是两个单元音结合成的，所以音位相当于两个单元音的长度。其次，你先发前一个单元音，再发后一个单元音，并尽力使两者的过渡圆滑些就成了。如[au]是[a:]向[u]的过渡。把[&看成是[e]的变体就解决

了[ e禲的发音。

（四）辅音有清辅音与浊辅音之分。清辅音发音时声带不振动，而浊辅音声带要振动，两者的差别仅此而已。这一点是关键。比如说清辅音[t] ，在发音时你舌尖顶在上牙膛，然后让舌尖落下来的同时，冲出一口气流来就成了。在此过程中只要你没出声就行。然后你重复上一过程，这回你让声带振动，发出声来，你所听到的就是[t] 相对的浊辅音[d] 。既然清浊辅音口型一致，只是出不出声的问题，那么你就可以自己制作一张更好学的辅音表，把所有辅音按清浊分成一对一对的，再加练习，不就简单多了么。

（五）以下几对辅音比较难以掌握，值得你多加练习：[0 ]—汇[/ ] - [ 3,] [ t / ] —[ d 3。

（六）[w] —[j] 叫半元音,介于元音与辅音之间,换句话说就是气流所受的阻碍微乎其微,体

会体会吧。

（七）[m] —[n] —[I] —[ n可化为一组。其中前三个都有两种发音，在音节前是一种，在音节

后是一种。你可以通过Man. Name, Little 这三个词来体会一下，而[n则通常与[i]结合，成为[i n音，如En glish ；当然也有与其它元音结合的时候如[郐菱或[An音。

（八）有人不知道[ts] —[dz]怎么读，这两个音标是专门解决单词结尾出现S的情况的如，cats

和beds.你发这两个音时只要用一点力就成了。[tr] —[dr]其实也不难啊，你发发tree与dream 不就会了么。

（九）元辅音结合（或元音自己）便能产生声音。一个元音与一个或多个辅音结合在一起称之为一个音节，一个单词就是由一个或多个音节构成的。

（十）如果一个单词的音标是由两个或两个以上的音节构成就得需要有一个重音符号来标明哪个音节要读得重一些。关于这一点的相关内容属第二层的问题。今天就谈到这儿吧，现在该轮到你去实践了！

口语学习第二层：音标组词

呵呵，刚刚见到这位朋友的回帖，对本讲义的结构框架划分方法很感兴趣。在此不妨先澄清一下我的思路。本讲义的题目是英语口语的学习方法，其实质则是英语口语的入门法则。其所针对的目标读者并非仅限于英语初学者，而是所有的英语学习者。现在有很多英语学习者不注重看似简单的口语基本功问题，这是一个很令人担忧的现象。因此，讲义的主体是口语的发音基本功问题（前四层），第五层则是在基本功牢固的基础上提高一步，从语言的本质角度重新定位英语口语的学习，使语言能够有效地为交际服务。换而言之，第五层不是口语学习的封顶，而是另一层次的口语学习的入口。用一个简单的流程来描述我的这五层，那便是音素—词汇—句法—语篇—语用。也许本讲义写得较为简单，但里面所反映的思想则是我多年来形成的对语言的理解，这一点大家一定要记住。这位朋友没有留下您的论坛地址，如果您能再次阅读本文的话，请留下相关网址，THX。

言归正传，现在来谈第二层：音标组词。如果第一层过关了，那么第二层则显得颇为简单。如果说第一层是以音素的角度来谈论口语，那么本层则是基于单词的角度。前文说过，一个英语单词的音标是由一个或几个音节构成的，两个音节以上的单词在音标里则要标明重音的位置。

这些规则里包含的问题我在下面逐条展开。首先，是音标组合的辅音连缀问题。这是英语学习者最常犯的错误之一。所谓辅音连缀是指两

个或两个以上的辅音同时集中在一起的情况，如CLASSI的CL, SPLASI中的SPL等等。辅音连缀

的发音方法可以归结为一句话：前轻快、后重缓。也就是说CLASSI的C读得越轻越快就越好，L

读得则越重越慢才越好,两者之间决不要出现间隙。掌握了这一条规则,那么在你听音的时候对于象CLASSI样的词你才不会听错。

其次,是音标组合中的清辅音浊化问题。我们上面区分了清辅音与浊辅音。这里给大家引出一个并不成文的规则,那就是当一些清辅音如[t] [k] [p] [tr] 等出现在[s] 音后且该音节是重读

音节时，这些清辅音要浊化成相对的浊辅音，即[d] [g] [b] [dr] 。如street, 在发音时应当

发成[ s dr i: t ] ,其它的如Stay, school, space, scream, scar, Stwart 等等。说该规则

不成文是因为有些词超出了此规定,典型的如discovery 。这个词英语本族人读起来尚存争议, 其中的C一些人不浊化，读成[k]，而另一些人则浊化，读成[g]。由于S后面的浊化音在英语音标里体现不出来,所以很容易为英语学习者所忽略。

再有,是音标组合中的失爆问题,所谓失爆（或者爆破）,是指当有些辅音一起出现时,前一

个要嘎然而止，只做口型不发其音。如active与blaCKboard中的[k]音，September中的[p]音等

等。关于失爆的问题我在第三层里会细细加以说明。

最后,是音标中的弱化问题。关于弱化（或者弱读）我在第三层还会着重去讲,这里只简要说

一下规则：当单元音出现在非重读音节时, 在很多时候都会弱化成[禲,当然不包括单词结尾处的音节。如Holiday与California 中的LI音节，希望大家能够记住这条小规则，因为这对于通过音标记单词而言是很重要的一点。

在解决了以上几个微观问题之后,我们回过头再来谈论音标组合与单词拼写之间的密切关系给我们带来的好处。前面讲过英语单词由音、形、意三部分构成,许多人只重后两者,这实质上就是“哑巴英语”的根源之一。反过来想,如果我们以音为记单词的开始,就等于是在运用视觉与听觉两种感观系统来消化单词,这样的效果自然要强于只记形意的那种方法。那么具体怎么来操作呢？首先,要利用你刚掌握了的那些音标知识把一个生词的音标拼出来,反复读给自己听直到默记于心为止。接下来,你可以把音标蒙上,看着词形凭记忆把音标读出来。在读的过程中你要反复去思考哪个音是由哪个音标发出来的。你研究音标组合的过程实际上就是结合音与形的过程, 同时, 你还在为以后的生词学习积累音标组合常识。这样的记法至少有三点好处。

第一,你不必动手去抄写单词,力半功倍；第二,以后任何文章你都会读得非常流畅,不管其

中的生词有多少，因为你会养成一个见词就拆的毛病；其三，在听到任何生词时，你会很快地

记下它的拼写，然后通过查阅词典等方式弄懂其含义。这种记词方法在开始的时候比较难适应，

只要你能挺过来（多说三两周的光景），我相信你会感谢我的，呵呵。这一层就到此为止好了。

口语学习第三层：连词成句

今天来说第三层，句子层次的发音问题。这里涉及到的技巧主要包括重音、连读、爆破、弱化、

意群停顿等内容，由于纯是技巧性的东西，就比较好掌握些，要比上一层简单。受我个人的发

音倾向左右，我觉得所讲的技巧性东西更适合于美式英语而非英式英语。

首先，我们来讲意群停顿的问题。我们说话不是一个字一个字地向外蹦的，而是按语言单位一

组一组地说出来的。夹…手了！”听过这个笑话吧，你看，夹手”属一个语言单位，分开来说是

大喘气，人家不夹你的手夹谁的呀！英语当然也不例外，主、宾、定、状等语言单位内部（包

括动词短语等）最好不要分开来读，而语言单位与语言单位之间则可以停顿，如Most of us | like

to eat potatoes|. But most people | do not know | what part of the potato | is best

for food. 刚开始时你可以慢些来练习，该停顿的地方就停顿。等顺手了之后，你再把停顿的

间隙拉长，女口Most of us like to eat potatoes|. But most people do not know | what part

of the potato is best for food.

其次，我们来讲重音的问题。前文说过，单词是有重音的。而由数个单词构成的一个句子当然

也就有句子的重音。什么是重音呢，重音就是发得比其它音节明显要重的音呗，那为什么它要

比别的音重呢？因为说这句话的人想强调这个音呗，呵呵，这样思考就对了。我们来看这句话

This was a red car yesterday. ”

试问这句话的重音在哪里？THIS was a red car yesterday （就这台，昨个儿还是红的呢）.This WAS a red car yesterday （这台车昨个儿确实是红的嘛）.This was a RED car yesterday

（昨天这车红的呀）.This was a red CARyesterday （咋整地，昨天这红家伙是车呀）.This was a red car YESTERDAY （就昨个儿，这车还红的呢）.呵呵，都有可能啊！语言学书上说，

人说的话里包含有新信息（他想说的而别人还不知道的）和旧新息（他说过的而别人已知道的）

之分，从这个角度讲，句子的重音通常是落在新信息上。那么好了，我把重音的问题基本交待清楚了，我们接下来讲连读、爆破与弱化，合起来讲。

既然句子的重音我们找到了，那么我们是不是可以这样思考，一句话是不是可以看成是一个大

单词呢？好，我们还是以上句话为例来理解一下。This was a red CAR yesterday ［Sisw秡秗

ed'ka:rjest 禿i］。我们的结论出来了，读一句话时把它看成是一个单词，重音位要读得清楚、缓慢，非重音位要读得含糊、快捷。换句话说，我们是把一个句子切分成了两部分，一部分是重音，一部分是非重音。我们要把非重音部分快速地连接在一起，这样才能突出重音的部分，意思传达的才清楚。在美语里这种理解被称为是语言的连锁现象，就象一条铁链一样，你随便抓起某一个铁环，其它的铁环就都会向一个方向靠拢。

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2010-2011学年第一学期期末口语考试试题 说明： 总共包括两个部分，各占15分。第一部分为对话部分，第二部复述部分。要求： 对话部分，学生两人一组搭档，围绕话题展开讨论，要求观点明确内容详尽，时间2-3分钟。 复述部分，考前提供学生范文，要求学生复述大意，或者阐述自己观点，时间1-2分钟。 Test Paper One Part one: Dialogue Which way do you choose to keep healthy, keep a good diet or do regular exercises? Part Two: Reciting Fast Food 1.快餐在中国十分流行 2.快餐受欢迎的原因 3.我对快餐的看法 Fast food is becoming more and more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers. Today, nothing is more representative of the fast pace of modern society than fast food. There are several reasons for its popularity. First, it is quick and convenient. Go into a fast food restaurant, and your food will be ready in a minute. You can satisfy your hunger instantly. Precious time won't be wasted in waiting-in-line to order or waiting at your table for your food to arrive. Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean food, the excellent service and the comfortable environment of the fast food restaurant. However, I think that fast food isn't healthy enough because it does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutrition. Doctors suggest that people should avoid eating too much fast food. Although home cooking is time-consuming and following washing-up tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs. Test Paper Two Part One: Dialogue Talk about some famous symbols of Chinese and American culture. Part Two: Reciting Private Tutoring 1. 为孩子聘请家教目前非常普遍 2.家教的利与弊 3.我的看法

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1. What do you know about Oxford University? (1A) What do you think of your university life here? Oxford University is the oldest university in Britain and one of the most famous universities in the world. It is situated to the northwest of London. The 35 colleges in Oxford are governed by its own head. Almost a quarter of the whole students are from overseas and more than 130 nationalities are represented. Each student is assigned to a tutor to supervises their program of study,primarily through tutorials. Oxford also grants higher degrees,diplomas,and certificates in a side variety of subjects,of course there are usually strict requirements. To maintain and develop its historical position as a world-class university. Oxford University will provide the facilities and support for its staff to pursue innovative research. Tianjin Normal University is my dream university. There are many students from different provinces. We can make friends with many people who have different life style,but it must have some quarr els during the university life,but it doesn’t matter.I like the scenery in our school.It is very beautiful.And the climate is not very cold in winter.Every four students in a dormitory,the environment in the warm and sweet room is good.The food in the mess is delicious but a little expensive.My favorite place is our library.It looks very large,and I usually go to the library to study.I enjoy the atmosphere.I believe my four years in TJNU is happy. 2. How to seek jobs on the Internet? (2A) How to prepare for a job interview? There are many website for searching jobs.You can log on the home page and input some key words about district、major、age and your requirements.The website will offer you some jobs which are matching your requirements.Then you can send your CV to the company and wait for the reply. First,you can understand the history of the company.And focus on the company condition recently.Second,you should prepare some professional knowledge about the job that you apply for.Third,simulate an interview,consider the problem they will ask you and think the best https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a10118085.html,st,before the interview,have a rest,make sure that you look full of energy,and keep smile to the company. 3.What is your dream job? What is your ideal employer? (2B) What should you do to prepare for your dream job? (1) I have many dream jobs ,but as the age increasing. I realized my real dream job—teacher. Luckily, I have the suitable major to my dream. And now, I am trying for it, because I know “Hope is a good thing and maybe the best of things. And no good thing ever done . My ideal employer must have the abilitys to work well with other workers and Be welling to learn and peogross,and have good analytical capability,willing to work under pressure (2)For me, It’s a nearest opportunity to my dream, I will make preparation to face