“韩琦,字稚圭,相州安阳人”原文及译文解析原文及翻译
“韩琦，字稚圭，相州安阳人”原文及译
文解析原文及翻译
韩琦，字稚圭，相州安阳人。琦风骨秀异，弱冠举进士，名在第二。授将作监丞、通判淄州，入直集贤院、监左藏库。时方贵高科，多径去为显职，琦独滞箢库，众以为非宜，琦处之自若。
历开封府推官、三司度支判官，拜右司谏。时宰相王随、陈尧佐，参知政事韩亿、石中立，在中书罕所建明，琦连疏其过，四人同日罢。又请停内降，抑侥幸。凡事有不便，未尝不言，每以明得失、正纪纲、亲忠直、远邪佞为急，前后七十余疏。王曾为相，谓之日：“今言者不激，则多畏顾，何补上德？如君言，可谓切而不迂矣。”曾闻望方崇，罕所奖与，琦闻其语，益自信。
益、利岁饥，为体量安抚使。异时郡县督赋调繁急，市上供绮绣诸物不予直，琦为缓调蠲给之，逐贪残不职吏，汰冗役数百，活饥民百九十万。
赵元昊反，琦适自蜀归，论西师形势甚悉，即命为陕西安抚使。元昊介契丹为援，强邀索无厌，宰相晏殊等厌兵，将一切从之。琦陈其不便，条所宜先行者七事，继又陈救弊八事。谓：“数者之举，谤必随之，愿委计辅臣，听其注措。”帝悉嘉纳。时二府合班奏事，琦必尽言，虽事属中书，亦指陈其实、同列或不悦，帝独识之，曰：“韩琦性直。”
琦蚤有盛名，识量英伟，临事喜愠不见于色。论者以重厚比周勃，政事比姚崇。其为学士临边，年甫三十，天下已称为韩公。嘉祜、治平间，再决大策，以安社稷。当是时，朝廷多故，琦处危疑之际，知无不为．或谏日：“公所为诚善，万一蹉跌，岂惟身不自保，恐家无处所。”琦叹曰：“是何言也人臣尽力事君死生以之至于成败天也岂可豫忧其不济遂辍不为哉。”闻者愧服。
（《宋史》卷三百一十二·列传第七十一，有删改）
7．下列对文中画波浪线部分的断句，正确的一项是（3分）
A．是何言也／人臣尽力事君／死生以之／至于成败／天也／岂可豫忧其不济／遂辍不为哉
B．是何言也／人臣尽力／事君死生以之／至于成败天也／岂可豫忧／其不济／遂辍不为哉
C．是何言也／人臣尽力事君死生／以之至于成败／天也／岂可豫忧／其不济／遂辍不为哉
D．是何言也／人臣尽力事君／死生以之至于成败／天也／岂可豫忧／其不济遂／辍不为哉
8．下列对文中加点同语的相关内容的解说，不正确的一项是（3分）
A．古人幼时命名，成年取字，字和名有意义上的联系，对人称字是出于礼貌和尊敬。
B．古人二十岁时行冠礼，戴上成人的帽子，但体犹未壮，故男女此年岁称为“弱冠”之年。
C．司谏，是对君主、官吏的过失直言规劝并使其改正的官吏，分左、右司谏，右司谏为大。
D．疏，又称奏议，是封建社会历代臣僚向帝王进言使用文书的统称，上奏文书又称为奏疏。
9．下列对原文有关内容的概括和分析，不正确的一项是（3分）A．韩琦风骨秀异，弱冠之年考取进士第二名，可是只任了个管理库藏的小官，很多人都认为很不合适，但他却并不在意。
B．任职谏官，韩琦敢于直谏，诤言谠议，为了罢免无所作为的宰相王随等，接连上疏七十余次，终于王随等四人同日被免。
C．无论是多故之时，还是危疑之际，韩琦为官始终替朝廷着想，尽力事君，将个人生死置之度外。
D．赵元昊反，强索无厌，宰相晏殊等一切从之，韩琦上七事奏坚决反对，接着又陈述救弊八事．仁宗极为赞赏．悉数采纳。
10.把文中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。（9分）
(1)曾闻望方崇，罕所奖与，琦闻其语，益自信。（5分）
(2)琦蚤有盛名，识量英伟，临事喜愠不见于色。（4分）
参考答案
7.A（原文：“是何言也，人臣尽力亊君，死生以之。至于成败，夭也，岂吋豫忧其不济,遂辍不为哉。”）
8.B（“谷时候的人二十岁时行冠礼”“男女此年岁称为‘弱冠’”有误，男子二十岁称“弱冠”,女子二十岁不称“弱冠”’也不行“冠礼”。）
9.B（进凍上疏七十余次并不全是为了罢免宰相王随等。）
10.①这时王曾声望正高，很少表扬奖励别人，韩琦听了他的话后，更加坚信自己所做的一切对朝廷有益。
②韩琦早有盛名，见识气量远大，遇亊喜怒不在脸而上表现出来。
参考译文
韩琦字雅圭，是相州安阳人。他品格骨气很出众，二十岁左右考中进士，名列第二。授官为将作监丞（主管土木营建的副职）、通判淄州，到集贤院办公、监管左藏库（国库之一）。当时正重视科举成绩优秀者，有很多途径去任显要官职，唯独韩琦滞留主管库藏的职位，大家都认为很不合适，韩琦处在这个职位还像平常的样子。
他历经开封推官、三司度支判官，后任命为右司谏。当时宰相王随、陈尧佐，参知政事韩亿、石中立，在中书省立议阐明的政事很少，韩琦接连分条陈述他们的过失，四个人同一天罢免。又请求停止皇帝直接任官，抑制侥幸求名利之人。凡是政事有不便利的，不曾不说，常常把阐明得失、端正法纪、亲近忠直、远离邪佞作为急务，前后七十多次上疏。王曾做宰相，对他说：“现在进谏的人不激切，原因是多有畏惧顾虑，怎么能补益皇帝的品德呢？像您这样讲话，可是说是深切而不迂阔了。”王曾声望正高，所赞许的人很少，韩琦听到他的话，更加自信。
益州、利州这年发生饥荒，韩琦任体量安抚使。过去郡县催促赋调频繁急迫，市上供给的丝织品等其他物品都不给钱，韩琦为了缓解赋调在这年免除了赋调并让老百姓自己拥有，驱逐不称职的官吏和贪
婪残暴的官，减少数百种多余的劳役，救活饥民一百九十万。赵元昊叛乱，韩琦刚好从蜀州归来，论说西边军队的情形十分熟悉，当即被任命为陕西安抚使。
赵元昊依靠契丹作为外援，强行索要贪得无厌，宰相晏殊等讨厌战争，因此一切听从赵元昊。韩琦上疏陈述这样做的害处，逐条陈述应当先办的七件事：一是清政本，二是考虑边境之事，三是选拔贤才，四是在河北设防，五是固守河东，六是争取民心，七是经营洛邑。在此之后又上疏陈述补弊端的八件事，要选拔将帅，严明按察，使财利丰厚，遏制侥幸之徒，任用有才能的官吏，斥退没有才能的官吏，谨慎地选入官吏，除去多余的人。说“：这些举动，一定会有人反对，希望将计谋托付给辅佐大臣，让他们自行决定。”仁宗对此十分赞赏并全部采纳。这时二府合班上奏言事，韩琦一定言尽所知之事，虽然事情属于中书，也指陈其实情。同僚们有的不高兴，仁宗却偏偏赏识他，说：“韩琦性情率直。”
韩琦很早就有很大声名，才识气度英伟，面对大事喜怒在脸色上不表现出来，评论的人认为他稳重诚厚可比汉朝的周勃，政事才能可比唐朝姚崇。他作为学士到边境地区巡察，年纪刚刚三十，天下的人已称他为韩公。嘉祐、治平间，再次决定大策略，来安定国家。在这时候，朝廷多有事故，韩琦处在危险猜疑之际，他知道该做的事没有不做的。有人劝他说：“您所做的确实对，但万一失误，岂只自身保不住，恐怕家都没地方了。”韩琦感叹说：“这是什么话呢。作为人臣尽力侍奉君主，死生都可付出。至于成败，是天意，难道可以事先忧
虑事情不成功，于是就停止不做吗？”听到的人都惭愧佩服。
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英语选修7 黑体字单词
英语选修7 黑体字单词abandon 遗弃，放弃abundant 丰富的 access 接近的方法通路可接近性 accompany 陪伴伴奏acknowledge 承认确认答谢adapt 使适应改编adapt to 适合 adequate 足够的充分的adjust 调整使适合 adjust to 适应调节alarm 使警觉使惊恐警报惊恐all in all 总而言之all the best（祝你）一切顺利ambition 雄心野心annoy使……不悦:烦恼 annoyed 颇为生气的annual 每年的年刊 the Antarctic 南极洲as far as one is concerned 就……而言 as well as 和，也 set aside 将……放在一边为……节省 aware意识到的 be/become aware of 对……知道明白意识到…… (be) dying to 极想渴望beneficial 有益的受益的 bound一定的密切相关的be bound to 一定做…… click （使）发出咔哒声comfort舒适，安慰 conduct 行为品行指挥contradict 反驳 day in and day out 日复一日declare 宣布声明表明 desire 渴望欲望渴求distribute 分配分发 divorce 离婚断绝关系donate 捐赠
draft 草稿drag 拖拉扯 dry out 使浸水之物完全变干dry up 干涸 favour 喜爱恩惠fit in 相适合相融合 govern 统治hear from 接到……的信 help(…)out 帮之某人摆脱困境或危难 in all 一共in many ways 在很多方面 in need 在困境中in other words换句话说 junior 较年幼的资历较浅的地位较低的 keep it up 保持成绩优秀继续干下去 leave … alone不管别惹让……一个人呆着和……单独在一起make fun of 取消meet with 遇到会晤经历 neat 好的整齐的匀称的never mind 不必担心obey 服从occupy 占用占领占据 otherwise 否则不然用别的方法 out of breath 上气不接下气 out of the question 不可能的不值得讨论 participate 参加参与pause 暂停终止recommend 推荐建议reflect 思考 relevant 有关的resign 辞去 ring up 给…..打电话scare 恐吓使恐吓 (be)scare to death 吓死了 settle in （迁入新居，更换工作后）安顿下来
土木外文翻译原文和译文
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文
文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
外文翻译原文
204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999
JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1a11478535.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-
污水处理外文翻译(带原文)
提高塔式复合人工湿地处理农村生活污水的 脱氮效率1 摘要： 努力保护水源，尤其是在乡镇地区的饮用水源，是中国污水处理当前面临的主要问题。氮元素在水体富营养化和对水生物的潜在毒害方面的重要作用，目前废水脱氮已成为首要关注的焦点。人工湿地作为一种小型的，处理费用较低的方法被用于处理乡镇生活污水。比起活性炭在脱氮方面显示出的广阔前景，人工湿地系统由于溶解氧的缺乏而在脱氮方面存在一定的制约。为了提高脱氮效率，一种新型三阶段塔式混合湿地结构----人工湿地（thcw）应运而生。它的第一部分和第三部分是水平流矩形湿地结构，第二部分分三层，呈圆形，呈紊流状态。塔式结构中水流由顶层进入第二层及底层，形成瀑布溢流，因此水中溶解氧浓度增加，从而提高了硝化反应效率，反硝化效率也由于有另外的有机物的加入而得到了改善，增加反硝化速率的另一个原因是直接通过旁路进入第二部分的废水中带入的足量有机物。常绿植物池柏（Taxodium ascendens），经济作物蔺草（Schoenoplectus trigueter），野茭白（Zizania aquatica），有装饰性的多花植物睡莲（Nymphaea tetragona），香蒲（Typha angustifolia）被种植在湿地中。该系统对总悬浮物、化学需氧量、氨氮、总氮和总磷的去除率分别为89%、85%、83%、83% 和64%。高水力负荷和低水力负荷（16 cm/d 和32 cm/d）对于塔式复合人工湿地结构的性能没有显著的影响。通过硝化活性和硝化速率的测定，发现硝化和反硝化是湿地脱氮的主要机理。塔式复合人工湿地结构同样具有观赏的价值。 关键词： 人工湿地；硝化作用；反硝化作用；生活污水；脱氮；硝化细菌；反硝化细菌 １. 前言 对于提高水源水质的广泛需求，尤其是提高饮用水水源水质的需求是目前废水深度处理的技术发展指向。在中国的乡镇地区，生活污水是直接排入湖泊、河流、土壤、海洋等水源中。这些缺乏处理的污水排放对于很多水库、湖泊不能达到水质标准是有责任的。许多位于中国的乡镇地区的社区缺乏足够的生活污水处理设备。由于山区地形、人口分散、经济基础差等原因，废水的收集和处理是很成问题的。由于资源短缺，经济欠发达地区所采取的废水处理技术必须低价高效，并且要便于施用，能量输入及维护费用较低，而且要保证出水能达标。建造在城市中基于活性污泥床的废水集中处理厂，对于小乡镇缺乏经济适用性，主要是由于污水收集结构的建造费用高。 1Ecological Engineering，Fen xia ，Ying Li。