江苏专转本英语考试语法重点大全知识讲解

江苏专转本英语考试语法重点大全

江苏省专转本英语考试语法重点大全

一）倒装句

谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语之前。

一、全部倒装

1、句首为there be, stand, lie, exist, remain, appear, seem, come 等时，引出全部倒装。

There stands a stone bridge across the river.

There stands an old pine tree on the summit of the mountain.

2、句首为状语方位词或表示地点的介词短语：

Then from the portable radio in the corner came the announcer’s voice.从角落里的便携式收音机里传来了播音员的声音。

At his side lay Eva Brown. 在他的身旁躺着的是爱娃.布劳恩。

3、以here, there, now, then等开头的句子，位于常用be, come, go, begin, follow 等，引出倒装：

There goes the bell. 铃响了。

Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。

Now come your turn. 现在轮到你了。

但是，如主语是代词而不是名词时则不发生倒装。

4、在表示动作的简短句子里，为了生动，可把副词放于句首引出倒装。

Out rushed the dog from the gate. 一条狗从大门里嗖地一声窜了出来。

Up went the rocket into the sky. 火箭嗖地一声飞上了天空。

但：Away they went.

5、在表达祝愿的句子里：

Long live the friendship between American and Chinese people! 中美人民的友谊万岁！

May you succeed! 祝你成功！

6、在强调表语时

Worst of all were the humiliations. 最令人难以忍受的是羞辱。

Such is the case. 情况就是这样。

二、部分倒装

1、省略if 的虚拟条件句中

Had I known what was going to happen，I would never have left her alone.如果我当时知道可能发生的事的话，我就不会撇下她一个人在那里了。

Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world. 没有空气和水，世界上就不会有生命。

2、在以so（肯定）和neither, nor（否定）的句子中

He didn’t fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. 他不怕新想法，也不怕未来。

I’ve had some good ideas, so have other men. 我有些新的想法，别人也会有啊。

Distrust can be contagious, but so can trust. 不信任有传染力，同样信任也具有传染力。

3、当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，如never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely, seldom, no sooner ... than …, in no way, at no time, under no circumstances, by no means, in no case，采用部分倒装。

Little does he care about money. 他很少关心钱。

Not until recently did I know what he had done. 直到最近我才知道他所做的事。

4、句首状语由only+副词，only+介词短语，only+状语分词时

Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 直到昨天他才发现表丢了。

Only in our country can science serve the interests of the people. 只有在我们国家科学才能服务于人民的利益。

5、在强调宾语时

Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 我们应该为社会主义建设做出更大的贡献。

Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. 从废弃液体中我们能提取有用的化学肥料。

二）非谓语动词种类及句法功能

（一）概述：

在英语中，不作句子谓语，但仍具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the

Gerund）；现在分词（the Present Participle）；过去分词（the Past Participle）。

（二）非谓语动词的句法功能

1）逻辑主语

为了强调是谁发出的一个动作，我们往往要有主语来明确表现。由于非谓语动词在句中不做谓语，所以强调谁发出的动作就不明显。但它又有动词的某些特征，在这种情况下，就有了其逻辑上的主谓关系。在英语中，非谓语动词的逻辑主语各有其不同的表现方式，也是常考的一个语法项目，尤其是动名词和分词的逻辑主语。现在来简要分析一下在不定式、动名词和分词中的逻辑主语。

①不定式的逻辑主语是同过介词of 和for来体现的。这两个介词使用的区别是：当表语是表示主语的性质或特征时（如：good, nice, wise, generous, foolish, clever, silly, wrong, stupid, careless, considerate, impolite, naughty等等），我们使用of; 其它的使用for。请看例句：

It is unwise of them to turn down the proposal. 他们拒绝这个建议很不明智。

It is generous of you to stay us for the night. 难为你这么慷慨留我们过夜。

It is a great honor for us to attend this rally. 我们很荣幸参加这个大会。

It is very dangerous for children to swim in the reservoir. 孩子们

在水库里游泳很危险。

②动名词的逻辑主语是在动名词前用名词或代词来表现的。在句首时一般

要使用所有格，在句中一般使用其通格。例如：

Mary’s grunting continuously annoyed her husband, and her mother’s staying with them was the last straw. 玛丽的不断唠叨已经使她丈夫很烦，她母亲来和他们一块住更使他们的关系雪上加霜。

Xiao Li’s being late for school upset the teacher. 小李的迟到让老师很恼火。

Our sole worry is (you) your relying on yourself too much. 我们唯一的担心是你这个人太相信自己了。

They insisted (Xiao Wang) Xiao Wang’s going with them together. 他们坚持要小王和他们一块走。

③分词的逻辑主语有两种：一是悬垂分词的逻辑主语，其二是独立主格结

构的逻辑主语。在悬垂结构中，分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，如果两者不能

构成逻辑上的一致关系则该句结构是错误的.如：

Seen from the space, the earth look like a blue ball. 从太空看起来，地球像个蓝色的球体。

这个悬垂结构seen from the space = when the earth is seen, …

Laughing and chatting, the pupils left school for home. 孩子们说说笑笑回家去了。

同上述结构一样，Laughing and chatting = the pupils were laughing and chatting, …

独立主格结构与悬垂结构不同的是独立结构有自己的主语。这个主语有名词或代词通格来表示，放于分词之前，与分词形成逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off. 这么多同志都缺席了，所以会议只得延期。

We all went home, he remaining behind. 我们都回家了，只有他留在后面。

Weather permitting, we will go for an outing next week. 如果天气许可，我们下周去郊游。

The class (being) over, the teacher dismissed the students. 下课

了，老师把学生打发走了。

The job done, we all went home. 工作完成之后，我们就都回家去了。

With the tree grown tall, we get more shade. 随着树的不断长高，树荫也越来越浓密了。

Everything taken into consideration, this plan seems to be more feasible.把一切考虑在内，这个计划看起来可行。

They worked throughout the night with the lamp lighted. 他们挑灯夜战。

二、非谓语动词考查点

1) 谓语动词与非谓语动词的判断

对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：

1. All flights ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.

A. had been canceled

B. have been canceled

C. were canceled

D. having been canceled

【答案】D。

【解析】独立主格结构做状语表示原因。

2) 谓语动词后不定式与动名词的选择

谓语动词后接不定式还是接动名词也是语法测试中的一个题点。如：

1. I don’t mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.

A. you to delay making

B. your delaying making

C. your delaying to make

D. you delay to make

【答案】B。

【解析】这是一个带有逻辑主语的动名词结构。依据前面所讲，逻辑主语应是一个带有形容词性的物主代词，其后的动词delay也应该是一个动名词。

3) 做定语的非谓语动词的选择

从近几年的考查情况来看，对做定语的非谓语动词的考查有两种情况：对一般概念的考查，而不是固定结构中的非谓语动词做定语。

4) 做状语的非谓语动词的选择: 做状语的非谓语动词主要考查其各种形式的选择，如： ______ from the outer space, our earth looks like a water-covered ball.

A. Having seen

B. Seeing

C. Seen

D. Having been seen

【答案】C。

【解析】根据分词结构的逻辑主语分析，选项A、B、D都不能和主句中的主语构成逻辑的主谓一致的关系。惟有选项C是正确答案。

从以上各题来看，考查的侧重点有：

(1)状语类别的判断：不同的状语对非谓语动词的要求不同，目的状语要求用不定式，如②。

(2)非谓语动词与句子属于之间的逻辑关系：根据主谓关系或动宾关系的不同来确定用现在分词还是用过去分词。

(3)非谓语动词的否定形式：not否定非谓语动词时置于非谓语动词之前，如③。

(4) 独立成分：有些非谓语动词的使用不受与句子主语关系的限制，称为独立成分，这类成分只记忆即可。如: generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。

5) 做补足语的非谓语动词的选择

做宾语补足语的非谓语动词受谓语动词的限制，不同动词后的宾语补足语形式要求不同。近几年对各类宾补都有考查。如：

They are going to have the service man ________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.

A. install

B. to install

C. to be installed

D. installed

【答案】A。

【解析】have 之后的宾语如果是补足语的发出者时，则应使用动词原形。

6) 做表语的非谓语动词的选择

表语的考查多侧重于分词做表语形式的选择，很少有动名词的用法的考查，虽然选项中有不定式作为干扰项，只要能看出是做表语的也就不用考虑。如：These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.

A. unrecorded

B. to be unrecorded

C. unrecording

D. to have been unrecorded

【答案】A。

【解析】分词做表语可以做系动词be的表语，也可以做其它系动词的表语，如go, feel, seem, look, remain等等。这些系动词后非谓语动词的饿用法规则是相同的。

三）情态动词

情态动词(Model Verbs) 又称为情态助动词(Model Auxiliaries)。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英语的各种考试中，现在一个明显的趋势是呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷

的分析，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：

（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式

（2）情态动词+行为动词进行式

（3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式

（4）某些情态动词的特殊用法

一、一般情态动词

1、情态动词的完成式：

⑴情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。如：

Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。

You couldn’t have met my grandmother. She died before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶，因为她早在你出生前就死了。

I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到钥匙了，也许昨天丢到学校了吧。

⑵当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldn’t加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，

分别表示“本应该…”和“本不应该…”。例如：

You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you laugh at but learn from. 你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是热恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。

You should have finished your composition by yesterday. 你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。

⑶needn′t have v-ed

needn′t have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要…”。例如：

You indent have wakened me up; I don’t have to go to work today. 你本没必要把我叫醒，因为我今天不上班。

注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，must最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。

2、情态动词的进行式

情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。例如：

The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.

他书房的灯还亮着，想必他现在还在工作。

She shouldn’t be working like that. She is still very weak.

她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.

He can’t be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.

3、情态动词的完成进行式

情态动词+行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。例如：They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗，准是在地里一直干活来着。

They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning. 今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。

二、特殊情态动词

除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would (just) as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may (just) as well等可用作情态动词。

The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 这个战士宁死不降。

If you don’t like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳，你也可以待在家里啊。

这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would (had) rather, would

(had) sooner, would (just) as soon后可跟that 引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。例如：

I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。

I would sooner you hadn’t asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。

三、情态动词中应特别注意的典型结构

They must be in the library, aren’t they? 他们一定还在图书馆，对吧？

They must have gone to the library, haven’t they? 他们一定去图书馆了，对吧？

They must have been to the library yesterday, didn’t they?

他们昨天一定去了图书馆，是不是？

Let me do it, will you? 让我来做，好么？

Let me help you, may I? 请让我帮你，可以吗？

Don’t move, will you? 请你别动！

Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点？

Let’s go for a walk, shall we? 咱们去散步，好么？

He used to live in the countryside, didn’t /usedn′t he? 他过去住在农村，对吧？

四）时态

一、概述

在作谓语的动词用来表示动作（或情况、状态）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言，其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化来体现的，因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形。英语中根据说话的时间不同有时和体的不同，主要有四大类(一般时态/ 进行时态/ 完成时态/ 完成进行时态)十六种时态如下：

现在

一般现在时 do / does

现在进行时 be (am, is, are )doing

现在完成时 have / has done

现在完成进行时have has been doing

专升本英语语法重点汇总

专升本英语语法重点汇总 一、动词时态及语态题（大家应该记住我所讲过的九种时态，特别是其中的过去完成，过去进行时，客观真理要用一般现在时等） 1、The manager told us that this factory was built in 1958. 2、By the time we got there，the play had already begun. 3、When I was a child，I knew that the earth turns about its axis. 4、When Mr.Delay got home after a day's exhausting work，his wife and children were sleeping. 二、非谓语动词题（特别是现在分词与过时分词的区别，大家一定要弄明白主动与被动这对最最重要的区别，要求大家多看我的上课笔记） 1、The film showed last night was very moving. （不用moved，大家别忘了-ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别） 2、Having finishing his lecture，the teacher asked if anyone wished to asked a question. 3、The problem being discussed is very important. 4、Given more time，we are sure to finish it. 5、Will you please make yourself known to everyone here 三、It作形式主语及形式宾语题（这也是一个常考点，it本身是没有意思的，注意it 还可以指时间，天气等。） 1、It is difficult to study English wel l. 2、We think it is important to pass the exam. 四、强调句型（大家要记住的是it is （was）……that…，如果前面是it iswas 后面往往选用that，当然强调人的时候也可用who） 1、It was at an evening party that I first saw her. 2、It is what you will do that is important. 3、When was it that he bought a new car 五、倒装句型

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一、句子成分与基本结构（包括时态）? 主语subject 谓语predicate 宾语object 宾语补足语object complement 表语predictive 定语attributive 状语adverbial WARM-U：1）The teacher in the classroom. 2）Sang many songs and danced happily. 3）She attracts. 4）Many people living in the country. 5）All the books on the desk over there. 以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。 英语句子（sentence）=主语+谓语（核心：主动词） I .八大成分的概念和构成 1 ?主语（名词代词形）：句子的主体，是谓语陈述，说明的对象。 If you want the rain bow you have to put up with the rain. 不经历风雨，怎么见彩虹。 The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratch ing. 成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始，并要坚持不断磨练。 充当主语的形式：1）名词2）代词3）名词短语4）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式8）介词 短语（少见） 形式主语（名词从句，不定式，动名词）（见第六讲主语和宾语） 2?谓语：表示主语的行为或进行的活动。 I have a dream. You don 'always want what you need, or need what you want. 所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。 谓语形式：动词（英语句子的灵魂） 3 ?宾语：行为或活动的对象，接受者或受影响者。 You don 'tfind opportunities ?…you make them. 你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。 You probably won 'hear opportu nity knock if your televisi on is always on. 如果你常开着电视，你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。 充当宾语形式：1）名词2）代词3 ）名词短语4 ）名词从句5）数词6）不定式7）-ing形式

领正江苏省专转本英语14年真题卷

绝密★启用前 江苏省2014年普通高校专转本选拔考试 英语试题卷 (非英语类专业) Part I Reading Comprehension (共20小题，每小题2分，共40分) Directions:There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage. People and the sources of air pollution are found in the same place. This means that cities with large population have the biggest problem of dirty air. Air pollution is caused by many different things. A major source of air pollution is the gas fumes (烟尘) from cars. Another major source of dirty air is the burning of coal and oil for energy. This energy is needed to make electricity. Of course, much more electricity is used in the city than in the country. On the average, we throw away trash and garbage than years before. The burning of garbage leads to air pollution. Many major industries are also the cause of the dirty air in and around cities. The fumes from iron, steel, chemical, and petroleum production add particles (粉尘) to the air. The effects of air pollution range from mild headaches to death. The levels of pollution found in heavy traffic may cause headaches or loss of clear sight. Wherever coal and oil are used for fuel, fumes may kill trees and plants. In some of the larger cities, these fumes endanger the lives of human beings by leading to lung diseases and causing early deaths. 1. From the passage, we know that ______. A. air pollution is caused by electricity B. the cause of air pollution is not people C. air pollution is caused by many different sources D. headaches and death are not related to air pollution 2. What is stated in the passage? A. How cars produce fumes. B. Why so many people live in cities. C. What the causes and effects of air pollution are. D. How people in cities feel about polluted air. 3. Which of the following is NOT the cause of air pollution? A. Trucks. B. Headaches. C. Burning garbage. D. Burning coal and oil. 4. What are the major sources of air pollution in cities?