2016年度全国医学考博英语统考-阅读理解全解及详解

2016年

Passage one

Parents are on a journey of discovery with each child whose temperament, biology, and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wake pattern. It can be frustrating when children’s sleep habits do not conform to the household schedule. Helping the child develop good sleep habits in childhood takes time and parental attention, but it will have beneficial results throughout life. An understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children will help alleviate any unfounded concerns.Maintaining a sleep diary for each child will provide the parents with baseline information in assessing the nature and severity of childhood sleep problems. observant patents will come to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist or intensify.

一对父母发表了一篇关于孩子的性情（temperament：predisposition）、生理以及睡眠习惯会导致不一样睡眠-觉醒模式。当孩子的睡眠习惯不能遵从(conform to 遵从)家庭的规划时间睡眠是很困惑的一件事情。帮助孩子养成好的睡眠习惯，需要花费时间和父母的操心，但好的睡眠习惯对孩子终生受益。了解孩子典型的睡眠周期可以减少父母的无端犹豫，坚持为每个孩子写睡眠日记，能够提供最基本的信息，用来评估孩子睡眠问题的本质和严重程度。善于观察的父母就能够意识到异常睡眠的困惑所在或那些持续睡眠异常或严重的问题。

Developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in the

sleep-wake cycle and in the type and frequency of parasomnias that may interrupt sleep. Medical consultation to rule out illness, infection of injury is prudent if the child’s sleep problems prevent adequate sleep and result in an ongoing sleep deficit. As reported by news-medical in Child Health News, children’s sleep problems should be taken seriously as they may be a “marker” for predicting later risk of early adolescent substance use. In the same article. University of Michigan psychiatry professor kirk Brower, who has studied “the interplay of alcohol and sleep in adults” stressed that “the finding does not mean there’s a cause-and –effect relationship.”

童年时间发育的变化会引起睡眠周期和类型的变化，频繁的睡眠异常会困扰睡眠。如果儿童睡眠问题阻止了充分的睡眠和导致进行性睡眠匮乏，需要就诊于医院谨慎的排除疾病以及感染的损伤引起。在Child Health News报道医疗新闻称儿童睡眠问题应该被重视，它可能是少年时期体质多病的“预警”。美国的Brower教授写了一篇相同的文章，他研究了成年酒精和睡眠的相互影响，强调他发现两者之间并不是因果关系。

1.Parasonmials 异睡症

2.Prudent 谨慎的；精明的；节约的

3.Adolescent 青春期

4.interplay相互影响

consultation with child psychologist may be helpful if frightening

dreams intensify and become more frequent as this may indicate a particular problem or life circumstance that needs to be changed or one that the child may need extra help working through.

如果孩子做噩梦的程度和频率恶化，可能表明有特殊问题或者需要改变生活环境，或者遇到了需要额外帮助才能应对的问题，这时可能还需要咨询心理学家。

Most childhood sleep disturbance will diminish over time as the brain matures and a regular sleep-wake cycle is established. Parental guidance is crucial to development of healthy sleep habits in children.

随着大脑的成熟，多数儿童睡眠困扰都会消失以及规律的睡眠周期的建立。在儿童期在建立良好的睡眠习惯父母的指导是非常重要。

61. To have a journey of discovery with each child, according to the passage, is_____________.

A. to discover their unique sleep-wake cycles

62. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that parents ____________.

D. keep a diary on sleep pattern for their children

63. When there exists a “marker” in the child according to the passage, __________.

A. it might lead to his or her early substance use

64. What is the author trying to tell us in the third paragraph?

B. Sometimes parents need to seek professional assistance.

65. What is the main idea of the passage?

C. Parents’ role in building their child’s healthy sleeping habit. Passage two

The united states and England each has a major –and unique-health-care challenge, according to a study comparing the health of senior citizens in the two countries. The study, conducted by researchers from RAND Corporation in the united states and institute for fiscal studies in the united kingdom, found that disease and health disorder incidence was higher among U.S. senior citizens, but mortality rates were higher among English senior citizens.按照美国和英国老年人研究对比，这两个国家面临着重要和特殊的挑战，这项研究主要有美国的兰德公司和英国的财政机构参与的，发现在美国老年人的疾病的发生率和患病率明显高于英国，但是死亡率却明显低于英国。

Americans aged 65 and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their English counterparts and more than double the rate of cancer. Nevertheless, death rate among Americans 65 and older lower. 美国65岁以上的老年人患糖尿病概率是相应年龄英国人的2倍，并且癌症的发生率也大于2倍，然而，美国65岁以上老人的死亡率却比英国人的低。

“Americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer,”says James Smith, a study co-author. He attributes the U.S. health problems to lifestyle factors, including poor eating habits and inadequate exercise. Americans tend to eat much larger servings of food, for

example, there is what I call an American plate. When we go to a restaurant, it’s plate I can’t even eat any more. It’s a plate with so much food on if it’s even appealing to me. 一个共同研究者认为美国“患者小病不断，寿命不短”，包括不良的因素习惯和缺乏锻炼，美国人倾向于吃大量食物，例如，我们称之为的美国人的盘，当我们进入餐厅时，那种多食物我是吃不下的，如果食物没有足够好吃的话。

Smith also says that English adults are generally much more physically active than Americans. Biking and walking are much common in everyday life in English. he observes that “there is a lot of walking in London”, and there is a lot of bicycle riding. I don’t see people in downtown Los Angeles on their bicycles” smith也表示英国成年人有更多的锻炼，骑车和散布是最常见的英国人的日常生活方式。他观察到在伦敦有很多的散布和自行车骑行的人，而在洛杉矶没有看到这些。On the other hand, England’s problem is that doctors fail to diagnose serious conditions early enough. Americans doctors tend to screen patients for cancer, diabetes, and other illnesses more frequently. Smith notes “American medicine is much more aggressive.” It leads to high costs, but it has benefits, too. 换句话说，在英国医生不能早期诊断出疾病的严重性，而美国医生多倾向于筛查癌症、糖尿病以及常见病，smtih表示美国的医疗多是侵袭性有创的检查花费很高，但是同样有益处。

66 the study’s results indicated------

A.An urgent call for health promotion among English and American

senior citizens.

B.Health disparities between English and American senior citizens. 次选

项内容正常但不是indicated是noted。

C. A close relation between disease incidence and mortality rate. 不一致

D.A significant rise in mortality rates among senior citizens. 本文没有

indicated说年龄大了死亡率会升高，只是说患病率和死亡率不一致。

67 which of the following is a unique health care challenge for England senior citizens when compared with their American counterparts ?

A a higher death rate.

B a higher rate of cancer. Lower才对

C a higher incidence of disease. Lower才对

D a lower tendency of have diabetes. 本文只是说了对比美国老男人，英国老年人没有想美国人那样常规筛查cancer、diabetes等，indicated 有很多cancer、diabetes没有诊断出，没有说lower diabetes。

68. what does James Smith imply American plate ?

A.a sedentary American lifestyles. 不爱运动的的生活方式，缺乏活动，

本题问的是吃相关。

B.American junk foods on the table. 垃圾食物

C.a large portion of food consumed by Americans. 很大一部分，很多

D.severe malnutrition among American senior citizens.

69．The Americans’ unique health-care challenge according to James

smith, is derived from

A. their unusual forms of physical activities 本文没有指出

B. their different geographic location 本文没有指出

C. their genetic likelihood of obesity 本文没有指出

D. their unhealthy lifestyle factors.

70. even though it is much more aggressive, the American medicine

A. better improves the quality of life among its medicine care.

B. benefits more seniors who need medicine care.

C. facilitates its senior citizens to live longer.

D. helps its senior citizens live healthier.

单词小结

1.counterpart n.相对物；相对应的人

2.sedentary adj. 久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的,

3.junk foods 垃圾食物

4.senior citizens 老年人

5.fiscal 英['f?sk(?)l] adj. 会计的，财政的；国库的Passage three

Less meat and dairy in our diets could help reduce agricultural greenhouse gases by as much as 80% by 2025, according to a recent study by the Potsdam institute for Clinmate Impact Research(PIK). The researchers created global land-use model to project likely outcomes given different scenarios involving consumer dietary trends and changes

in agriculture production methods. The models take into consideration population growth, the world economy, and other factors. 最近波士顿气候影响研究组织（PIK）提出减少饮食中肉类和奶类，到2025年，能减少80%农业温室气体。研究者创建了全球土地使用模式，来根据不同模式产生的可能的结果，这些模式涉及到消费者饮食趋势以及农业生产方式的改变。这个模式也考虑到人工的增长、世界的经济以及其他因素。

The researchers found that, if meat and dairy consumption patterns remain constant of increase, the associated global agricultural omissions will increase significantly. One the other hand, a 25% reduction over the next 40 years would help bring levels to where they were around 1995.研究者发现，如果肉类和奶类消费模式仍持续增加，则相应的全球农业气体也显著增加，换句话也就是说，在过去40年里有25%的气体减少，那是气体水平与1995年相当。

Methane and nitrous oxide in particular could be reduced if less meat and dairy is produced and consumed. These gases are caused largely by livestock waste and synthetic fertilizers. Around two-thirds of nitrous-oxide emissions come from agriculture –and most of that as a result of either raising animals or producing the feed used to raise them. Consumers’ food choices, combined with what one PIK researcher terms “technical mitigation options on the producers side” could make an enormous impact on these emissions. 如果减少肉类和奶类的生产和消

耗，特别是甲烷和一氧化氮会减少。这些气体主要是有家畜粪便和化学肥料引起，有三分之二的一氧化氮来自于农业，主要是由饲养动物或者生产的肥料来喂养动物引起，消费者对食物的选择，结合PIK研究者提出的技术减排最佳方案会对这些气体排放产生巨大的影响。While not nearly as much methane or nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, both are significantly more potent and they form substantial pieces of the greenhouse gas pie. Both of these gases trap heat and radiation in the atmosphere much more effectively than does carbon dioxide. The U.S. environmental protection Agency cites methane as being “21 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time period.” Nitrous oxide is more than 300 times more effective than CO2。虽然甲烷和一氧化氮排放至大气层没有二氧化碳多，但甲烷和一氧化氮具有更大威力和能形成巨大的温室气体层。这两种气体能比二氧化氮更有效的产生滞留热和辐射。美国环境保护机构提出在过去的100年间甲烷产生的滞留热比二氧化碳大21倍，一氧化氮作用是二氧化碳的300倍。

While the PIK study doesn’t detail exactly which consumer choices and eating habits can help reverse the trend, it-seems clear that less is more when it comes to consuming meat and dairy products. 虽然PIK的研究并没有确切的表示消费者的选择和eat习惯能够帮助扭转这一趋势，但似乎很明显，提到消费肉类和奶制品还是少食为好。

单词小结

Project –reveal 展现，揭露

Scenarios n. 情节；脚本；情景介绍（scenario的复数）

71. The current PIK study ___________.

A. was nothing but a what-if

B. was based on the global land-use models

C. managed to reduce agricultural greenhouse gases

D. changed the patterns of meat and dairy consumption.

72. As the PIK results imply, it ispossible ____________.

A. to keep consumption patterns unchanged over the next 40 years

B. to reduce the emissions by 25% over the next 40 years.

C. to maintain a constant drop in the consumption.

D. to return to the emission levels around1995

73. Simply put, to produce and consume less meat and dairy is to __________.

A. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxide emissions

B. produce more economic benefits for agriculture.

C. cut two-thirds more of nitrous-oxide emissions

D. have more technical mitigation options.

74. Th e greenhouse gas pie tells us__________.

A. the importance of being a vegetation