翻译：Schmitz(2004)-Local upgrading in global Value Chains：全球价值链下的本地升级：近期的研究成果

LOCAL UPGRADING IN GLOBAL CHAINS:RECENT FINDINGS 全球价值链下的本地升级：近期的研究成果

Abstract: The upgrading prospects of local enterprises differ according to the type of global value chain they feed into. This is the main theme of the paper. It pulls together recent evidence and draw out the strengths and limitations of the global value chain approach to upgrading. The focus on chain governance does not imply that other factors are not important. The proposition is that the upgrading opportunities of local enterprises are often structured by the relationships in global value chains. In other words, the chain approach has a profound effect on the order of questions asked in the debate on upgrading and it provides an analytical grip on the local-global interface.

摘要：本地企业的升级状况依据其所嵌入的全球价值链的不同而不同。这是本文所探讨的主要问题。本文总结了近期的一些研究成果，指出通过嵌入GVC 获得升级的有益之处与不足。我们关注价值链治理在升级中的作用不代表其他要素在升级进程中不重要。我们的看法是本地企业获得的升级机遇存在不同和其与所介入的GVC形成何种关系有关。也就是说，

1. Introduction

It is universally acknowledged that the amount of trade that regions engage in has a fundamental effect on their economic development. There is much less knowledge about how trade is organised and how this affects economic development. Recent global value chain analysis has made some important advances in this field. Its central proposition is that it matters how trade is organised: it matters for understanding market access, the acquisition of capabilities and the distribution of gains.

一、引言

有关地区或国家贸易的规模对其经济发展有着重要影响的观点已经得到共识。但却很少有研究探讨贸易是怎样开展的以及贸易方式又是怎样影响经济发展的。近期一些有关全球价值链的分析在这一领域作出了一些重要的前进。其主要关注的是贸易是如何组织的，了解市场的进入、能力的获得和收益的分配。

In the thinking on trading relationships, one can broadly distinguish between three phases:

- Traditionally, the relationships between producers and customers are thought to be market-based. This assumption continues to prevail (though

not always explicitly) in many text books concerned with international

trade.

- In the 1970s, the importance of intra-firm trade was highlighted in research on multinational corporations and their subsidiaries.

- In the 1990s, a new form of co-ordinated trade was shown to be of increasing importance: lead firms from developed countries co-ordinate (or govern) the trade with developing country firms that remain nominally independent.

人们对贸易中各方之间关系的认识，可以分为三个时期：

—传统的角度看，生产者与消费者之间的关系被认为是以市场为基础的（market-based）。许多教科书谈及国际贸易时都使用这种假设。

—20世纪70年代，许多研究开始强调跨国公司和其子公司之间的企业内贸易（intra-firm trade）的重要性。

—20世纪90年代，一种新的协调贸易方式逐渐突出其重要性：发达国家的主导公司（lead firms）协调着（co-ordinate）（或管理着，govern）与发展中国家企业的贸易，后者仍保持着独立性。

Over the last two decades, this latter form of trade has grown faster than the others. It gave rise to a new line of research which investigated different forms of chain governance and their developmental impact. This paper summarises the findings of a recent IDS research project which was particularly concerned with the question of how the governance of global value chains affects the upgrading opportunities of developing country producers. The detailed assessment can be found in This paper gives

a short summary.

在近二十年中，最后一种贸易方式发展要远快于前两种方式。这种现象推动了新的研究思路，对全球价值链管理模式的研究以及不同治理模式对经济发展的影响。本文总结了近期IDS研究计划（IDS research project）的研究成果，这一计划特别关注的问题是GVC治理模式对发展中国家的生产者的升级机遇会产生怎样的影响。详细的内容见Humphrey and Schmitz (2004)。本文只是做个简短的总结。

2. The optimistic view on local upgrading in global chains

In order to explore the connection between chain governance and upgrading it is useful to start with the view of Gereffi who has suggested that the key feature of the current phase of globalisation is ‘the functional integration and

co-ordination of internationally dispersed activities’ (Gereffi 1999: 41). With regard to developing countries, he put forward two central propositions. First, their trade with developed countries is increasingly co-ordinated by global buyers. Second, developing country producers that integrate in such buyer driven chains can expect rapid upgrading from:

- assembly of imported components, to

- taking care of the entire production process (including the sourcing of components), to

- design of their own products, to

- sale of their own branded products in national and global markets.

2、当地企业实现全球价值链升级的乐观观点

为探讨价值链治理与升级的关系，我们有必要首先重温Gereffi（1999）的观点。他认为，目前的全球化就是“在国际上分散进行的各项活动之间的功能性整合和协调（the functional integration and co-ordination of internationally dispersed activities，Gereffi，1999：41）。对于发展中国家，他提出两个主要观点：首先，发展中国家与发达国家之间的贸易越来越多的受国际大购买商调节；第二，嵌入到购买商驱动的价值链中的发展中国家生产者可以实现连续的快速升级：

—从进口零部件组装发展到：

—从事全部生产加工过程（包括获得零部件），再发展到：

—从事产品的设计，再到：

—在国内和国际市场出售自己品牌的产品。

These conclusions were informed by his research on the garment chains connecting US buyers with their East Asian suppliers.

Our own subsequent research provided some support for these propositions but also showed important differences (Schmitz and Knorringa，2000). It questioned in particular the ‘automatic conveyor’ implied in the above position.

A more differentiated view seemed necessary.

Gereffi在研究联接美国购买商和东亚制造商的制衣价值链时得到以上结论。我们接下来的研究（Schmitz and Knorringa，2000）也部分证实了他的观点，但我们的结论与他的结论存在着重要的差别，我们对格里夫结论推导中所暗含的发展中国家生产商所具有的“自动传导机制（automatic conveyor）”提出了质疑。有必要看看不同的观点。

3. Typologies of chain governance and upgrading

In order to unpackage the connection between chain governance and upgrading we distinguish between four types of relationships in global value chains:

- Market based: enterprises deal with each other in arms length transactions. - Balanced network: enterprises co-operate and have complementary competences but no control over each other.

- Captive network: the lead firm sets the parameters under which others in

the chain operate; the relationship is quasi-hierarchical.

- Hierachy: enterprises are vertically integrated; the parent company controls its subsidiaries.

3、价值链治理与升级的类型

为了能说明价值链治理与价值链升级的联系，我们按照参与到全球价值链分工中的企业之间的关系的不同将全球价值链区分为四种类型：

—市场关系型（Market based）：参与价值链的企业进行着“独立交易（arm’s length transactions）”，即参与产品交易的买方和卖方之间不存在任何关系，可以完全根据自己的利益驱使，不受其他各方任何压力或强迫，完全独立的从事市场交易。1

—平衡网络型（Balanced network）：企业之间相互协作从事互补性生产，但不存在一方控制另一方。

—俘获网络型（Captive network）：价值链中的主导企业设置价值链运作参数（set the parameters），其他参与者则在遵守这些规则前提下从事价值链的部分生产，这是一种准等级式的模式（quasi-hierarchical）。

—等级关系型（Hierarchy）：企业间形成垂直一体化生产，母公司掌控着子公司的活动。

The above distinctions help us to ask whether some types of chains offer local producers better upgrading prospects than others. However, in order to

1

A transaction in which the buyers and sellers of a product act independently and have no relationship to each other. The concept of an arm's length transaction is to ensure that both parties in the deal are acting in their own self interest and are not subject to any pressure or duress from the other party

address this question it is necessary to distinguish also between different types of upgrading. Our categories are:

- Process upgrading: transforming inputs into outputs more efficiently by reorganizing the production system or introducing superior technology.

- Product upgrading: moving into more sophisticated product lines (which

can be defined in terms of increased unit values).

- Functional upgrading: acquiring new functions in the chain (or abandoning existing functions) to increase the overall skill content of activities.

- Inter-sectoral upgrading: using the knowledge acquired in particular chain functions to move into different sectors.（moving to a new value chain (for example, Taiwanese firms moved from the manufacture of transistor radios to calculators, to TVs, to computer monitors, to laptops and now to WAP phones)以上区分为探讨升级提供了便利，我们可以很清楚的来考虑这样的问题，这四种类型的价值链中，是否有某种价值链使得参与到其中的发展中国家企业能够获得比参与到其他价值链中更好的升级机会呢？要回答这个问题，还有必要区分一下价值链升级的不同类型，我们的分类如下：

--工序升级（Process upgrading）：通过引进先进的技术或对企业重新整合使得生产更加有效率，投入可以更有效率地转化为产出；

--产品升级（Product upgrading）：转向生产更加成熟的产品

--功能升级（Functional upgrading）：获得所处价值链内的新的功能（放弃或不放弃原有的功能），是自身从事的活动所包含的技艺整体提高。

--部门间升级（Inter-sectoral upgrading）或链的升级（Chain upgrading）：利用在某特定价值链中所积累的知识和技术，转到其他更高级产品生产的价值链中（比如，台湾的企业从晶体管收音机的制造转向计算机、电视、计算机监视器、掌上电脑和手机的生产加工）。

This paper concentrates on the upgrading experiences in chains which are neither market-based nor hierarchical. In other words, it concentrates on the intermediate types, which constitute a relative novelty in the global economy and have grown rapidly in importance. What follows is a selection of some of the main findings.

本文关注的不是市场关系型价值链和等级型价值链中的升级问题，我们关注的是中间两种价值链的升级问题。平衡网络型和俘获网络型价值链是全球经济的新兴市场现象，在世界经济贸易中的地位越来越重要。下面章节就是有关这些内容的一些主要研究成果。

4. Fast process and product upgrading in captive relationships

One of the clearest findings from recent studies is that in chains characterised by captive relationships, developing country producers experience rapid product and process upgrading. When it comes to functional

upgrading(moving up the value chain) the experience is different but we will deal with

this later.

In a field of research which has shown enormous variability, there is agreement that working to the specifications of large global buyers provides a fast track to upgrading processes and products. The evidence comes from

many sectors, including garments, footwear, furniture and electronics.

4、俘获关系中的快速工序和产品升级

目前研究的一个较为肯定的结论是俘获型价值链中发展中国家生产者可以快速实现产品和工序的升级。但当其欲实现功能升级时（向价值链高端攀升）则面临着困境，这个问题我们后面要解决。

众多领域的研究都得到这样一个共同的结论，当发展中国家制造商按照国际大购买商指定的规格进行加工生产时，可以获得快速的工序升级和产品升级。这在许多行业的研究中都得到这样的结论，如制衣、鞋类、家具、电子设备等。

In order to explain this finding one needs to understand why global buyers set and enforce the parameters under which other firms in the chain operate. Why do they go to the trouble and expense of setting up and supervising supply chains? Why do they not simply buy the required products on the market?

We suggest two reasons:

- Product definition. The more the buyers pursue a strategy of product differentiation, for example, through design and branding, the greater the need to provide suppliers with precise product specification and to monitor that these specifications are met.

- Risk of supplier failure. The increasing importance of non-price competition based on such factors such as quality, response time and reliability of delivery, together with increasing concerns about safety and other standards, means that buyers have become more vulnerable to shortcomings in the performance of suppliers.

为了解释这种结论，我们需要了解以下问题。为什么国际大购买商要构建这种俘获型的价值链以使加入价值链中的其他企业都按照其设定的规则来行动？为什么国际大购买商要费时费力而且还要支付一定费用来构建和监督这种俘获型的供应链条？为什么他们不通过市场直接购买他们所需要的产品？我们给出两个理由：

--产品定义（Product definition）。国际大购买商对产品差异化战略的诉求越高（比如：追求设计和品牌的不同），他们就越强烈需要向供应商提供精确的产品规格并监督生产加工过程以使其能够满足这些规格的要求。

--供应商失败（failure）的风险。目前的市场竞争中，基于诸如产品质量、反应时间、交货的可靠性等非价格竞争因素的重要性证逐步凸显，同时伴随着对经营安全和其他标准问题，由于供应商自身能力低下对购买商造成极大冲击。

The fast upgrading of the suppliers results from the dual role of the buyers: they are extremely demanding but they also need to provide assistance so that these demands are met. Much of this assistance takes place in the context of detailed monitoring, i.e. not just exposing failures but also showing how they can be overcome. It is this combination of high challenge and support which propels the supplier forward and leads to fast improvement in processes and products.

供应商之所以能够获得快速的升级，主要源自于购买商双重角色：他们对产品规格有着极端的要求，同时要向供应商提供援助以便使这些要求能够得到满足。这些援助体现在对一些细节问题的监督控制上，就是说，购买商不仅要指出供应商在生产指定规格产品时存在的不足，他还要告诉他们如何才能克服这种不

足。正是这种高度的挑战性和帮助的联合，共同推动了供应商向前发展并导致其实现工序和产品的快速升级。

5. Obstacles to functional upgrading

There is no agreement on whether insertion in captive global chains provides a route to functional upgrading, i.e. moving into the design, branding and marketing functions in the chain. There is some evidence of firms progressing to

design but very little sign of producers developing their own brand or setting up their own marketing channel. Most studies suggest that firms’ competences remain limited to production. The obstacles for functional upgrading are of two types: buyer power and resource requirements.

5、功能升级的障碍

就嵌入俘获型的全球价值链是否为供应商提供了功能升级的机会（也就是使他们能够逐步获得价值链中设计、品牌和市场营销的能力）的问题没有一致的结论。有些例子中供应商可以进行产品的设计工作，但鲜有供应商可以建立自己所属品牌和市场销售渠道的例子。大多数的研究都认为，供应商的竞争力仍仅局限于生产加工领域。功能升级的障碍来自两个方面，购买商的阻击力量和资源的获得。

The source of power in global value chains lies increasingly in non-production activities, notably in branding, marketing, product development and the coordination of inter-firm relations. The lead firms (global buyers) focus on and invest in these activities as they regard them as their core competence. It is thus not surprising that these lead firms do not share this core competence with their suppliers and in some cases try to prevent them acquiring such new competences. Where developing country firms do try to develop their own 5 brands or set up their marketing channels in US or European markets, they are rarely able to sustain these attempts because the investment requirements are enormous.

对全球价值链控制力的源泉越来越多的来自对一些非生产性活动的掌控，特别是在品牌、市场、产品改进以及公司间关系的协调等活动。主导公司（购买商）重点关注这些活动并进行大量的投资，他们视这些活动为他们的核心竞争力（core competence）。这些国际大购买商是不会和其生产供应商共同合作从事这些核心竞争力活动的，有些情况下，这些大购买商还努力阻止其供应商在这些活动上获得新的竞争力。当发展中国家的生产商试图在美国货欧盟市场树立自己的品牌或者建立自己掌控的市场销售渠道时，他们很少能够将这种活动维持下去，因为树立自己的品牌或者建立自己掌控的市场销售渠道需要进行大量的投资。

6. The Limits of Learning by Exporting

In global chains, characterised by captive relationships, the fast progress in the sphere of production contrasts with the slow progress in non-production activities. Comparisons with national chains show a surprising finding: substantial functional upgrading. Studies from India and Brazil in particular, show that firms specialising in the national market are more likely to develop their own designs, brands and marketing channels. Having acquired these

capabilities in the national market, they then begin to break into markets of neighbouring countries and other parts of the world. The lesson from these cases however is not entirely clear: is the key difference national versus global chain or is it captive versus balanced relationship? In national markets, captive relationships are less likely, giving local producers more space to develop their own products rather than produce to somebody else’s specification. Such space for experimentation is important but the relationships in the national chains are not clear: do they entail just transaction or also interaction. Transaction is about buying and selling; interaction is about exchanging information and experiences on what to make, how to make it, and how to increase speed and flexibility.

6、出口中学习（Learning by Exporting）的局限

在俘获型全球价值链中，生产领域的改进较快而非生产领域改进较慢。通过比较国内价值链建设的例子可以发现一个令人吃惊的结果：替代性的功能升级。对印度和巴西生产商的研究表明，以本国市场为依托的本国企业更有可能发展自己的设计、品牌和市场销售渠道。依赖于在国内市场取得的这些能力，这些公司便可以介入其邻国市场和世界其他国家的市场。但这些事例有些事还有待澄清：这些事究竟表示了国家价值链与全球价值链的不同？还是表示了俘获型GVC和平衡网络型GVC之间的不同呢？依赖于国内市场发展，不太可能出现俘获型关系。本国市场可以为本土企业提供更多的发展空间来改进其产品，而不仅仅是按照某些公司给的规格生产。这些空间对本土企业的发展是非常重要的。但国内价值链中的关系还是不太清楚的：

7. From captive to balanced networks?

In balanced networks there is a stronger mutual commitment between firms than in market-based relationships, but the relationship is more symmetrical than in captive networks. Such balanced networks, based on sharing of competences and focussed on developing new products and processes, are common in developed countries, as shown in the literature on innovation networks. Recent research in developing countries has however brought up a new type of balanced network, based on sharing competences and focussed on rapid product delivery to tight specifications and requiring only limited innovation by the suppliers. For example, the Taiwanese computer cluster or the Brazilian shoe cluster, have the entire range of required production skills; all the specialists are available locally; they can produce infinite product variety; any combination of attributes stipulated by customer can be dealt with; and where required they provide incremental R&D for adjustments. Such ‘modular production networks’ (Sturgeon 2002) have their origin in captive networks. But the conditions that enable developing country suppliers to make this transition are not yet clear.

7、从俘获型价值链到平衡网络型价值链？

平衡网络型价值链中的企业之间的相互承诺（commitment）要较处于市场关系型价值链中的企业更强，而企业要较俘获型价值链中的企业之间的地位对称性（symmetrical）更高。这种共同分享竞争力和关注新产品和新工艺发展的平衡型网络关系在发达国家之间很常见，在一些有关创新网络（innovation

networks）的文献中常见这样的关系描述。近期对发展中国家的研究中发现了一种新的平衡网络关系。保持这种关系的企业共同分享着竞争力，企业关注的是能够快速转变产品的生产规格以准确适应产品的市场需求变化，而这一过程仅需要生产者做出有限的创新。例如，台湾地区的计算机生产集群或巴西的制鞋生产集群，集群具有生产产品的全套技术，在当地可以找到所有的专业化生产商。他们可以生产的产品种类有许多，消费者所提出的任何属性或类别的商品都可以生产出来，而在调整的过程中这些企业需要增加R&D投入。这种“模块化生产网络”（modular production networks）（Strugeon，2002）发源于俘获型网络关系，但目前发展中国家企业如何从俘获型发展到模块化生产网络的条件是什么还不是太清楚。

8. Conclusion A central proposition of global value chain analysis is that what matters to economic development is not just the amount of trade but the way the trade is organised. Over the last two decades, trade co-ordinated by global buyers has 6 increased greatly in importance. In most cases, the developing country suppliers are in captive relationships with these buyers but in a few cases the relationships have become more balanced. This paper has summarised recent evidence on how these relationships affect the upgrading of local producers.

8、总结

全球价值链分析中的中心论点就是与经济发展相关的不是仅仅是贸易的规模，还有贸易的方式。在过去的二十年中，由国际购买商协调下的贸易在世界贸易中的地位逐步提升。在大多实例中，发展中国家的生产供应商和这些国际购买商之间保持着俘获型的关系，但有些实例中他们之间关系变得更为平衡了。本文总结了有关不同的关系对本地企业的升级有何影响问题的研究成果。

The clearest and least controversial pattern is that insertion in global chains, characterised by captive relationships, offers a fast track to product and process upgrading. Local firms ‘adopted’ by global buyers can expect to progress fast. However, integration into such chains is a double-edged sword. Although it facilitates inclusion and rapid enhancement of product and process capabilities, it inhibits functional upgrading. Progressing into design, branding and marketing often conflicts with the core competence of global buyers. In some cases, however, clusters of developing country producers have become able to offer comprehensive combinations of products and related services at great speed, enabling them to have more balanced relationships with their buyers. The causal relationship between chain governance and upgrading is thus not one way.

目前得到的最清晰和争议最少的结果嵌入俘获网络型全球价值链可以推动发展中国家的企业实现快速的产品和工序升级。被国际购买商相中（adopted）的本地公司能够实现快速的生产改进，但是，嵌入由国际大购买商掌控的俘获网络型价值链对发展中国家企业来说是把“双刃剑（double-edged sword）”。这些企业虽然可以实现快速的工序和功能升级，但在功能升级中却受到约束和阻碍。改进产品设计、树立企业产品品牌、建立自己市场销售渠道常常与国际大购买商的核心竞争力相冲突。然而在有些实例中，发展中国家的企业生产集群可以快速的建立产品生产和相关服务的广泛的组合，从而使他们与国际购买商的关系

更趋于平衡。因此，价值链治理与价值链升级的关系就不是仅有的一种方式。

The above findings have a significance for much wider debates on economic development. The world map of manufacturing has changed dramatically over the last two decades. Developing countries in Asia and Latin America have become major exporters of manufactured products, forcing developing countries to abandon some industries and restructure others. Low labour costs alone are not sufficient to explain this transformation. Global value chain analysis, with its emphasis on the co-ordination of seemingly fragmented production sites, helps to explain this global redistribution in manufacturing. It helps in particular to explain the speed of change. The speed at which production capabilities have spread from developed to developing countries is historically unprecedented.

以上发现结果对从更广泛的角度讨论经济发展有着重要意义。过去的二十年中世界制造业发生了显著的变化。亚洲和拉丁美洲的发展中国家成为世界制造业产品的出口主力军，从而也迫使发展中国家放弃某些产业的生产，发展其他产业。单以低劳动成本已不能很好地解释这种变化了。强调分段化生产协调的全球价值链分析有助于解释世界制造业重构的现实。尤其可以很好地解释生产能力由发达国家向发展中国家扩散的速度方面问题，这种扩散的速度从历史上看是空前的。So there is cause for celebration – but there is also cause for concern. The concern is three fold: first the growth in production capability is greater than the growth in demand leading to a downward pressure on prices. Second, the global buyers that have facilitated the spread of production capability, keep scouting for low wage suppliers, dragging established producers into a race to the bottom. Third, the rapid dispersal of production capabilities has not been accompanied by a dispersal of innovation activities.

Innovation activities tend to attract higher incomes and continue to be concentrated in the developed countries. A number of exceptions are however beginning to emerge. Our next research project seeks to identify the circumstances which enable developing countries to extend and transform their production capabilities into innovation capabilities.

有三个方面的问题值得担忧：首先，世界生产能力的增长已远远大于世界需求的增长，给价格造成下降的压力；第二，国际购买商推动生产能力的扩散和不断需求低成本的供应商的同时，也将发展中国家拖入了“择次竞争（race to bottom）”；第三，快速的生产能力的扩张却未伴随着相应的创新行为的扩张。

创新活动趋向于得到更高的收入，而且持续集中于发达国家。但也有更多例外的事情出现。我们接下来的研究计划就是发现促使发展中国家扩展和转变其生产能力为创新能力的外部影响环境究竟是什么。

考研英语阅读理解全文翻译

Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语

1995—2010专八翻译

1995 I, by comparison, living in my overpriced city apartment, walking to work past putrid sacks of street garbage, paying usurious taxes to local and state governments I generally abhor, I am rated middle class. This causes me to wonder, do the measurement make sense? Are we measuring only that which is easily measured--- the numbers on the money chart --- and ignoring values more central to the good life? For my sons there is of course the rural bounty of fresh-grown vegetables, line-caught fish and the s hared riches of neighbours’ orchards and gardens. There is the unpaid baby-sitter for whose children my daughter-in-law baby-sits in return, and neighbours who barter their skills and labour. But more than that, how do you measure serenity? Sense if self? I don’t want to idealize life in small places. There are times when the outside world intrudes brutally, as when the cost of gasoline goes up or developers cast their eyes on untouched farmland. There are cruelties, there is intolerance, there are all the many vices and meannesses in small places that exist in large cities. Furthermore, it is harder to ignore them when they cannot be banished psychologically to another part of town or excused as the whims of alien groups --- when they have to be acknowledge d as ―part of us.‖ Nor do I want to belittle the opportunities for small decencies in cities --- the eruptions of one-stranger-to-another caring that always surprise and delight. But these are,sadly,more exceptions than rules and are often overwhelmed by the awful corruptions and dangers that surround us. 参考译文： 对我的几个儿子来说，乡村当然有充足的新鲜蔬菜，垂钓来的鱼，邻里菜园和果园里可供分享的丰盛瓜果。乡下有不用付报酬便可请来照看孩子的邻居，作为回报，我儿媳也帮着照看其孩子。乡邻之间互相交换技能和劳动。但比之更重要的是，你如何来衡量那静谧与安详？如何来衡量自我价值呢？ 我无意将小地方的生活理想化。因为有时外面的世界会无情地侵入：比如汽油价格上涨，开发商把眼睛盯住尚未开发的农田；那里充斥着凶残和偏狭，大城市的种种卑劣行径，小地方也一应俱全。不仅如此，当人们无法自欺欺人地硬把那些丑恶现象想象成只是小地方的一小部分或将它们解释为异乡人的为所欲为，而又不得不承认这一切是我们的一部分时，就更难以忽视它们。 1996 It should have been easy. They were battle-tested veterans with long ties to Reagan and even longer ties to the Republican party, men who understood presidential politics as well as any in the country. The backdrop of the campaign was hospitable, with lots of good news to work with: America was at peace, and the nation’s economy, a key factor in any election, was rebounding vigorously after recession. Furthermore, the campaign itself was lavishly financed, with plenty of money for a top-flight staff, travel, and television commercials. And, most important, their candidate was Ronald Reagan, a president of tremendous personal popularity and dazzling communication skills. Reagan has succeed more than any president since John F. Kennedy in projecting a broad vision of America – a nation of renewed military strength, individual initiative, and smaller federal government. 参考译文：

历年专业八级考试真题：翻译

历年专业八级考试真题：翻译 历年专业八级考试真题：翻译 Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围）of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃）society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达到的）to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动）towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment（完成、成就）in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones （标准、试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻的）messages that can be sent from one human to another. 参考译文： 欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。然而，享用昂贵的东西并不完全是富人的特权，除非我们放弃社会选择的权利。我们有权利使歌剧和其他昂贵的文化形式面向大众，面向那些个人没有支

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Unit1 Chapter1 本，查德，布兰卡和朱迪每个月的第三个星期四举行发明家俱乐部会议。他们轮流展示他们的新发明。 明天轮到本展示他的新发明。唯一的问题就是他到现在还没有想出一个发明··· 本正坐在餐桌旁吃着一杯冰淇淋。 “我能做什么呢？”他一边吃冰淇淋一边问自己。 本对自己要发明什么毫无头绪。他吃完冰淇淋，准备再去弄些来。但是，冰淇淋一点也不剩了。 “我知道了，”他兴奋地说，“我要发明一个冰淇淋机！” 词组：hold meeting召开会议 take turns轮流，更替 think of考虑；想起；有···想法 sit at坐，在···坐 a bowl of一碗 have no idea不知道，不了解 Chapter2 本抓起几张纸和支钢笔，然后他就画出了他的冰淇淋机设计草图。这个草图看起来不太像个冰淇淋机，但是本确信它是可行的。 “我不需要试验，”本对自己说，“好吧，我没时间去试验了。” 本只有找材料的时间了。 第二天下午，查德、布兰卡还有朱迪都在本的卧室。本带着一只麻袋出现了。他倒提着麻袋，许多稀奇古怪的东西掉了出来。 “一堆废品，”布兰卡说，“那真是个好发明。” “哈哈，”本说，“你们就等着瞧吧。” 词组：look much like看起来很像 say to oneself暗想，自言自语 turn up开大；翻起；出现 upside down颠倒，倒转；混乱地 fall out争吵；结果；解散；掉队 a pile of一堆 wait and see等着看；拭目以待；观望；走着瞧 Chapter3 本捡起的第一个东西又大又圆，是用钢做的。它是洗衣机的核心零部件。 本举起那部分，看了看底部的洞。 “那个洞是你钻的吗？”查德问。 “是啊，”本说。 “你这个做得不是很好，”查德说。 “只要有用就行了，”本告诉查德。 “你要知道东西也得看上去好才行，”查德说。 接着，本抓起一根软管，把它装入他钻的那个洞里。 “我想我知道这是什么了，”朱迪激动地说，“它是一个鼠窝！” “一个什么？”布兰卡和查德异口同声问道。 “一个鼠窝，”朱迪说，“老鼠通过软管爬进家里。” 朱迪经常说些奇怪的话，但其他人认为这是她说过的最奇怪的事之一。 本在地上放了一个塑料的冰淇淋盒，把软管的另一端放了进去。然后，他拿起一根细绳，把它绕在洗衣机零部件上。 当绳子紧紧地缠绕到零部件外面后，本往后退了退，仔细瞧着他的发明。 “好吧，这是什么？”布兰卡、查德和朱迪一同问道。 “它当然是一个冰淇淋机啦！”本说。 “那它如何工作呢？”查德问。 “它行不通的，”布兰卡说。

专八翻译真题(2002-2012)

2012八级翻译真题 1.泊珍到偏远小镇的育幼院把生在那里养到1岁的孩子接回来。但泊珍看他第一眼，仿似一声雷劈头而来。令她晕头胀脑，这l岁的孩子脸型长得如此熟悉，她心里的第一道声音是，不能带回去! 痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。 她将秘密留在心头。 参考答案： With pains gathering in her heart, she felt something burning hot between her eyebrows. Her chest was brimmed with depression and sorrow which was about to run out of her throat in any moment. She could not think straight when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation. She strode up and down in the room where other children were staying. There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were dancing. “Just leave it here”, she thought to herself, “This might be the best choice. There are kind-hearted priests and nuns and the place will be renovated into a Medicare Center”. The child would be her secret kept in the buildings behind the woods. 2011年专八真题

最新英语专业历年专八翻译真题及答案

1997年:English to Chinese Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围）of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃）society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达 到的）to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动）towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment （完成、成就）in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones（标准、试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、 渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻 的）messages that can be sent from one human to another.

专八历年翻译答案

专八翻译 第一部分汉译英 1.2000年试题 中国科技馆的诞生来之不易。与国际著名科技馆和其他博物馆相比，它先天有些不足，后天也常缺乏营养，但是它成长的步伐却是坚实而有力的。它在国际上已被公认为后起之秀。 世界上第一代博物馆属于自然博物馆，它是通过化石、标本等向人们介绍地球和各种生物的演化历史。第二代博物馆属于工业技术博物馆，它所展示的是工业文明带来的各种阶段性结果。这两代博物馆虽然起到了传播科学知识的作用，但是，它们把参观者当成了被动的旁观者。 世界上第三代博物馆是充满全新理念的博物馆。在这里，观众可以自己去动手操作，自己细心体察。这样，他们可以更贴近先进的科学技术，去探索科学技术的奥妙。 中国科技馆正是这样的博物馆。它汲取了国际上一些著名博物馆的长处，设计制作了力学、光学、电学、热学、声学、生物学等展品，展示了科学的原理和先进的科技成果。 The first generation museums of sciences are those devoted to natural history, which show through fossils and specimens the evolutionary changes of the earth and organisms. Those of the second generation are museums of industrial technology exhibiting achievements made in various periods of the industrial age. These two types of museums, while functioning as disseminators of scientific knowledge, treat their visitors as mere viewers. Science museums of the third generation are entirely different from their predecessors. They stress visitor participation, encouraging those interested to make detailed study of the exhibits on their own by trying their hands on them. The experience so gained will enable them to understand advanced technologies better and help them in their quest for what is still unknown in science （陶文好李孚声，《2000年英语专业八级汉译英词汇误译心理认知分析》，《上海科技翻译》，2001年第1期第36-41页） 2.2001年试题 乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。 晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说：“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。” 译文 1 In his later years (Late in his life), Qiao Yu has become enamored of fishing (developed a penchant / special fondness for fishing). He asserts: “Mostly speaking, a place with water and fish must necessarily be blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood. I believe that the optimum fishing places are not those commercial fishing centers which provide the fishermen with all the conveniences and where fish are kept hungry for ready capture, but those naturally-formed places in the wilderness w hich exert a special appeal.” According to him, fishing can constitute an activity conducive to the cultivation of one’s

中考英语阅读理解(附带解析和全文翻译)之十五

Last Friday a storm swept through two villages in the New Territories, destroying (摧毁) fourteen homes. Seven others were so badly damaged (破坏) that their owners had to leave them, and fifteen others had broken windows or broken roofs. One person was killed, several were badly hurt and taken to hospital, and a number of other people received smaller hurt. Altogether over two hundred people were homeless after the storm. A farmer, Mr. Tan, said that the storm began early in the morning and lasted for over an hour. “I was eating with my wife and children,” he said, “When we heard a loud noise. A few minutes later our house fell down on top of us. We tried our best to climb out but then I saw that one of my children was missing. I went back inside and found him, safe but very frightened.” Mrs. Woo Mei Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she felt that her house was moving. She ran outside at once with her children. “There was no time to take anything,” she said, “A few minutes later, the roof came down.” Soldiers helped to take people out of the flooded (水淹的) area and the welfare department (福利机构) brought them food, clothes and shelter. 1. How many homes altogether (总共) were damaged in the storm? A. Fourteen B. Twenty-one C. Twenty-nine D. Thirty-six 选D。根据第一段出现的三个数字14，7，15即可知D为正确答案。 2. Where was Mr. Tan when the storm first began? A. He was in bed. B. He was inside the house. C. He was outside the house. D. He was on the roof. 选B。根据“I was eating with my wife and children.”可排除A和D，由下文可知C也不合题意。 3. Mrs. Woo and her family didn’t get hurt because _________. A. her husband knew there would be a storm B. they were all outside the house when the storm became worse C. she felt the house was moving

专八历年翻译

英语专业八级考试翻译历年真题汇总 1998年E-C: I agree to some extent with my imaginary English reader. American literary historians are perhaps prone to view their own national scene too narrowly, mistaking prominence for uniqueness. They do over-phrase their own literature, or certainly its minor figures. And Americans do swing from aggressive over phrase of their literature to an equally unfortunate, imitative deference. But then, the English themselves are somewhat insular in their literary appraisals. Moreover, in fields where they are not pre-eminent — e. g. in painting and music —they too alternate between boasting of native products and copying those of the Continent. How many English paintings try to look as though they were done in Paris; how many times have we read in articles that they really represent an “English tradition” after all. To speak of American literature, then, is not to assert(断言、声称)that it is completely unlike that of Europe. Broadly speaking, America and Europe have kept step(同步). At any given moment(在任何时候) the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same styles in dress, the same books on the shelves. Ideas have crossed the Atlantic as freely as men and merchandise, though sometimes more slowly. When I refer to American habit, thoughts, etc., I intend some sort of qualification(限制、限定、资格) to precede(领先、超前) the word, for frequently the difference between America and Europe (especially England) will be one of degree(唯一只是在程度上), sometimes only of a small degree. The amount of divergence(分歧、差异) is a subtle (微妙的)affair, liable(有可能的) to perplex the Englishman when he looks at America. He is looking at a country which in important senses (重要的感觉)grew out of his own, which in several ways still resembles his own — and which is yet a foreign country. There are odd overlappings and abrupt unfamiliarities; kinship(亲缘关系) yields to a sudden alienation(疏远关系), as when we hail(打招呼) a person across the street, only to discover from his blank(没有表情的) response that we have mistaken a stranger for a friend. 参考译文(翻译第二段)： 因此，我们在说“美国”文学，并不表明我们认为美国文学与欧洲文学截然不同。一般来说，美国和欧洲一直在同步发展。无论何时，旅游者在两地都能看到同一式的建筑，见到

2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc

2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻译.doc

Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth sai d in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deli berately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She a dds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”

十年专八翻译真题附答案

2013汉译英 生活像一杯红酒，热爱生活的人会从中品出无穷的美妙。Life is like a cup of wine；people who love it discover inexhaustible wonders from it. 将它握在手中观察，它的暗红有血的感觉，那正是生命的痕迹。Hold in the hand and gaze at it，the dark red color is reminiscent of the blood，which is the impress of life.抿一口留在口中回味，它的甘甜有一丝苦涩，如人生一般复杂迷离。Take a sip of it and appreciate the taste，the bittersweet flavor is exactly the same with life，which is complicated and blurred. 喝一口下肚，余香润人心肺，让人终受益。Once the sip is swallowed，the lingering fragrance pleases the heart and refreshes the mind，leaving a person lifelong benefit. 红酒越陈越美味，生活越丰富越美好。There was a remarkable resemblance between life and wine：the taste becomes more delicious as the wine mellows，just as life gets better as it becomes more abundant. 当人生走向晚年，就如一瓶待开封的好酒，其色彩是沉静的，味道中充满慷慨于智慧。 When life comes to twilight years，it looks calm and tastes full of wisdom and generosity，just like a bottle of wine to be savored. 英译汉 联合国代表大会，中心政治论坛，由193个成员国组成，几乎包括世界上所有国家，其中三分之二的国家为发展中国家，占世界总人口的四分之三。通过决议非常困难，尤其是所有惯例决出的协议必须达成一致才能通过。结果就是，重要的协议总是被狭隘的特殊利益所挟持，并且大部分协议都只是用来使自己的利益最大化。但真正的问题是世界上主要国.是否愿意看到民主最大限度地开展。联合国安理会，负责和平和安全，处理最重要的政治问题。安理会只有15个成员国，所以能经常性地应付危机。它曾一度由于冷战对立而停摆，但已经重新获得了联合国宪章给予的权利。 2012汉译英 痛苦纠聚心中，眉心发烫发热，胸口郁闷难展，胃里一股气冲喉而上。院长说这孩子发育迟缓时，她更是心头无绪。她在孩子所待的房里来回踱步，这房里还有其他小孩。整个房间只有一扇窗，窗外树影婆娑。就让孩子留下来吧，这里有善心的神父和修女，这里将来会扩充为有医疗作用的看护中心，这是留住孩子最好的地方。这孩子是她的秘密，她将秘密留在这树林掩映的建筑里。 Tortured by the pains gathering in her heart, she felt something was burning between her eyebrows. Her chest was brimmed with depression which was likely to run out of her throat at any moment. She could not think clearly any longer when the headmaster told her that the child suffered from developmental retardation. She strode up and down in the room where her child stayed with other pals. There was only one window in the room, out of which some shady trees were whispering. ―Just leave it here‖, she told herself, ―This is the best choice by far, for there are kind priests and nuns in this place which may also be renovated into a Medicare center‖. The chi ld was her secret which would be kept in the buildings behind the woods. 英译汉But such policies seem instead to have created the conditions for even more campus violence. Some college students who previously drank in bars and lounges under the watchful supervision of bouncers(夜总会，就把等保安人员)（not to mention owners eager to keep their liquor licenses）now retreat to the sanctuary of their fraternity houses and apartments, where they no longer control their behavior their drinking. The boomerang effect has also played a role in attempts to reduce the availability of illicit drugs. During recent years, the federal government has been quite successful in reducing the supply of street drugs. As fields are burned and contraband(违禁品) confiscated, the price of street drugs has skyrocketed to a point where cheap alternatives have begun to compete in the marketplace. Unfortunately, the cheap alternatives are even more harmful than the illicit drugs they replace. 然而上述政策反而引发了更多的校园暴力。一些大学生先前在夜总会的酒吧买醉，处于保安人员严密的监控之下(酒吧老板们为了保住自己卖酒的牌照也不会允许过激的事情发生)。现在，大学生们躲到他们互助会会所和公寓中酗酒,对自己饮酒的 数量或行为都不再控制。政府在打击非法毒品方面采取的措施同样适得其反。近年来,联邦政府已经有效地抑制了街头毒品买卖。警方捣毁了很多毒品种植地，没收了违禁品，导致毒品的价格暴涨，那些便宜的替代品因此也有了竞争力。糟糕的是，那些便宜的替换品带来的危害甚至比他们所替代的毒品更大。 2011：汉译英原文现代社会无论价值观的持有还是生活方式的选择都充满了矛盾。而最让现代人感到尴尬的是，面对重重矛