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中考英语词汇语法总汇

中考英语词汇语法总汇
中考英语词汇语法总汇

非谓语动词

概述:英语中有三种非谓语动词形式,即动词不定式(to do)、动词-ing和过去分词-ed。

动词不定式

动词不定式是由不定式符号to后接动词原形构成,也有个别情况不带to,只用动词原形。不定式可以行使名词、形容词和副词的功能。

一、不定式充当的句子成分

1.做主语:To dance is a lot of fun. = It is a lot of fun to dance. 跳舞非常有趣。

2.做宾语:You must learn to forgive. 必须学会原谅他人。

3.做表语:To choose time is to save time.

4.做宾补:She asked me to speak more loudly.

5.做状语:

(1) 表目的:I went to the park to breathe the fresh air. 我去公园(为了)呼吸新鲜空气。

(2) 表原因:I am sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉给你添麻烦。

6.做后置定语:

There is no time to lose. 时间不可拖延。

Give me something hot to drink. 给我一些热的东西喝。

注意:

不及物动词后面的介词:They have a lot of things to talk about.

He is looking for a room to live in.

二、不定式的几个主要句型

1.Ask / tell sb. (not) to do sth.

I asked him to open the window. (= I said to him, “Open the window.”)

不定式的否定式:not+不定式:

My father told me not to be late. (= My father said to me, “Don’t be late.”)

2.疑问词+不定式

不定式与疑问词连用,构成不定式短语,在句子中担当主语、宾语、表语等。

What to do is a big problem.

I know how to solve the problem.

Can you tell me which way to go?

3.省去to的不定式

(1) 感官动词之后作宾语补足语。表示动作的全部过程

Every bird loves to hear himself sing. 每只鸟都喜欢听自己鸣唱。

(2) 使役动词之后作宾语补足语:相关的使役动词为let, make和have

The boss made them work the whole night. 老板迫使他们工作了一整夜。

注意:被动语态中,to不能省略。

They were made to work the whole night.

4.Too…to… / enough to…

Life is too short to worry about everything. 人生短促,不能事事忧心。

No one is rich enough to buy back his past. 再富有也买不回自己的过去。

5.It is (was) +形容词+ of (for) sb. to…

It was hard for him to say goodbye. 对他来说,道声再见是很难的。

It was clever of him to say goodbye. 对他来说,(在那种时刻)说声再见是最明智不过了。

注意:用of还是for:

It is kind of you to help me. = You are very kind to help me.

动词-ing

●动词-ing是非谓语动词中的一种,它由动词原形加-ing构成。

●在句子中,可以担当出了位于外的任何成分,即:主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和宾

语补足语。

●动词-ing形式仍具有动词的若干特点,所以它又可以有自己的宾语和状语等。

一、动词-ing充当的句子成分

1.做主语:

“Being a princess isn’t all it’s cracked up to be.”(Princeess Diana, Pricess of Wales of Britain) 当王妃不向人们想象中那么美好。

It is no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶已洒,哭也无用。

2.做宾语:

Know your limits, but never stop trying to exceed them. (动词宾语)

清楚自己的极限,但不要停止超越极限的努力。

The thrill of this moment keeps me from saying what I really feel. (介词宾语)

这一刻我无法平静下来,也无法表达我内心的感激。——Grace Kelly, Best Actress, 1955,领奖致词

3.做表语:

Courage is doing what you’re afraid to do. 勇气就是去做自己害怕去做的事情。

Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum. 人生是画一幅图画,而不是做一道算术题。

4.做定语:

dining hall餐厅racing car 赛车chewing gun口香糖

Failure is a learning experience. 失败是一种学习经历。

5.做宾语补足语:

A teacher entered the classroom and noticed a girl student sitting near the door with her feet

in the aisle and chewing gum. “Ethel,” exclaimed the teacher, “take that gum out of your mouth and put your feet in.”一位老师走进教室后,发现有位女生坐在门边,脚伸到过道里,嘴里还嚼着口香糖。这位老师就大声喊道:“埃塞尔,把口香糖从嘴里吐出来,把你的脚放进去!”

比较:

In the park you often see people do shadowboxing. 在公园,你常能见到人们在打太极拳。

I saw him doing shadowboxing when I came in. 我进来时,看见他正在打太极拳。

6.做状语:

(1)做时间状语:

Keep objective when associating. 为人处世要保持客观。

(2)做原因状语:

Those who take the long view are patient with difficulties, knowing that time often makes the impossible possible. 目光长远的人对困难泰然处之,因为他们知道时间往往使不可能的事情成为可能。

(3)做让步状语:

Although working from morning till night, he didn’t get enough food. 虽然他从早到晚拼命干,但还是挣不够吃的。

(4)做伴随状语:

With more than 3 million hardcover copies sold in its first two years of publication, “Who Moved My Cheese?”has become an amazing best-seller, topping the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Business Week and USA Today lists.

(5)做方式状语:

Lincoln once began a letter saying, “Everybody likes a compliment.”林肯曾经在一封信的开头这样写道:“每个人都喜欢称赞之辞。”

(6)做结果状语:

The film “The Gua Sha Treatment” exposes profound cultural conflicts between the East and West, arousing concerns in Chinese audiences. 影片《刮痧》深刻揭示了东西方文化的差异,引起中国观众的强烈反响。

过去分词

●过去分词也是非谓语动词之一。规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成,不规则动

词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则,需要逐一记忆。

●过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,它在句子中可担任表语、定语、宾语补足语和

状语,不能做谓语。

●过去分词保留一部分动词性质,可以带自己的状语和宾语。

一、过去分词充当的句子成分

1.做表语:

One can go a long way after one is tired. 一个人在疲惫之后仍可以走很长的路程。

2.做定语:

The used key is always bright. 常用的钥匙不长锈。

A book is like a garden carried in the pocket. 书是随时携带的花园。

3.做宾补:

Yesterday I had my leg broken. 昨天我的腿骨折了。

4.做状语:

(1)做时间状语:

When tempted to do anything in secret, ask yourself if you would do it in public. 当受到诱惑去做任何秘密的事情时要自问,这件事自己是否愿意公开去做。

(2)做原因状语:

Shocked at what he had heard, he placed both his hands on his mouth. 对听到的事情感到震惊,他用双手捂住嘴。

(3)做条件状语:

The smallest task, well done, becomes a miracle of achievement. 最微不足道的事情,如果做好,也会成为奇迹般的成就。

(4)做让步状语:

Even though defeated again, the scientist didn’t give up. 即使又失败了,可科学家并没有放弃。

(5)做伴随状语:

With more than 3 million hardcover copies sold in its first two years of publication, “Who Moved My Cheese?” has become an amazing best-seller, topping the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Business Week and USA Today lists.

(6)做方式状语:

Seen from a spaceship, the earth looks like a blue green white ball. 从飞船上看,地球像一个蓝、绿、白色的大球。

被动语态

●语态是动词的一种形式,用以说明句中主语和谓语动词的关系。如果主语是动作的执行

者,使用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,使用被动语态。

●因为在被动语态中,主语相当于谓语动词的逻辑宾语,所以只有及物动词动词可以用被

动语态,而不及物动词不能使用被动语态。

动词时态

一、形式

被动语态的句子是以“be动词+过去分词”的形式来表达,如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时,句子后面需接by~,译为“被(由)……”

二、主动态动词变成被动态

1. 把原句中的宾语变为主语;

2. 动词改为被动形式,即be+过去分词;

3. 原来的主语,如果需要的话放在by后面以指明做事的人或物。如果没有必要,可以省略。主动句:The hunter killed a tiger. 猎人打死一只老虎。

主语谓语宾语

被动句:A tiger was killed by the hunter. 一只老虎被打死。

宾语变主语be动词+过去分词

三、各种时态的被动语态

四、被动态用于以下各种情况

1.动作的施动者不明确或不必指明:

Colonel Sanders was refused 1,009 times before he heard his first yes.

山德士上校被拒绝了1009次才听到第一声同意。

If you command wisely, you’ll be obeyed cheerfully. 指挥有方,则手下乐从。

2.为了突出动作受动者,使用被动语态:

A liar is not believed when he tells the truth. 撒谎的人讲真理也没有人相信他。

3.使用被动语态可避免说出别扭的句子,避免改换主语:

When he arrived home a detective arrested him.他回到家时,一名侦探逮捕了他。

最好表示为:

When he arrived home he was arrested(by a detective).他回到家就被(一名侦探)逮捕了。

宾语从句

在复合句中做主句的宾语,连接宾语从句的连词有that, whether, if

1. 陈述句:用that引导,口语中that可以省略

I believe (that) love is the greatest thing in the world.

2. 一般疑问句:if, whether连接,语序要变为陈述句语序

Attitude determines whether (if) people are successful and able to enjoy life.

态度决定人们是否成功,能否享受生活。

3. 特殊疑问句,保留原来的疑问词,语序变为陈述句

You don’t get to choose how you are going to die, or when. You can only decide how you are going to live now. 你无法选择死亡的方式和时间,你只能决定现在怎样生活。

注意:时态的一致:

I know he lives here. 我知道他住在这儿。

I know he lived here ten years ago. 我知道他十年前住在这儿。

但是:

He said he lived here. 他说他住在这儿。

He said he had lived here ten year ago. 他说他十年前住在这儿。

定语从句

所谓定语从句,即在句中用一个完整的句子来充当定语,在功能上相当于一个形容词,修饰前面的名词(短语)或代词。

一、引言

看一个例句:将下列两个简单句合并成一个定语从句

The girl is my girlfriend. She is dancing with that boy.

The girl who is dancing with that boy is my girlfriend.

1. 先行词:被关系词所指代(如用who指代the girl)、并且被定语从句所修饰或限制的对

象称为先行词,上句中,the girl即为先行词。

2. 关系词:重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用,并且在定语从句中充当一定成分

的连词。上句中的who即为关系词。因此关系词有两个作用:

1)连词作用:将定语从句与句子的其余部分连接起来。

2)代词作用:用来重复指代其前面的先行词,且在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。二、关系代词的用法:

先行词指人:who, whom;

先行词指物:which;

先行词指人或物均可:that, whose。

(一)先行词指人,用关系代词who或whom

He who is not handsome at twenty, nor strong at thirty, nor rich at forth, nor wise at fifty, will never be handsome, strong, rich, or wise. 一个人若20岁不俊美、30岁不健康、40岁不富有、50岁不明智,那么他将永远不会拥有这些。

The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only one page. 世界犹如一本书,而那些从不出门旅行的人仅仅读了这本书的一页。

1.Who在定语从句中可做主语、宾语或表语,但who之前不可用介词(如不说to who, 而是to whom):

I’m talking about friends who you can share almost everything with.

我说的是那些可以分享一切的朋友。

I’m talking about friends with whom you can share almost everything.

2.Whom在定语从句中不能作主语,只能做宾语或表语:

A rich person is not one who has the most, but is one who needs the least.(不用…one whom has…)一个富有的人,不是因为他拥有最多,而是因为他需要最少。

(二)表示人或物的所有关系,用whose

1.Whose后面必须接名词,不单独使用;

2.Whose可以指人也可以指物;

3.“Whose +名词”在从句中可以做主语、动词宾语或介词宾语。

When I looked through the window, I saw a girl whose beauty took my breath away. (做主语,whose指人,a girl)

Personality is an inner force, whose existence functions directly, needing no help of any means. 人格是一种内在的力量,其存在直接发挥作用,无需借助于任何手段。(做主语,whose指事物inner force)

(三)先行词指物,用关系代词which

通常用来指物,可引导限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句。在从句中做主语或宾语。1.Which可以指代单个名词:

Love is the master key which opens the gate of happiness. 爱是开启幸福的万能钥匙。

That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit. 好书使人开卷有所求,闭卷有所获。

2.Which可以指代一个短语:

He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise.

3.Which可以指代整个句子:

My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys, which really drives me crazy.

(四)That做关系代词:

1.That即可指人,也可指物;

2.That不用在非限制性定语从句中;

3.That不能用于介词后面。

The world in which we live is made up of matter.

The world that / which we live in is made up of matter.

(五)在从句中做宾语的关系代词可以省去

who, whom, which, that都可在句子中做宾语,做宾语时,可以省去这些关系代词。

I like people who I work with. = I like people I work with.

状语从句

在复合句中,修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词。

1. 时间状语从句

引导的连词有when, while, till, until, since, after, before, as soon as

Your candle loses nothing when it lights another.

当点亮另一盏蜡烛时,你自己的蜡烛并没有失去什么。

Don’t count your chickens before they are hatched.

蛋被孵化前不要数小鸡。(意即不要指望太早。)

As soon as I saw I was going the wrong way, I would turn around and change my direction.

一旦看到自己走错了路,我就会转身改变方向。

2. 原因状语从句

引导的连词有because, as

People are lonely because they build walls instead of bridges.

人们孤独是因为他们建造壁垒而不是桥梁。

She was quiet for a few moments, as she thought of what she had just heard.

她沉默了一会儿,因为她在思考刚才听到的话。

3. 条件状语从句

以if为引导词

A college student in a philosophy class was taking his first examination. On the paper there was a single line which simply said: "Is this a question?" A student wrote: "If that is a question, then this is an answer." The students received an "A" on the exam.

4. 让步状语从句

引导的连词有though, although

Though most people are able to hear, fewer are capable of really listening.

尽管大多数人能够用耳朵听,但很少有人能够真正去倾听。

5. 目的状语从句

引导连词有that, so that…, in order that

Men are born with two eyes but with one tongue in order that they should see twice as much as they say. 人生来有两只眼睛,但只有一个舌头,为的是看见的东西是说的两倍。

6. 结果状语从句

引导连词有that, so… that…, such… that…

The secret is so simple that everyone understands it. 秘诀很简单,以至于每个人都理解。

The cloud stood humbly in a corner of the sky.

The morning crowned it with splendor.

白云谦逊地站在天之一隅。

晨光给它戴上霞彩。

——泰戈尔

词汇与语法

Word List (单词表) message n. 要旨,要点 tricky adj. (工作、问题等)微妙的,棘手的;(人)狡猾的beginning n. 开始;起初 semester n. (尤指美国大专院校的)学期m cover v. 处理 duty n. 任务 management n. 管理 number one adj. 最重要的;头号的 seriously adv. 真心地,当真地;认真地,严肃地 once conj. 一旦……(就……) weekly adj. 每周一次的 follow v. 遵照;沿用 following adj. 紧接着的 realistic adj. 现实可行的 essay n. 作文;短文 quiz n. 考查;测验 upset v. 打乱(计划等);打翻 ability n. 能力;才智

grade n. (考试或作业的)分数 achieve v. 获得 flexible adj. 灵活的 re-plan v. 重新计划 basis n. 基础;根据 project n. 课题;科研项目 mid-term adj. 期中的 solid adj. 扎实的 schedule n. 计划表 alive adj. 起作用的;现存的;活着的assignment n. (指定的)作业 activity n. 活动 social adj. 社交的;交谊的 seem v. 似乎;好像 back adj. 以前的;过去的 Proper Names Elwood N. Chapman 埃尔伍德·N·查普曼(人名) Useful Expressions(常用短语)

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