学术英语写作总结
专业英语写作考点总结
Part ?Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing
1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose,
organization, style, flow and presentation.
（学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。
2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分
(1)description of a situation （描述情况）
(2)Identification of a problem （甄别问题）
(3)Description of a solution （描述解决方法）
(4)Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法）
3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格）
(1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词）
例：won’t改为will not
(2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定
形式）
例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用
多个词连用的表达法）
例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a
textbook or other instructional materials). （避免向读者说“你”）例：You can see the results in Table 1.
改为：The results can be seen in Table 1.
(5)Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in
others they are not. （使用直接引语时需谨慎）例：What can be done to lower costs?
改为：It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered.
或者We now need to consider how costs may be lowered.
(6)Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）
例：This model was developed by Krugman originally.
改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.
(7)Consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）
例：We need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8)Aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）
例：There are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising.
改为：Some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise.
习题：
（1）You can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes.
错误：使用了you。
改为：This model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）OK, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? There’re a lot of possibilities.
错误：使用了口语OK；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词There’re。
改为：Coffee prices have fallen for many reasons.
（3）You can see the difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway stations clearly.
错误：使用了you；将副词clearly放在了句尾。
改为：The difference between these two approaches to designing underground subway station can clearly be seen.
（4）Recent research has shown that the arms are used commonly for protection during a fall to the ground.
错误：将副词commonly放在了动词之后。
改为：Recent research has shown that the arms are commonly used for protection during a fall to the ground.
（5）So far, there hasn’t been any comprehensive study looking into the role of smiling in getting the initial trust of individuals.
错误：使用了So far；使用了there be 结构；使用了not...any结构；使用了非正式的looking into。
改为：To date, no comprehensive study has examined the role of smiling in gaining the initial trust of individual.
（6）There are some studies that have concluded that bamboo could be used by builders more widely than it is now as a construction material.
错误：使用了there be 结构；副词widely 位置放错。
改为：Some studies have concluded that bamboo could be more widely used
than it is now as a construction material.
（7）These special tax laws have been enacted in six states: Illinois, Iowa,Ohio,etc. 错误：使用了etc。
改为：These special tax laws have been enacted in six mid western states: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota.
（8）There isn’t very much research on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.
错误：使用了there be 结构；使用了not...very much。
改为：Little research has been done on the use of oil palm shell as coarse aggregate in the production of concrete.
Chapter 2 Two Underlying Structures in Academic Writing
（专业写作的两个基本结构）
1、Two underlying structures in academic writing：（专业写作的两个基本结构）
(1) general-specific structure （泛论-特指(GS)结构）
(2) problem-process-solution structure （问题-过程-解决方法）2、GS texts usually begin with one of the following:
（GS文本通常以下列一种形式开始）
(1)A short or extended definition （简短或拓展定义）
(2)A contrastive or comparative definition （对比或比较定义）
(3)A generalization or purpose statement （一般化或目标性陈述）
(4)A statement of fact. （事实陈述）
3、Super ordinate-category word：technique, method, process, device, and system. （超级坐标词）
4、Deletions（删除）：在下列情况下，你可以减少限制性关系代词
A. 定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语
B. 定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息
C. 定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息
例题：p23
(1). metal that is often used —> metal often used
(2). device that is capable of —> device capable of
(3). roof which is on top of —> roof on top of
(4). precipitation which results from —> precipitation resulting from
(5). This sentence cannot be reduced.
(6). flute that is pitched an octave higher ---> flute pitched an octave
higher
(7). a process that involves the selective transport—> a process
involving the selective transport
(8). a celestial body which has approximately the same mass —> a
celestial body with approximately the same mass
5、考题类型：句子排序例题：P27
6、Comparative Definitions（对比性定义）
（1）比较定义基本上有两类：
1) 呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的这样一种史实陈述。
2) 呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概念所做的一个全面性的评述。
7、Participle（分词）
例题：P39
（1）The oil is skimmed from the surface by using a boom and then pumped into a tank for recycling.
（2）After being harvested, the grapes are crushed to release the pulp and seed and then fermented for three weeks.
（3）First, the glass is cut to size and inspected to determine if it has any imperfections. It is then heated to over 600o C and cooled in a step known as quenching.
8、词和词型的变换P23-P25
Chapter 3 Data Commentary（数据信息解读）
1、In many disciplines the data is displayed in a table, graph, figure, or some other
kind of non-verbal illustration.（在许多学科中，数据信息都是以图表、图形、数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。）
2、Structure of Data Commentary（数据信息解读的基本结构）
A、Location elements and/or summary statements.（定位要素和/或总结陈述）
B、Highlighting statements.（强调陈述内容）
C、Discussions of implications, problems, exceptions, recommendations, etc.（对
内涵含义,问题,例外情况,推荐等的讨论）
3、Location elements and summaries.（定位要素和总结）
A、Starting a Data Commentary.（开始数据解读）
B、Passives in Starting a Data Commentary.（用在开始数据解读中的被动式）
C、Verbs in Indicative and Informatives Summaries.（用在陈述性和信息性总结
中的动词）
D、Language Focus:Linking as-Clause.（语言聚焦：连接词As引出的从句）
Chapter 4 Summary and Abstract Writing（总结与摘要写作）1、Principle Requirements for a good Summary（一份良好的任务总结具备四个主
要需求）
(1)It should be focused on the relevant aspects of the source text or texts and present
a comprehensive view of all the main points of the original.（它应聚焦于来源文
本的相关方面并能呈现对全部原始要点的综合性观点）
(2)It should present the source material in an accurate and objective fashion.（它应以
精确、客观的形式呈现来源材料）
(3)It should condense the source material and be presented in the summary writer’s
own words and avoid terminology.（它应凝缩来源材料并以总结写作者自己的文字呈现出来,而且要避免用专业术语）
(4)Provide an independently referential summary, and keep the length in control.（提
供完全独立的参阅性总结，并能控制其文章长度）
2、写作总结的基本步骤
(1)快速略读文本，脑中注意小标题。若无小标题，试将文本分成几部分。
(2)考虑清楚为什么给了你这个文本。确定你在处理哪种类型的文本,即:来
源文本类型
(3)读文本，标示重要的信息或者作笔记
(4)用你自己的词汇写下每一部分的要点。每一部分尽量写出一个一句话
的总结。
(5)对每一个主要题目，写下关键的佐证点，但必要时也要包括小的细节。
(6)再次仔细检查这个过程，做些适当的变动。
3、Basic Structure of Abstract Writing（摘要写作的基本结构）
（1）Topic sentence（主题句）
（2）Supporting Sentences（佐证句）
（3）Concluding Sentence（结论句）
4、P70-P72的例句，写作时会用得上。
5、Summary and Abstract 两个词要会写，以及知道两者的区别，其中summary
要分三段来写，abstract不分段。
Part II Basal English Writing （基础英语写作）Chapter 1 Punctuation（标点符号）
1、The comma（逗号）
2、The period（句号）
3、The semicolon（分号）
4、The colon（冒号）
5、The question mark（问号）
6、The quotation mark（引号）
7、The exclamation mark（感叹号）
8、The dash（破折号）
9、Italics and underlining（斜体字和下划线）
10、练习题：P96-97
11、本节所有的例句都要仔细看※
Chapter 2 Vocabulary（词汇）
1、Levels of diction : formal and informal, abstract（抽象）and concrete（具体）, and
general（笼统）and specific（特指）. It also includes how to appreciate the connotative（引申含义）as well as denotative（字面含义，本义）meanings of words.
2、English words can be categorized as（分为）formal, informal and colloquial（口
语的）.
3、练习题：1/P102
4、练习题：P109-P113
Chapter 3 English Sentence Writing（英语句子写作）
1、Types of sentences（句子的类型）P114
（1）According to structure （根据结构）
①simple sentences（简单句）
②compound sentences（并列句：a、逗号加并列连词b、分号，没有并列
连词c、分号，连接副词及其后加逗号）
③complex sentences（复合句：一个主句，一个或多个从句）
④compound-complex sentences（并列复合句）
（2）According to use（根据功能）
①declarative sentences （陈述句）
②interrogative sentences （疑问句）
③imperative sentences （祈使句）
④exclamatory sentences （感叹句）
（3）According to rhetoric （根据修辞）
①loose sentences （松散句，主体部分放在前面）
②periodic sentences （掉尾句，主体部分放在最后）※
③balanced sentences （平行句）
④long and short sentences （长、短句）
2、练习题（P121）
（1）He thought the painting was of little value. He let me have it for only ten pounds.(Compound)
改为：He thought the painting was of little value, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.（或者He thought the painting was of little value and he let
me have it for only ten pounds.）
（2）I always take my raincoat whenever I go out these days.(Periodic) 改为：Whenever I go out these days, I always take my raincoat.
（3）They were on holiday. Their house was broken into. Some valuable paintings were stolen.(Compound-complex)
改为：When they were on holiday, their house was broken into and some valuable paintings were stolen.
（4）The firemen fought for three hours. They finally managed to put out the fire.(Complex)
改为：After the firemen fought for three hours, they finally managed to put out the fire.
（5）Nobody in this world is quite perfect. We all have some faults.(Compound)
改为：Nobody in this world is quite perfect; we all have some faults.（或者Nobody in this world is quite perfect, for we all have some faults.）（6）The train is going to Dalian. The train leaves at 20:15. (Simple)
改为：The train to Dalian leaves at 20:15.
（7）In spite of the interruption, he was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over. (Loose)
改为：He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spite of the interruption.
（8）Many people choose travel by air. It is fast. It offers convenience. It is not very expensive. (Parallel Structure)
改为：Many people choose travel by air, because it is fast, convenient and not very expensive.
3、练习题P121
（1）履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。
译：A resume generally consists of personal information, educational background, employment history and past achievements.
（2）戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。
译：Diana is majoring in Chinese traditional medicine in Nanjing Medical University.
（3）请代我向你父母致以问候。
译：Please send my best regards to your parents.
（4）现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性，超越眼前的社会需求。
译：Modern college education should be far-sighted and able to see beyond the immediate needs of the society.
（5）这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗？
译：Is this bacterium responsible for the current epidemic?
（6）经常回顾昨天，你就会珍惜今天，向往明天。
译：Take a frequent and backward look at your yesterday, and you will value your today and look forward to your tomorrow.
（7）中国传统知识分子认为：穷则独善其身，达则兼济天下。
译：Traditional Chinese intellectuals hold that one should refine his personal virtue when in poverty, and help save the world when in success.
（8）就算我追求爱情，我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。
译：If I did hunt for love, I certainly wouldn’t bathe myself in the river of love all the time, neglecting my studies.
（9）学校倡导大学生改变就业观念，并鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西部大开发中去。
译：Universities promote a change in the concept of employment among the graduates, encourage them to give their talents and genius to the Western
Exploration.
4、Sentence Expansion （句子拓展）（各个位置的例句都要看）※
句子拓展的三种方法：addition（增添法），coordination（并列法），subordination（从属法）。重点题型，要会判断句子正误
（1）增添法：常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、代词等（adjectives, adverbs, numerals, nouns, noun phrases and pronouns）。修饰词通常在句中作定语或状语。
①添加形容词（addiong adjectives）
单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前，但修饰由any ,every, no
somebody, one 或thing构成的不定代词时，放在其后。
②添加副词（adding adverbs）
如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时，其位置应按一下顺序排列：
程度副词-----方式副词------地点副词--------时间副词。
③添加短语（Adding phrases）
短语有8种：名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语（分词短
语、动名词短语、不定式短语）、同位短语、限定性短语。（noun, verb,
prepositional; three kinds of verbal phrase(participial, gerund and infinitive),
appositive and absolute）
（2）并列法：包含三种方法
①Coordinating pronouns （并列连词）
②Conjunctive adverbs （使用连接副词）
③Semicolon （运用分号连接）
（3）从属法：
从句主要包括名词性从句（noun clause），状语从句（adverbial clause）和定语从句（attributive clause）。
名词性从句又分为主语从句（subject clause）、表语从句（predicative clause）、宾语从句（object clause）和同位语从句（appositive clause）。
①常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。
5、几种短语拓展法：
（1）介词短语进行拓展（expanding with prepositional phrases）
介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修饰词之后，做状语时位置比较灵活，可位于句首，也可位于句中或句尾，有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分隔开。
（2）不定式短语进行拓展（expanding with infinitive phrases）
不定式短语做名词时，可做主语、表语、宾语；做形容词时，在句中作定语；
做副词时，可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。
（3）动名词短语进行拓展（expanding with gerund phrases）
动名词为动词-ing形式，名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动词性可以带宾语和状语。
（4）分词短语进行拓展（expanding with participial phrases）
分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。
6、effective sentences（有效句）
（1）Effective sentences have some or all of the following qualities : unity（一致性）, coherence（连贯性）, conciseness（简洁性）, emphasis（强调性）, and variety （多样性）.
（2）此节中的每个例子都要认真看。※
7、练习题：P142
（1）This composition is quite good as far as the use of language is concerned, but its content is poor.
改为：This composition is good in language but poor in content. （The language of this composition is quite good but its content is rather poor.）
（2）The young man is honest and hardworking, and is a very reliable worker.
改为：The young man is an honest, hardworking and reliable worder.（The young worker is honest, hardworking and reliable.）
（3）Dufu was one of the best-known poets.
改为：Dufu was one of the best-known poets in Tang Dynasty.
（4）A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.
改为：A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.（A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.）
（5）We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.
改为：We thought she was charming, intelligent and capable.
（6）To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.
改为：To get ready for the trip, she put all the things he needed into a suitcase.
（7）Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper.
改为：Those who wish to take linguistics are expected to sign their name on this sheet of paper.
（8）When one thies hard enough, you can do almost anything.
改为：When one thies hard enough, he can do almost anything.
（9）For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoyed every minute of it. 改为：For years I have been attending summer camp and enjoying every minute of it. （10）When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because
I studied very hard.
改为：When I saw the grade on my report card, I was terribly disappointed , because
I had studied very hard.
（11）If I were rich and she was single, Iwould marry her.
改为：If I were rich and she wrer single, Iwould marry her.
（12）They insisted that the money be collected and that a receipt be given in teturn.
此句正确。
8、练习题P142
（1）Tom and his sweetheart married in the early part of the month of October.
改为：Tom and his sweetheart married in early October.
（2）In 1979, there was a strike participated in by five thousand union workers.
改为：In 1979, five thousand unions participated in the strike.
（3）The cause of the flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.
改为：The flood was due to heavy rain in late spring.
（4）There are a number of students from our institute who are planning to join the expedition.
改为：A number of students are planning to join the expedition.
（5）What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he is a very honest man.
改为：In my opinion he is a very honest man.
（6）I came to this institute because of many factors, but most of all of the fact that I want to be an interpreter.
改为：I came to this institute because I want to be an interpreter.
（7）These watermelons are large in size and sweet in taste.
改为：These watermelons are large and sweet.
（8）At the present time I am taking the course of World History and in addition a course in Geography too.
改为：At present I am taking World History and Geography.
（9）We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.
改为：We planned to meet before sunrise.
（10）His attitude was of a puzzling nature.
改为：His attitude was puzzling.
9、练习题：P143
（1）He was selfless, hardwording and modest; that’s why he became a great scientest.
改为：He became a great scientist because he was modest, selfless, and hardworking.
（2）As a clerk, John was honest, efficient and well-dressed.
改为：John was a well-dressed, honest, and efficient clerk.
（3）Jane walked out of his life, bursting into tears as she left the room.
改为：As she left the room, Jane, bursting into tears, walked out of his life. （4）China has changed a great deal as a result of reform and the open policy duting the past 14 years.
改为：As a result of the reform and the open policy during the past 14 years, China has changed a great deal.
（5）Huang, the famous writer, was among his neighbors.
改为：Huang, who was among his neighbors, was a famous writer.
（6）Social position, reputation, even life itself, and friends,were no longer interesting to him after he went bankrupt.
改为：After he went bankrupt, friends, social position, reputation, even life itself were no longer interesting to him.
10、常见的语法错误：P143 书中每个正确的句子都要看※
（1）Misused parts of speech（用错词性）；
（2）Sentence fragments（残缺句）；
（3）Run-on sentences（流水句）；
（4）Misplaced modifiers & dangling modifiers（误置修饰与悬虚结构）；
（5）Problem in agreement and reference（一致与指代问题）。
11、练习题P146 修改残缺句
（1）After returning from the beach. The children were exhausted.
改为：After returning from the beach, the children were exhausted.
（2）John neglecting his duties and spending time on independent research.
改为：John neglected his duties and spent time on independent research.
（3）Karen dropped calculus. Which she had dropped severall times before.
改为：Karen dropped calculus, which she had dropped severall times before. （4）Working together to save our environment. We can leave the world a better place than wo found it.
改为：Working together to save our environment, we can leave the world a better place than wo found it.
（5）Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man. Proving that she is an honest person.
改为：Ellen returned the lost wallet to the man, which proved that she is an honest person.
（6）Some errors in writing are serious. For example, sentence fragments, and run-on sentences.
改为：Some errors in writing are serious, for example, sentence fragments, and run-on sentences.
12、练习题P147 修改流水句
（1）Some people say they care for the environment while they litter cigarette buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.
改为：Some people say they care for the environment, yet they litter cigarette buts or fruit skins just about anywhere they happen to be.
（2）Lili is not worried about paying for her college education, she has just received
a full scholarship.
改为：Lili is not worried about paying for her college education because she has just received a full scholarship.
（3）We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening then we went home.
改为：We finished the work by nine o’clock in the evening and then we went home.
（4）At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door, I could not take my usual nap.
改为：At high noon a big and noisy party was going on next door; I could not take my usual nap.
13、练习题P147 改正句子
（1）The robber was a six-foot-man with a mustache weighing 150 pounds.
改为：The robber weighing 150 pounds was a six-foot-man with a mustache. （2）He sold the old car to the man with leather seats.
改为：He sold the old car with leather seats to the man.
（3）Tom bought an old car from a crooked dealer with a faulty transmission.
改为：Tom bought an old car with a faulty transmission from a crooked dealer. （4）Unconcerned about his own life, the little girl drowning in the icy river was saved by a passer-by.
改为：Unconcerned about his own life, a passer-by saved the little girl drowning in the icy river.
（5）The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to her owner.
改为：The puppy that Mary’s dad picked up in the woods was returned to his owner.
（6）I was shocked to see a T-shirt in that fancy dress store which had a price tag of $2000.
改为：I was shocked to see in that fancy dress store a T-shirt which had a price tag of $2000.
（7）She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open thier hearts completely to her.
改为：She felt she should have known that neither Margie nor Tim would open his heart completely to her.
（8）One of the computers placed in the center of the office have internet access.
改为：One of the computers placed in the center of the office has internet access.
（9）The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, are enthusiastic about my proposal.
改为：The directer, along with all the other members on the committee, is enthusiastic about my proposal.
（10）The applicant’s list of credentials are rather long.
改为：The applicant’s list of credentials is rather long.
Chapter 4 English Paragraph Writing（英语段落写作）
1、Paragraph Structure （段落结构）
（1）主题句（the topic sentence）具有三个重要功能：P149
①通过明确陈述讨论中的一个要点进一步证明全文中心思想。
②显示段落内容。
③控制该段落内容。某一段中全部讨论——举例、细节列举以及解释都必
须与主题句直接相关并能进一步证明主题句。
（2）练习题： 1 / P151
2、Composing Effective Paragraphs（写作精彩段落）
精彩的正文段落应该围绕一个主题句展开：段落应该展开充分、前后统一而且衔接自然。具体地讲，一个很有说服力的正文段落必须满足四个要求。首先，该段落必须只讨论一个主体，即段中陈述和说明只能表现一个主题或内容的统一，主题思想通常用一个主题句表达；第二，它必须详细完整地写出有关一个论题读者需要了解的所有内容，即该段落语义必须完整；第三，段中句子排列必须表现出一定条理；第四，段中句子必须表现出连贯性：前后衔接自然，使读者能够轻易了解作者写作思路，而不是感到文中所阐述的观点相去甚远互不相关。
3、There are five important means of achieving coherence in your paragraphs:（写作连贯的段落有下列五种重要方法：）P160
（1）A natural or easily recognized order.（合理排序所有信息）
（2）Parallelism. （使用排比结构）
（3）Repetiton of key words and phrases , restatement and variation.（重复重述关键词和词组以及词的同义及词型转换）
（4）Substitution of pronouns for key nouns.（用代词替换主要名词）
（5）Transition words and phrases.（使用过渡词和词组）
4、合理排序P161 （P161-P167例子全看）
（1）general-to-specific order---deductive order （从一般到具体——演绎法）（2）Specific-to-general order---inductive order （从具体到一般——归纳法）（3）Emphativ order---order of importance （按照重要性排序）
（4）Spatial order---order of space （空间顺序）
（5）Chronological order---order of time （时间顺序）
考点：五种排序法的英文要会；要会进行排序
5、练习题：1/P180 3/P182（7-8-2-6-4-1-3-5）
Chapter 5 English Essay Writing（文章写作）
1、Structure of english essays （文章结构）
一篇文章是具有完美连贯性、联系紧密的有机整体。文章中的所有内容都是为中心思想服务的。主题句出现在引言或开头段（introductory paragraph）；然后是正文或主体段（body paragraph）；最后是结尾段（concluding paragraph），重述文章主题和中心，首尾呼应，总结全文。
2、列提纲（outline）※考点P199
（1）There are two types of outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline.
提纲分为两种形式：主题式提纲和句子式提纲。
（2）主题式提纲简洁明了，通常由名词及其修饰语组成，或由动名词短语、动词不定式短语组成；句子式提纲提供的是对文章较为详细的提要。
（3）下面以文章标题“骑自行车的乐趣”为例，列举两种不同的提纲：
①Topic outline:
Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure
Introduction: The commonness of tiding a bicycle
I. Relatively inexpensive
A.To buy
B.To operate
II. Healthy
A.A lot of exercise
B.No pollution
III. Personally satisfying
A.To enjoy the scenery
B.To become part of nature
IV. Conclusion:very pleasurable and helpful
②Sentence outline:
Thesis: Riding a Bicycle is of Great Pleasure
Introduction: Nowadays, it is very common for people to ride a bicycle.
I. Riding a bicycle is relatively inexpensive
A. It is relatively inexpensive to buy a bicycle.
B. It is relatively inexpensive to operate a bicycle.
II. Riding a bicycle is healthy.
A. Riding a bicycle can make us do a lot of exercise
B. Riding a bicycle causes no pollution.
III. Riding a bicycle is personally satisfying.
A. Riding a bicycle can help us enjoy the scenery.
B. Riding a bicycle can make us become part of nature.
IV. Conclusion: Riding a bicycle is very pleasurable and helpful.
3、There are four types of English essays: narration（记叙文），description（描写文），
expositon（说明文）and argumentation（议论文）。
英语写作期末试卷
Part I Multiple Choice(15%) Directions:There are 15 incomplete statements in this part. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best ONE to complete the statement. (1’x 15=15’) 1. According to the rules of writing a title, “__________” is correct. A. The Way To Improve Our English-Speaking Ability B. My View on the Negative Effects of Ads C. the Myth of a Negro Literature D. the war of Independence 2. Which of the following sentences has punctuation error? A. The alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. B. The alarm clock sounded; the students got up quick. C. The alarm clock sounded. The students got up quickly. D. When the alarm clock sounded, the students got up quickly. 3. __________ does not contain in the principles of “choice of words”. A. Accuracy B. Arbitrariness C. Appropriateness D. Conciseness 4. What kind of figures of speech(修辞格)is used in the sentence “This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see.”? A. Metaphor B. Personification C. Simile D. Hyperbole 5. During the TV interview, the singer announced that he was going to _____his new album soon. A.release B. renew C. relieve D. rehearse 6. Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, __________ to find it locked. A. only B. just C. hence D. thus 7. As I’ll be away for at least a year, I’d appreciate __________ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heard 8. An introductory paragraph should arouse the reader’s interest and __________ the main idea of the essay. A. ignore B. introduce C. develop D. emphasize 9. Which of the following sentences contains a dangling modifier? A. Coming up the hall, I heard the clock struck 10. B. While Wendy was driving on Greenwood Avenue yesterday afternoon, a tree began to fall toward her car. C. When I was ten, my grandfather died. D. None of the above. 10. Which one is not used as a transition word to give examples?
学术英语写作总结
专业英语写作考点总结 part ? academic english writing （专业英语写作）chapter 1 six considerations in academic writing 1、academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose, organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部 分 (1) description of a situation （描述情况） (2) identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3) description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4) evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、formal grammar style：（正规的语法风格） (1) generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2) use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为nonot...much改为little not...many改为few (3) limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限 制使用多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。 (4) avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”）例：you can see the results in table 1. 改为：the results can be seen in table 1. 改为： it is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者 we now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6) place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内）例：this model was developed by krugman originally. 改为：this model was originally developed by krugman. (7) consider whether you should split infinitives.（考虑是否该使用割裂不定式）例：we need to adequately meet the needs of those enrolled in the program. (8) aim for an efficient use of words. （目的是为了有效地使用词汇）例：there are some inorganic materials that can be used by bioengineers in the process of tissue engineering that have been shown to be very promising. 改为：some inorganic materials used in tissue engineering have shown great promise. 习题： （1）you can use this model to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. 错误：使用了you。 改为：this model can be used to analyze the effects of several parameter changes. （2）ok, what are the reasons that coffee prices have fallen? there’re a lot of possibilities. 错误：使用了口语ok；直接引语的使用；使用了缩略词there’re。
英语作文知识点总结
话题三：校园生活 be good for 有益于 develop one’s friendship 发展友谊 impress sb a lot 给某人留下深刻印象 it’s always shining inside my heart. 它总是在我的内心里闪耀 benefit a lot from 在---中受益匪浅 sth will last in my heart forever 某事将永存我心 unforgettable experience 难忘的经历 lifelong memory 一生的记忆 in one’s mind 在某人的脑海中 keep sth in one’s heart 将---用存心中 I will treasure it forever 我将永远珍惜 provide opportunities for sb 为---提供机会 cooperate with others 与人协助 gain knowledge through reading 通过阅读获得知识 open up one’s mind 拓展某人的思维 result from--- 源于--- scientific studying methods 科学的学习方法 spoken English 英语口语 on one’s own 独自，靠某人自己 turn out to be 结果证明是--- through this transformation 通过这次的转变 practice makes perfect 孰能生巧 keep on doing sth 坚持做某事 no matter how difficult it is 无论多么困难--- try my best to get over--- 尽力去克服--- No pains, no gains 一份耕耘，一份收获 make efforts to overcome--- 努力战胜--- the best way to do sth is 做某事最好的方法是--- set practical goals 设定切实可行的目标 strengthen ourselves both physically and mentally. 在身体上和精神上增强自己be good at sth 擅长某事 believe in yourself 相信自己 try your best to catch up 尽力赶上 make rapid progress 快速取得进步 as long as 只要 willing to make an effort 愿意付出努力 positive attitude 积极的态度 sth is the power that drives you to success 某事是驱使你成功的力量maintain a positive attitude 保持一个积极的态度 keep us feeling optimistic 让我们感到更加的乐观 话题八：个人观点、建议
学术英语写作总结分析解析
专业英语写作考点总结 Part ?Academic English Writing （专业英语写作）Chapter 1 Six Considerations in Academic Writing 1、Academic writing is a product of many consideration : audience, purpose and strategy ,organization, style, flow and presentation. （学术写作六要素：写作对象，目的，组织结构，文体特征，表达连贯和宣讲或宣读）。 2、Organization usually has the following four parts : 问题-解决方法包括四个部分 (1)description of a situation （描述情况） (2)Identification of a problem （甄别问题） (3)Description of a solution （描述解决方法） (4)Evaluation of the solution （评估解决方法） 3、Formal Grammar Style：（正规的语法风格） (1) Generally avoid contractions （一般来讲避免使用略缩词） 例：won’t改为will not (2)Use the more appropriate formal negative forms （使用更为适宜的正规的否定 形式） 例：not...any改为no not...much改为little not...many改为few (3)Limit the use of “run-on” expressions, such as and so forth and etc. （限制使用 多个词连用的表达法） 例：句子内不能出现and so forth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。(4)Avoid addressing the reader as you(except, of course, if you are writing a textbook or other instructional materials).（避免向读者说“你”） 例：You can see the results in Table 1. 改为：The results can be seen in Table 1. (5)Be careful about using direct questions. In some fields they are common, while in others they are not.（使用直接引语时需谨慎） 例：What can be done to lower costs? 改为：It is necessary to consider how costs may be lowered. 或者We now need to consider how costs may be lowered. (6)Place adverb within the verb. （将副词放于动词词组内） 例：This model was developed by Krugman originally. 改为：This model was originally developed by Krugman.
英语写作(一) 期末考试试题及参考答案
英语写作试题（一） I. Supply the missing paragraph (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words. Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. Attaining Success in College Succeeding in college is not only important to getting and education, but also crucial in this day and age to success in the work place. To me, the three most important things for attaining a successful college experience are having smart classroom conduct, taking advantage of campus resources, and making college the first priority. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Making good use of campus resources is also of great importance to college success. The school library has many resources for the growth of the students’ mind. With computers and copy-machines for individual use, computer labs and writing labs are there not just for learning purposes but also for actual help with writing papers. The “office hours” will help the students build a close relationship with their professors and give them access to the professors’ mind. From the professors the students can acquire possible extra information that may put them ahead of their study. All these resources are free, since they are funded by student tuitions. So taking good advantage of the resources can only make the students’ education more attainable. Finally, any students who want to assure success must establish school as the top priority. Personally I have watched some students slowly loosen up; I have seen a pattern of partying and a lack of motivation. Many of the freshmen have no idea why they are in college, and their “eyes” often tell it all. This world is so rich in distractions that it is hard to keep a strong focus, especially if one is just starting his or her academic career. It is said that the first semester is often the most “unsuccessful” one. This certainly rings true for me. I made mistakes in this regard and eventually learned that, to achieve success, school must always be placed above other things. In my college experience, I have observed and learned how to achieve success. I wish someone had told me earlier the importance of having that smart classroom conduct, of fully utilizing the school resources, and of making college my top priority. Then, my college beginnings would not have been so rocky and tough. II. Write an outline (20 points) Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it. Smell Smell, as a means of nonverbal communication, is important. Odor communicates not only when we are face to face with another person, but also when the other personis not present. People from different cultures may have different attitudes toward body odors. Most people in the West respond negatively to what they consider bad odors such as body odor, breath odor, or
英语写作总结
关于六级和考研作文 对于考研和六级的你们而言，作文只有一次，所以不要害怕自己用滥一些表达 方式。一下给大家的建议和词汇并非最难的，但是本人以为最实用的,如有遗漏 和不足，欢迎补充。 1.考前反复熟记框架，挑选5个单词和2个表达方式强制自己在文中使用 2.用上非谓语结构，以及经典的介词词组远远比从句更吸引人。太复杂的表达 不要用，容易错，也容易表意不明。（强调句不错，可以使用） 一．普通词替换 1．Remarkable（显著的，显赫的，替换significant） 2．Dramatically（戏剧性地，这个单词用的人很多了，可以不用） 3．Durable/enduring（持续的，恒久的，很实用的单词） 4．Overwhelming（常用语overwhelming majority<绝大多数>，或者表示“不可抵挡”） 5．Incredible/unbelievable（不可思议的，难以置信的，非常推荐使用这个形容词） 6．Tranquil（安静的，代替peaceful，高级词汇） 7．Simultaneously（同时地，代替meanwhile，很实用很推荐） 8．Fulfill（代替finish，还可以表示更高端的“实现”等意义） 9．Whereas（表转折，非常推荐，but的意思） 10．Witness（句子倒转使用，“见证了…”也可代替see，很推荐） 11．Sophisticated（复杂的，世故的） 12．Alarming（震惊的，一般表示数字，也可以用it really shocks me that…） 13．Decent/elegant/dignity（尊严，得体的，高雅的，高贵的类似意思） 14．Self系列（self-esteem, self-improvement等） 15．Manifold（多方面的，各种各样的，代替various） 16．Manifest（显示，体现出，代替indicate或show） 17．Affirm（断言，声称，还有assert和allege） 18．Prevailing（代替popular，流行的，还有epidemic不常用） 19．Endeavour（努力，很实用的单词，endeavor to do）
归纳总结英文范文
归纳总结英文范文 归纳总结英文 Unit 1 Where’s your pen pal from? 一、词组 be from= e form ... pen pal=pen friend 笔友 like and dislike 好恶;爱憎。 live in +地点在...居住 speak +语言讲某种语言 play sports 做体育运动a little French 一些法语go to the movies 去看电影 write to sb 给某人写信an action movie 一部动作片 on weekends 在周末 ___ sb about sth 告诉某人某事Excuse me 对不起，打扰 get to 到达、抵达。 二、句型 1、Where+be+主语+from? 主语+be+from+地点. 2、Where do/does+主语+live? 主语+live/lives in…
3、What language do/does +主语+speak? 主语 +speak/speaks…. 4、主语+like/likes+doing/to do… 5. What is your favorite subject/sport? My favorite subject/sport is… 6. It’s fun. 7. Is that your new pen pal? Yes, it is. Unit 2 Where’s the post office 一、词组 post office 邮局 pay phone 投币式公用电话 next to 在...隔壁 across from 在...对面 in front of 在...前面 between…and…在...和...之间 on a street 在街上
英语写作基础考试试
全国2003年10月高等教育自学考试 英语写作基础试卷 课程代码：00597 全部题目用英文作答。 I.重写句子(15 points,1.5points each) Revise the following sentences according to the requirement. Example: The history of English words in the history of our civilization in many ways.(periodic sentence) In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization. 1.I like roller-skating. I like ice-skating better.(compound sentence) 2.If you sit by the window facing the sun on a sunny winter day, you may feel nice and warm.(loose sentence) 3.Mary put the steak on the grill. The charcoal was burning evenly.(complex sentence) 4.His valuable papers were destroyed in the fire. Tom called the insurance company.(complex sentence) 5.I asked my friend if we should tip the driver when the bus tour ended.(periodic sentence) 6.Your uncle married my aunt. He is rich. She is poor.(simple sentence) 7.Jerry is smart. He should be able to handle eighteen credits this semester.(compound sentence) 8.I returned to school following a long illness. The math teacher gave me make-up work to do, but the history teacher made me drop her course.(compound-complex sentence) 9.Jack applied for a job. He went for an interview. He was hired.(parallel structure) 10.Meet me in the courtyard for dessert when you finish doing the dishes.(periodic sentence) II.改写病句(15 points,3 points each) Correct the errors in the following sentences. 11.The rain might last for a while, clouds covered the entire sky. 12.In the evening we would swim in the lake and dancing afterward. 13.That woman just bought her dog a milk shake in a red skirt. 14.To pass the course, your term paper must be handed in on time. 15.Harry wouldn’t make a good negotiator he doesn’t have the patience. III.标出主题句(15 points,5 points each) 16.Choose the best topic sentence from the group below. Write the choice in the blank. A.I eat a lot of homemade ice cream. B.Homemade ice cream is my favorite.
英语作文常用句型总结(完美打印版)
英语作文常用句型总结(完美打印版) 现将历年作文中常用句型加以总结，希望对广大考生有所帮助。 一．开头 1.Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic. 2.Recently the problem has been brought into focus. 3. Nowadays there is a growing concern over ... . 4. What calls for special attention is that... 5. There’s no denying the fact that... 6. what’s far more important is that... 7.It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy. 8.It is well-known that… 9.Many nations have been faced with the problem of ... 10.According to a recent survey, ... 11. With the rapid development of ..., ... 二．结尾 1.From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ... 2.In conclusion, it is imperative that ... 3.In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up. 4.With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly. 5.Taking all these into account, we ... 6. Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear... 7.All things considered, ... 8.It may be safely said that... 9.Therefore, in my opinion, it’s more advisable... 10. It can be concluded from the discussion that... 11. From my point of view, it would be better if... 三.表比较 1.The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. 2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B. 3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that... 5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages. 6.Like anything else, it has its faults. 7.A and B has several points in common. 8.However, the same is not applicable to B. 9. A and B differ in several ways. 10. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
中考英语作文写作技巧总结
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3.选择词句，动笔行文: 确定基本的写作时态，如记叙文通常用一般过去时 典型案例分析： 1. Write a letter in at least 60 words according to the given situation (根据所给情景写一封不少于60 词的信) Suppose you are Joe. Your friend Betty is upset about a coming exam for she cares too much about the result. What do you think? Try to offer her some advice. （假如你是Joe, 你的好朋友Betty 因为过于在意考试结果而感到焦虑。请给她写一封信，谈谈你的看法，并给她一些建议。） 。） （注意：文中不得出现任何姓名、校名及其它相关信息，否则不予评分 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 第一步：分析题目 1. 审题 1) 这篇文章根据题目要求，我们可以确定文章的是一篇应用文即：书信。 2）根据写作要求知道是给他人提出建议或意见的文章，需要针对Betty遇到的问题实际出发来进行写作。 2. 确定写作重点和写作目的。 1）重点是安慰处于考试焦虑的Betty。 2）给出解决问题的建议。 3. 书信的格式： 英文信一般可以分为下列几个部分。 1）信端（Heading）即写信人的地址和发信日期。 2）收信人姓名地址
学术论文写作英语总结
学术论文写作课程总结 科研的进步在于科研工作之间交流，讨论，阅读。在第一节课，老师就告诉我们，面对全球众多的科研工作者来说，本领域学者之间的交流多以文字的形式进行。英语作为世界各国人们交流的一种流通语言，让那些非英语为母语和以英语为母语国家的科研人员不会对我们投稿的英语学术论文所要表达的内容产生歧义，才能达到学术交流与进步的目的。 在本次的英语学术论文写作课程学习中，我们组经历了第一次的细致分工，到以后的分工与合作相结合的进步。由于我的研究方向为InSAR监测矿区，在本次论文写作中主要负责我们‘空天地一体化矿区环境灾害监测’中D-InSAR监测矿区部分的实验以及数据分析的工作。同时，在小组汇报的过程中共同进行了第一部分Introduction 部分的汇报，完成了Authors and Keywords部分PPT的制作与汇报工作。从选择汇报PPT模板、搜集资料、总结资料，再到最后制作修改完成终稿，最后是台下的汇报演练，每个步骤的实践经历都给了我弥足珍贵的经验。 回首这学期本门课程的学习，我发现自己在慢慢地积累中有了很多的收获。首先，作为一个学制只有2年的工程硕士，在本学期已经完成了自己学位论文的开题工作，在下一个学期就要着手于自己学位论文的撰写工作。无论是发表期刊论文，还是撰写自己的学位论文，插入、添加参考文献都曾经是写作的一大难题。本次课程老师给我们介绍了几款文献管理器（Noteexpress，Endnote）。通过对文献管理器软件的学习与使用，让我熟悉了文献管理器，在本学期的其他专业课程中的论文写作中已经可以熟练使用，极大的方便了论文写作。其次，语料库的检索分析，制定自己论文写作方向，都对我的论文写作有着十分重要的作用。 接着就是自己关于学术论文写作方面的收获。从第一节课开始，老师给我们写学术论文的正确态度，给初入学术写作的我论文写作方面奠定了很好的基础。原来对英语论文的态度就是从中文的论文通过翻译软件直接进行翻译。在本次课程中，我们在老师的带领下，通过小组合作的形式，对introduction，methodology,results,conclusion等几个论文的主体部分，以及title，authors,abstract，keywords进行了细致的学习，理解了每个部分在论文中所起到的作用，以及写作这些部分的英文论文的时候所需要注意的时态语法主语人称等方面的问题。也让我明白，英语学术论文的写作，不应该是简单的中译英，而更重要的是自己的学术内容与思想能够清晰而又高效的传达出来，进而实现学术交流与提高的作用。
【自考英语答案】英语写作试题
绝密★考试结束前 全国2014年4月高等教育自学考试 英语写作试题 课程代码：00603 请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上。全部题目用英文作答。 注意事项： 1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。 2．用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题上。 I. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points) The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words.Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided. The Positive Effects of Owning a Dog on Children Dogs are the best friend of children. The dog and the child teach each other things and they look after each other. Owning a dog can have positive effects on a child’s development. Having a dog develops a child’s sense of responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches him the nature of friendship. The first advantage of owning a dog is that it’s helpful to develop a child’s sense of responsibility. Once you own a dog, you have to take care of it instead of only playing it: showering, feeding, walking, cleaning up, hair cutting and so on. Dogs are animals that have to spend time together with people or they get depressed. So you must take some time to stay with it. If they are sick, one can’t just leave it alone. All of these works are required to be carefully done which could make a child become more responsible. Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn to understand what the dog’s behavior means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog’s mind. The result of learning to read a dog’s behavior is that the child develops mpathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.