Phonology 音位学

Phonology is the study of sound patterns of language (i.e. how sounds are arranged to form meaningful units) and the

function of each sound.

It reveals what are the possible combinations of sounds in a language and explains why certain words take the form

they do.

Phone 音子: the smallest perceptible discreet segment of sound in a stream of speech

i) phonetic unit

ii) not distinctive of meaning iii) physical as heard or produced iv) marked with [ ]

Phoneme 音位：are abstract mental units that represent sounds

i) phonological unit

ii) distinctive of meaning iii) abstract, not physical iv) marked with

Minimal pairs 最小对比对: The sounds that cause changes in the changing of a word are

called the “minimal pairs”

Allophone s 音位变体：phonetic forms that don ’t contrast are called allophones, they are the various pronunciations of

a phoneme or phonic variants/realizations of a phoneme. Phonemic Transcription : / / =Broad Transcription

Phonetic Transcription :[ ]=Narrow Transcription

Complementary distribution 互补分布: when two phones are mutually exclusive(i.e. appear in different

environments), they are in complementary distribution( which means they are allophones of the same phoneme)..

peak [ph]----speak [p]

two different phones . [ph ] , [ p] are variants of the phoneme /p/.

allophones of the same phoneme. in complementary distribution.

This phenomenon is called Allophony(音位变体现象) or Allophonic Variation （同音位变体）.

Free variation 自由变体：If two sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for

another does not cause a change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation

The allophones can be in complementary distribution （互补分布） if they occur in different contexts.

peak ---- speak

aspirated [ph]---- unaspirated [p]

The allophones can be in free variation （自由变体）if they occur in the same context.

cup [kh ?ph] ---- cup[kh ?p?]

Phonological Processes

A target or affected segment undergoes a structural change in certain environment s or context s.

Phonological rules are general rules that indicate this change.

?Assimilation (同化) : can [k?n], tan [t?n]

?Epenthesis (增音): boxes [b?ks?z]

Assimilation:

Phonological Term Phonetic Term Examples

Assimilation:Coarticulation:

regressive assimilation

逆同化anticipatory coarticulation

先期协同发音

can [k?n]

tenth [tenθ]

progressive assimilation

顺同化perseverative coarticulation

后滞协同发音

map [m?p]

[+nasal] / ______[+nasal]

[+dental] /______[+dental]

[+velar] /______[+velar]

[-voiced] Epenthesis：

?The /s/ appears after voiceless sounds.

?The /z/ appears after voiced sounds. (All vowels are voiced.)

?The /?z/ appears after sibi lants (咝音)

?Epenthesis rule

?z s / [-voice, C] _____ (Devoicing)

?? ? / sibilant _____ z (Epenthesis)

(? indicates an empty position.)

Distinctive Features

?Speech sounds are divided up into classes according to a number of properties.

?The property that can distinguish one phoneme from another is a distinctive feature

Suprasegmental features （超音位特征）are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments.

The principal suprasegmental features are syllables, stress, tone, and intonation.

Syllabic structure: two parts, the rhyme(or rime)(韵基) and the onset(节首). As the vowel within the rhyme is the nucleus(节核), the consonant(s) after it will be termed coda(节尾).

Sonority scale响阶：

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