人教版必修三Unit 4 词汇要点总结
Book 3 Unit 4 Astronomy: the Science of the Stars 导学案
1. (阅读词汇) solar [‘s?ul?] adj. 太阳的；日光的
?联想：lunar [?lu?n?(r)] adj. 月球的；月亮的
2. (阅读词汇) system [‘sist?m] n. 系统；体系；制度
?solar system 太阳系
?solar energy 太阳能
?The new system of the computer is still under test, not ready to be used. 这套电脑的新系统还在测试，还未准备好使用。
3. (词汇变形) religion [ri‘lid?n] n. 宗教– religious [ri‘lid??s] adj. 宗教的
?religious belief 宗教信仰
?have belief / faith in religion 有宗教信仰
4. (阅读词汇) theory [‘θi?ri] n. 理论
?the Big Bang theory 宇宙大爆炸理论
?the theory of everything 万物理论
?in theory 理论上: Your plan sounds fine in theory, but does it work in reality? 你的计划理论上挺好的，但实际上可行吗？(in reality 实际上)
5. (阅读词汇) billion [‘bili?n] pron. & n. & adj. 十亿
?billions of …数十亿的…
?联想：ten 十；tens of …几十个…
?hundred 百；hundreds of …数百个…
?thousand 千；thousands of …数千个…
?million 百万；millions of …数百万…
6. (词汇变形) globe [gl?ub] n. 球体；地球仪；地球– global [‘gl?ubl] adj. 全球的；全世界的- globalization [,gl?ub?lai‘zei?n] n. 全球化
?global warming 全球性变暖
7. (词汇变形) violence [‘vai?l?ns] n. 暴力– violent [‘vai?l?nt] adj. 猛烈的；激烈的；暴力的– violently adv. 猛烈地；暴力地
?answer violence with violence 以暴制暴
?The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. 地球的动荡如此剧烈，以至于(当时)不清楚它的形状是否会固定下来。
?The building was violently attacked. 这幢建筑物被暴力地袭击。
8. (写作短语) in time 及时；终于
?The explosion was in time to produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor and so on. 这次爆炸及时制造了二氧化碳，氮气，水蒸气还有其他。
?I was worried about being late, but finally I made it in time. 我担心迟到，但最终及时赶到。?对比：on time 准时：High-speed trains are famous for being on time. 高速动车以准时出名。
9. (阅读词汇) dioxide [dai‘?ksaid] n. 二氧化物
?carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
? a low-carbon life 低碳生活
10. (阅读词汇) atmosphere [‘?tm?sfi?] n. 大气层；气氛
?All the gases make the earth’s atmosphere. 所有的气体构成了地球的大气层。
?He told a joke to lighten the atmosphere of the meeting. 他讲了个笑话，缓和会议的气氛。11. (词汇变形) like prep. 像– unlike prep. 不像
?Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. 水也在其他星球出现过，像火星；但不像地球，水在其他星球消失了。
?I like my brother, but we are unlike each other. 我喜欢我弟弟，但我们完全不像。
?联系：like vt. 喜欢– dislike vt. 不喜欢
?对比：I have a brother, and we dislike each other.
12. (阅读词汇) fundamental [,f?nd?’mentl] adj. 基本的，基础的n. 基本原则?Housing is a fundamental. 居住是一个基本问题。
? A is fundamental to B A对B而言是基本的
?Water was fundamental to the development of life. 水将对生命的发展起基本作用。
?联想：basic [‘beisik] adj. 基本的，基础的
13. (重难点词汇) present [‘prez?nt] adj. 出席的，现在的– presence [‘prez?ns] n. 出席，到场，存在
?be present 到场，出席：Good morning, sir. Everyone is present. 老师早上好。每个人都到场了。
?Everyone should be present at the meeting tomorrow. 每个人都要出席明天的会议。
?Scientists believe that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. 科学家相信，水的持续出现允许地球溶解有害的气体和酸到海洋里。
14. (词汇变形) harm [ha:m] vt. & n. 破坏–harmful [‘ha:mfl] adj. 有害的–harmless [‘ha:mlis] adj. 无害的
?重点短语do harm to sth.：We should stop doing harm to the habitat of animals. 我们应该停止破坏动物的栖息地。
? a harmful material 有害物质
?This kind of material is harmless to the environment. 这种物质对环境无害。
?[重点用法]
?be harmful to sb./sth. 对……有害
?do harm to sb.= do sb. harm = harm sb. 对……
15. (阅读词汇) reaction [ri‘?k?n] n. 反应
?chain reaction 连锁反应
16. (阅读词汇) lay eggs 下蛋
?(重点词汇辨析) lie vi. 撒谎；lie vi. 躺着；lay vt. 放(laid, laid, laying) ?lie – lied – lied vi. 撒谎：lie to sb. 对某人撒谎
?lie – lay – lain vi. 躺着：He lay on the ground, thinking about his problem. 他躺在床上，反思着他的问题。
?lay – laid – laid vt. 放着：He laid his book on the shelf. 他把书放在架子上。
17. (词汇变形) exist [ig‘zist] vi. 存在– existence [ig‘zist?ns] n. 存在
?The dinosaurs existed on earth millions of years ago. 恐龙数亿年前在地球存活。
?There exist some problems we haven’t noticed before. 存在一些我们以前没留意到的问题。?exist to do …存在的意义是为了：The dustbin exists to sort out and recycle the garbage. 这个垃圾桶是为了分类垃圾和循环利用垃圾。
?The existence of air and water made it possible for humans to live. 空气和水的存在使人类的生存成为可能。
18. (阅读词汇) in one’s turn 轮到某人
?After the dinosaurs died out, human beings, in their return, became the most important animals on the earth. 在恐龙灭绝后，轮到人类成为了地球上最重要的生物。
?(阅读词汇) take turns to do …轮流做某事：We take turns to clean the classroom. 我们轮流打扫教室。
?(写作词汇) It’s one’s turn to do …轮到某人做某事：Hey, it’s your turn to clean the classroom. 嘿，轮到你们打扫教室了。
19. (写作词汇) prevent [pri‘vent] sb. (from) doing …阻止某人做某事
?prevent the earth from getting warmer 阻止地球变暖
?Humans are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. 人类释放了太多的二氧化碳进入大气层，这阻止了热量从地球逃离至外太空。
?被动语态：sb. be prevented from doing …: Everyone was prevented from entering the building. 每个人都被阻止进入这幢建筑物。
?其他表示“阻止”的短语词汇：
?stop sb. (from) doing ….；被动语态：sb. be stopped from doing …
?keep sb. from doing …；被动语态：sb. be kept from doing …
?[注意]
?prevent /stop sb. (from) doing ... 主动用法中可省略from，被动用法中不能省略from。?keep sb. From doing ... 无论主动还是被动用法中，都不能省略from，否则意义会发生变化。对比：keep sb. doing …让某人一直做某事
20. (词汇变形) puzzle [‘p?zl] n. 迷；难题；vt. 使迷惑，使为难
?solve the puzzle 解决这个难题
?puzzling [‘p?zli?] adj. 令人迷惑的– puzzled [‘p?zld] adj. 迷惑的
?This is a puzzling question. Everyone feels puzzled about it. 这是道令人困惑的难题。每个人都觉得迷惑。
?puzzlement [‘p?zlm?nt] n. 迷惑
? A puzzled look appeared on his face after he knew what was going on. 当他知道发生了什么，他脸上呈现出困惑的神情。
21. (写作词汇) extinct [ik‘sti?kt] adj. 灭绝的，绝种的– extinction [ik‘sti?k?n]
n. 灭绝
?be extinct = die out 灭绝：The dinosaurs were extinct 150 million years. 恐龙一亿五千万年前灭绝。
?The reason for the dinosaurs’extinction is unknown. 恐龙的灭绝的原因未知。
22. (阅读词汇) climate [‘klaimit] n. 气候
?联想：weather n. 天气；temperature n. 气温
23. (阅读词汇) cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋
?I cheered up for the beautiful story. 我因为这个故事感到振奋。
?This story cheered me up. 这个故事让我感到振奋。
?联想：cheerful [?t???fl] adj. 快乐的；高兴的；兴高采烈的
24. (写作词汇) now that 既然
?Now that we’ve got this far, why not go any farther? 既然我们已经走这么远，为何我们不多走远点？
25. (阅读词汇) get the hang of 熟悉，掌握，理解
?get the hang of the skills 掌握好技巧
26. (写作词汇) break out 突发，爆发
?The fire broke out because of a cigarette end. 这场大火爆发因为一个烟蒂。
?All wars break out for a bad reason. 战争皆出恶因。
?其他与break有关的短语(和break有关的短语多数都无被动)
?break down 坏了：The car broke down halfway so we had to walk to the park. 车子半途坏了，所以我们不得不走路到公园。
?break up 分手，解散：The band broke up in 1990.
27. (词汇变形) exhaust [ig‘z?:st] vt. 用尽，耗尽，使筋疲力尽–exhausted [ig‘z?s:tid] adj. 筋疲力尽的-exhausting [ig‘z?s:ti?] adj. 令人筋疲力尽的
?All days’ work exhausted me. 整天工作让我筋疲力尽。
?I was exhausted by all days’ work.
?What an exhausting day!
28. (阅读词汇) watch out for sth. 密切注意；当心；提防
?Watch out for the wet paint. 小心，油漆未干。
29. (短语用法) It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases, which were to make the earth’s atmosphere. 它(地球)巨大的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石。最终产生了水蒸气、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
?[解释]“be + 不定式”结构通常用来表示“按计划或安排将要做的事情”，或表示上级对下级、父母对子女下命令，“应该做某事”或表示某事“将必然发生”。例如：
?1). We’ ll hold a meeting tomorrow. = We are to hold a meeting tomorrow.
= A meeting is to be held tomorrow. 我们明天将开会。
?2). The train is to arrive in Beijing at 10: 25 am. 这趟火车将于上午10: 25到达北京。
30. (短语用法) That made it possible for life to begin to develop. 那使生命的生长发育成为一种可能。
?[解释] 此句中的made后跟带形式宾语it的复合结构，其中: make (谓语) it (形式宾语) possible (宾语补足语) for live to begin to develop (不定式复合结构，真正的宾语)。再如：She made it her business to find out who was responsible. 她非要弄清楚是谁的责任不可。?[提示]：常用于此结构的动词还有think，feel，find，consider等。例如：
?1). We make it a rule to get up at 6 o’ clock every morning.
?2). I find it hard to get along with him.
31. (短语用法) But when I tried to step forward I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。
?[解释] twice as...as... “是……的两倍”，英语常见倍数的表示句型：
?1). 倍数+ as + adj./adv. + as “是……的几倍”My room is twice as large as his.
?2). 倍数+ adj./adv.比较级+ than “比……(多/大)几倍”My room is twice larger than his.
?3). 倍数+ the +表示长度/高度/宽度等的名词+ of “是……的长度/高度/宽度几倍”My room is twice the size of his.
?[注意]：此结构中常用的名词有：size, height, weight, length, width, depth等。例如：
?1). This ruler is three times as long as that one. = This ruler is three times longer than that one. ?= This ruler is three times the length of that one. 这把尺子是那把的三倍那么长。
?2). There are four times as many students as we expected. 到的学生是我们预计的五倍。