文学翻译论文
从形合与意合辩证法角度观古诗翻译策略
(潘静20084033042 英语师范三班)
摘要：形合( hypotaxis ) 和意合（parataxis）是英语和汉语篇章组织的常用手段，也是英汉两种语言的重要区别所在。本文提出应当运用哲学中的辩证法原理看待语言中的形合与意合，真正做到学术研究全面、客观、严谨以及科学。一方面，要重视句子及其以下层面的语言特点：英语侧重形合，汉语侧重意合；另一方面，更要研究英汉语的意合与形合在句子层面以上（段落、篇章）所具备的不同作用：英语篇章使用词汇手段等意合组织方式，而汉语篇章中则采用重复和骈偶等形合手段【1】。本文利用对《枫桥夜泊》这首古诗的英译研究分析，强调辩证地、动态地看待英汉语中的形意合问题，改进汉语古诗翻译策略，使译作体现并契合原诗作者的思想与内容，使译作读者明白并理解原诗的内涵与文化。
关键词：形合意合辩证法古诗翻译
Abstract: The very common means of English and Chinese discourse are hypotactic and paratactic, as well as the important differences. This paper argues that hypotaxis and parataxis in a language should be researched in a dialectic way. Only in this way, can academic research become more complete and objective. On the one hand, our attention should be paid to the characteristics of English and Chinese sentences and structures below the sentences leve l–English is more hypotactic while Chinese is more paratactic. On the other hand, it is very important and necessary to study the different functions of hypotactic and paratactic structures at the level of paragraphs in the two languages. Lexically paratactic structures are often found in English paragraphs, and hypotactic structures in the form of repetition and parallelism are frequently employed in Chinese. The author attaches the high importance to research languages in a dialectic way by the analysis of Mooring at night by Maple Bridge. So that we can find some strategies about the poem translation and make the successful exchange of two kinds of people with various background.
Key words: hypotaxis, parataxis, dialectic way, poem translation
1.引文
形合与意合是英汉对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一，也是英汉语篇组织的重要手段之一。所谓形合就是依仗形式（包括词的变化形态，词汇的衔接等）将语言符号由“散”（个体的词）到“集”（组织乃至语篇）的语言组织手段，具有外显性和刚性；而意合则是依仗意义，即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段，具有内隐性和柔性。
形合是组词造句的外在逻辑形式，意合则是遣词造句的内在认知事理【2】。
著名学者奈达在其Translating Meaning (1983年)一书中指出，就汉英语而言，也许在语言学中的一个最重要的区别，即形意合之对比。我国许多学者对此也进行了认真的研究，其中刘宓庆先生认为：形合和意合两种手段通常存在于一种语言当中，但是二者的作用绝不是等量奇观的。许多语言都表现出各自的侧重点：英语以形合见长，结构紧密，注重显性连接（overt cohesion），以形显义,注重句子形式；汉语以意合见长，行文散漫，注重隐性连贯（covert coherence）,以神统形，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义【3】。从英汉语的短语和句子结构来分析，“英语侧重形合，汉语侧重意合”这样的结论高度概括了两种语言的特点，具有普遍意义。
2.动态、辩证化的翻译策略
但是，随着研究的深入与研究视界的扩展，有不少学者发现，如果在语言研究与应用的过程中，有的人直接将这句话片面理解为“英语是形合语言，汉语是意合语言”，因此在翻译实践中直接套用这样的规律：英译汉即是形合变意合，汉译英则是一个逆过程。这样的理解过于片面化，绝对化，是极为不科学的。只有运用哲学中的辩证法来辩证地动态地看待这一问题，一分为二，具体问题具体分析，才不会犯片面化、绝对化的错误。
由此可见，英汉语种形合与意合的应用包含了丰富的辩证法：在一般情况下，形合与意合是对立地存在于英汉语当中的，只是在一定语境中，其功能又会发生变化【１】。具体来说，形合与意合的研究须包括两个层面：句子及句子以下（词组、单词）与句子以上（段落、篇章）。
从上面表格我们可以看出，英汉语在不同研究层面上的形合、意合侧重程度是有差异性的。英语形合为主，意合为辅；形合主要出现在句内，意合主要出现在篇中；汉语以意合为主，形合为辅；意合用于句中，形合出现在篇里【１】。因此，在讨论翻译策略时，我们不可以将其绝对化、公式化。翻译有法，但法无定法。也就是说翻译策略是有规律可循的，但是没有绝对化、公式化的规律。辩证法突破了形合和意合研究的局限性，也为英汉/汉英翻译研究提供了新思路。即英汉语在不同层面的形、意合侧重程度差异造成了汉英翻译中的独特技巧：增译和减译。英译汉可能会增加某些东西，但绝对必须减掉一些东西；汉译英时可能会减掉某些东西上，但是绝对会增加一些东西【４】。
+ 汉语表达的篇中格式
—英语表达的句内形式
英语汉语
+英语表达的句内形式(英语形合)
—汉语表达的篇中格式
3.运用动态、辩证化翻译策略进行古诗翻译
诗歌翻译别是一家。提“别”字在于诗歌翻译离不开创造性思维和高超的艺术手段。众所周知，诗歌是语言高度浓缩、形神兼备的艺术品。因此，诗歌中词汇容量大，文化内涵十分丰富，艺术风格独特，具有形式美、音韵美、意境美等特征。为达到翻译“忠实”和“达意”的基本翻译要求，运用前面所阐述的动态、辩证翻译策略，可使译诗达到形神兼备的境界。现以意境清远、情景交融的唐诗《枫桥夜泊》这首诗歌作为个案分析，具体分析古诗英译的相关策略。
枫桥夜泊
原文：月落乌啼霜满天，江枫渔火对愁眠。
姑苏城外寒山寺，夜半钟声到客船。
Mooring by Maple Bridge at night
译文一：The moon goes down, crows cry under the frosty sky;
Dimly lit fishing boats’ neath maples sadly lie.
Beyond the Gusu walls the Temple of Cold Hill;
Rings bell which reach my boat，breaking the midnight still.
(许渊冲，1998：224)
译文二：Anchored at Night Near Maple Bridge
The old moon is going down
And the crows make a ruckus
The world is covered with forest
There are maples on the riverbank
And the lights of fishing boats
Drift with the current
I fall into a sad sleep
跨行成句The monastery on Cold Mountain
It is outside the town of Gusu
The sound of its bell
Touches the guestboat at midnight
（王守义，约翰·诺弗尔合译）诗中描写了苏州城外江边的夜景：在逐渐西沉的残月下，天空布满了秋霜，耳边偶尔传来一两声乌鹊的啼鸣；在朦胧的夜色中，江边上的枫树只见黑黢黢的树影，江中的渔火在雾气茫茫中闪烁，这两种景色的对峙勾起了诗人的羁旅之思；附近寒山寺传来低沉而悠长的夜半钟声使诗人的乡愁更加深沉【５】。
Ａ．从句子及句子以下的层面上来说，汉语诗歌注重意义连接，即使只是一堆名词堆砌在一块，也可以产生美的意境，产生新鲜的意义，让人产生无限的遐想。古诗英译增加了英语形合层面上而在汉语诗歌中隐含的东西。比如说：许译本中动词的三人称单数形式（goes），名词复数形式，形容词副词形式(dimly)，全部倒装（第三小句），定语从句等汉语中缺省但是却隐含在古诗当中的信息；王诺合译本中的过去分词，动词的现在进行时，被动语态等等形式连接。（意合变形合，增译）英语中这些显性形式，给人带来了悠长的美感，正如汉语诗歌意义衔接上所带来的朦胧美、含蓄美。
Ｂ．从整个篇章结构来看，这两个译本在形式上均是以诗译诗，所不同的是，许译本用的是格律体，而王诺合译本当中运用的则是自由体。两首诗均突破了汉语诗歌的格式，减掉了诗歌篇章上的形合，转化为一种符合英译诗习惯的格式。王诺合译本比许译本突破的程度更大一些，采取了跨行成句和“and”这个连接词来进行篇章意义的衔接。（形合化意合，减译）不过这种减译的程度是有限的，是有其自身的存在条件。
从以上的分析，我们同样可以推断：在汉译诗当中，减掉英语中的形式连接时必定发生的，而增加一些汉语篇章上的形式却是可能发生的。（也许不需要增加汉语篇章衔接上的形合）
4．结语
根据对《枫桥夜泊》英译诗的句子及句子以下层面和句子以上层面辩证的分析，动态地看待这两个层面上的形合与意合存在程度，从而打开古诗英译的新思路。具体层面具体分析，不能一刀切、一把抓。什么时候要运用减译增译技巧，什么时候不需要，这个度的把握是极为重要的。一个优秀的译者应当对这些问题做到心中有数，胸有成竹，从而将整个语篇完整地成功地将其内容、内涵表达出来。
５.参考文献
【1】郭富强．形合与意合的辩证法及翻译策略【J】．中国科技翻译，２００４，（２）
【2】王力．中国语法理论【Ｍ】．
【3】连淑能．英汉对比研究【Ｍ】．北京：高等教育出版社，１９９３：５３
【4】潘文国．汉英语对比纲要【Ｍ】．北京：北京语言大学出版社，２００３：３３６
【5】催永禄．文学翻译佳作对比赏析【Ｍ】．南开大学出版社，２０００：５０３
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Economic policy,tourism trade and productive diversification （Excerpt） Iza Lejárraga,Peter Walkenhorst The broad lesson that can be inferred from the analysis is that promoting tourism linkages with the productive capabilities of a host country is a multi-faceted approach influenced by a variety of country conditions.Among these,fixed or semi-fixed factors of production,such as land,labor,or capital,seem to have a relatively minor influence.Within the domain of natural endowments,only agricultural capital emerged as significant.This is a result that corresponds to expectations,given that foods and beverages are the primary source of demand in the tourism economy.Hence,investments in agricultural technology may foment linkages with the tourism market.It is also worth mentioning that for significant backward linkages to emerge with local agriculture,a larger scale of tourism may be important. According to the regression results,a strong tourism–agriculture nexus will not necessarily develop at a small scale of tourism demand. It appears that variables related to the entrepreneurial capital of the host economy are of notable explanatory significance.The human development index(HDI), which is used to measure a country's general level of development,is significantly and positively associated with tourism linkages.One plausible explanation for this is that international tourists,who often originate in high-income countries,may feel more comfortable and thus be inclined to consume more in a host country that has a life-style to which they can relate easily.Moreover,it is important to remember that the HDI also captures the relative achievements of countries in the level of health and education of the population.Therefore,a higher HDI reflects a healthier and more educated workforce,and thus,the quality of local entrepreneurship.Related to this point,it is important to underscore that the level of participation of women in the host economy also has a significantly positive effect on linkages.In sum, enhancing local entrepreneurial capital may expand the linkages between tourism and other sectors of the host country.
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Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
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从形合与意合辩证法角度观古诗翻译策略 (潘静20084033042 英语师范三班) 摘要：形合( hypotaxis ) 和意合（parataxis）是英语和汉语篇章组织的常用手段，也是英汉两种语言的重要区别所在。本文提出应当运用哲学中的辩证法原理看待语言中的形合与意合，真正做到学术研究全面、客观、严谨以及科学。一方面，要重视句子及其以下层面的语言特点：英语侧重形合，汉语侧重意合；另一方面，更要研究英汉语的意合与形合在句子层面以上（段落、篇章）所具备的不同作用：英语篇章使用词汇手段等意合组织方式，而汉语篇章中则采用重复和骈偶等形合手段【1】。本文利用对《枫桥夜泊》这首古诗的英译研究分析，强调辩证地、动态地看待英汉语中的形意合问题，改进汉语古诗翻译策略，使译作体现并契合原诗作者的思想与内容，使译作读者明白并理解原诗的内涵与文化。 关键词：形合意合辩证法古诗翻译 Abstract: The very common means of English and Chinese discourse are hypotactic and paratactic, as well as the important differences. This paper argues that hypotaxis and parataxis in a language should be researched in a dialectic way. Only in this way, can academic research become more complete and objective. On the one hand, our attention should be paid to the characteristics of English and Chinese sentences and structures below the sentences leve l–English is more hypotactic while Chinese is more paratactic. On the other hand, it is very important and necessary to study the different functions of hypotactic and paratactic structures at the level of paragraphs in the two languages. Lexically paratactic structures are often found in English paragraphs, and hypotactic structures in the form of repetition and parallelism are frequently employed in Chinese. The author attaches the high importance to research languages in a dialectic way by the analysis of Mooring at night by Maple Bridge. So that we can find some strategies about the poem translation and make the successful exchange of two kinds of people with various background. Key words: hypotaxis, parataxis, dialectic way, poem translation 1.引文 形合与意合是英汉对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一，也是英汉语篇组织的重要手段之一。所谓形合就是依仗形式（包括词的变化形态，词汇的衔接等）将语言符号由“散”（个体的词）到“集”（组织乃至语篇）的语言组织手段，具有外显性和刚性；而意合则是依仗意义，即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段，具有内隐性和柔性。
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Advantages of Managed Code Microsoft intermediate language shares with Java byte code the idea that it is a low-level language witha simple syntax , which can be very quickly translated intonative machine code. Having this well-defined universal syntax for code has significant advantages. Platform independence First, it means that the same file containing byte code instructions can be placed on any platform; atruntime the final stage of compilation can then be easily accomplished so that the code will run on thatparticular platform. In other words, by compiling to IL we obtain platform independence for .NET, inmuch the same way as compiling to Java byte code gives Java platform independence. Performance improvement IL is actually a bit more ambitious than Java bytecode. IL is always Just-In-Time compiled (known as JIT), whereas Java byte code was ofteninterpreted. One of the disadvantages of Java was that, on execution, the process of translating from Javabyte code to native executable resulted in a loss of performance. Instead of compiling the entire application in one go (which could lead to a slow start-up time), the JITcompiler simply compiles each portion of code as it is called (just-in-time). When code has been compiled.once, the resultant native executable is stored until the application exits, so that it does not need to berecompiled the next time that portion of code is run. Microsoft argues that this process is more efficientthan compiling the entire application code at the start, because of the likelihood that large portions of anyapplication code will not actually be executed in any given run. Using the JIT compiler, such code willnever be compiled.
文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站
文献综述怎么写 1) 什么是文献综述? 文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。 2) 文献综述的写作要求 1、文献综述的格式 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果，而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样，但总的来说，一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲，再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言，要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义，综述的范围，阐述有关问题的现状和动态，以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜，不宜超过500字。 正文，是综述的重点，写法上没有固定的格式，只要能较好地表达综合的内容，作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分，通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据，进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然，作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结，是结综述正文部分作扼要的总结，作者应对各种观点进行综合评价，提出自己的看法，指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献，是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求，一般以30条以内为宜，以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 2、文献综述规定 1. 为了使选题报告有较充分的依据，要求硕士研究生在论文开题之前作文献综述。 2. 在文献综述时，研究生应系统地查阅与自己的研究方向有关的国内外文献。通常阅读文献不少于30篇，且文献搜集要客观全面 3. 在文献综述中，研究生应说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等。 4. 文献综述要条理清晰，文字通顺简练。 5. 资料运用恰当、合理。文献引用用方括号[ ]括起来置于引用词的右上角。 6. 文献综述中要有自己的观点和见解。不能混淆作者与文献的观点。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径，针对性强。 7. 文献综述不少于3000字。 3、注意事项 ⒈搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。引用文献不过多。文献综述的作者引用间接文献的现象时有所见。如果综述作者从他人引用的参考文献转引过来，这些文献在他人
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
林纾小说文学翻译论文
林纾小说文学翻译论文 在译自狄更斯的《董贝父子》（DombeyandSon）小说中，林纾描述了 董贝一家由盛而衰的不幸遭遇以及社会底层人们的生活疾苦，希望以 此引起人们的深刻反思，从而改良政治，推动社会变革。在《迦茵小传》（JoanHaste）、《巴黎茶花女遗事》（Ladameauxcamélias）、《块肉余生述》（DavidCopperfield）、《离恨天》（PauletVirginie）等小说中，都传递出对西方社会自由、平等婚恋 观的肯定，表现出强烈的反封建礼教色彩和人文精神。 而同时，林纾为使译作被广大读者所接受，他在翻译过程中适时迎合 主流意识形态、考虑国人的心理接受水准，对原著内容进行删减或改编。在《黑奴吁天录》的《例言》中，林纾曾写道：“是书言教门事 孔多，悉经魏君节去原文稍烦琐者，本以取便观者”。因此，在不影 响情节叙述的前提下，他将书中原著作者抒发宗教情怀、宣扬宗教力 量的大篇幅相关基督教义的描写大量删去，以剔除宗教局限性对作品 思想意义的影响。此外，为迎合国人的阅读习惯，将大量细致的环境 描写、人物心理描写删减或缩译以突出作品的故事情节。例如，《块 肉余生述》开篇第一章原著作者关于医生的127个词的大段描写，被 林纾仅以“医生平惋不杵人，亦不叱狗”11个字一笔概括，堪称经典。同时，为顺应我国传统儒家思想“以孝治天下”“百善孝为先”的价 值理念，林纾还将很多原著的书名加以中国化转译，例如，将英国作 家哈葛德的《蒙特祖马的女儿》（Montezuma’sDaughter）译为《英 孝子火山报仇录》、将大畏克司蒂穆雷的TheMartyredFool译为《双 孝子喋血酬恩记》、将狄更斯的《老古玩店》（TheOldCuriosityShop）译为《孝女耐儿传》、将Dr.JohnsonandHisFather译为《孝子悔过》等。 第二，林纾还采用异化策略，在坚持使用古文笔体翻译西文小说以挽 救古文逐渐衰亡命运的同时，积极改良章回体等文言叙事传统，借鉴 西方文学元素，介绍浪漫主义、现实主义等西方文学的创作手法，以 通过“以彼新理，助我行文”赋予古文更加丰富的价值和表现力，另
毕业论文5000字英文文献翻译
英文翻译 英语原文： . Introducing Classes The only remaining feature we need to understand before solving our bookstore problem is how to write a data structure to represent our transaction data. In C++ we define our own data structure by defining a class. The class mechanism is one of the most important features in C++. In fact, a primary focus of the design of C++ is to make it possible to define class types that behave as naturally as the built-in types themselves. The library types that we've seen already, such as istream and ostream, are all defined as classesthat is,they are not strictly speaking part of the language. Complete understanding of the class mechanism requires mastering a lot of information. Fortunately, it is possible to use a class that someone else has written without knowing how to define a class ourselves. In this section, we'll describe a simple class that we canuse in solving our bookstore problem. We'll implement this class in the subsequent chapters as we learn more about types,expressions, statements, and functionsall of which are used in defining classes. To use a class we need to know three things: What is its name? Where is it defined? What operations does it support? For our bookstore problem, we'll assume that the class is named Sales_item and that it is defined in a header named Sales_item.h. The Sales_item Class The purpose of the Sales_item class is to store an ISBN and keep track of the number of copies sold, the revenue, and average sales price for that book. How these data are stored or computed is not our concern. To use a class, we need not know anything about how it is implemented. Instead, what we need to know is what operations the class provides. As we've seen, when we use library facilities such as IO, we must include the associated headers. Similarly, for our own classes, we must make the definitions associated with the class available to the compiler. We do so in much the same way. Typically, we put the class definition into a file. Any program that wants to use our class must include that file. Conventionally, class types are stored in a file with a name that, like the name of a program source file, has two parts: a file name and a file suffix. Usually the file name is the same as the class defined in the header. The suffix usually is .h, but some programmers use .H, .hpp, or .hxx. Compilers usually aren't picky about header file names, but IDEs sometimes are. We'll assume that our class is defined in a file named Sales_item.h. Operations on Sales_item Objects
论文外文翻译
Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that