summary

Professor Holmes

Qi Li

Financial Markets and Institutions

Summary:Geithner and Bernanke Amid the Global Financial Crisis This article is mainly talking about U.S. Treasury secretary timothy Geithner and federal reserve chairman Ben Bernanke in 2008, how to resolve the crisis in the financial crisis, save the us financial system.

In the face of financial crisis, the United States was adopted two fiscal policy, included the emergency aid and quantitative easing. In October 2008, the U.S. government through the emergency economic stabilization act, including the $700 billion troubled asset relief program, used to purchase assets and financial institutions to help financial institutions capital injection. In order to provide more liquidity to financial institutions, the federal reserve also launched various monetary policy tools innovation. In addition, the Fed had employed three other types of tools to improve the functioning of credit markets. First, during the crisis, the Fed had created a number of new programs such as short-term liquidity facilities for U.S. banks and currency swap facilities for foreign central banks. These programs were designed to provide short-term liquidity to financial institutions. Second, the Fed developed a set of facilities to provide liquidity directly to borrowers and investors in key credit markets such as commercial paper market, money market mutual funds, and ABS market. Third, the Fed started purchasing longer-term securities including mainly the GSE-guaranteed MBS to lower mortgage rates and to support housing activity and the

broader economy.

The U.S. response to the crisis measures taken by the major economies to a certain extent, helps to restore market confidence, speed up the recovery. But the negative impact of the financial crisis is still not completely clear, global economic recovery is still fragile and the basis of the potential risks that exist in the response to the crisis measures may has gradually in the future. In the first place, these measures to stabilize the financial markets to a certain extent. Second, expansionary fiscal policy to promote economic recovery is difficult to have an immediate effect. First, the major developed economies infrastructure is relatively perfect, the opportunity to further increase public investment in this aspect is relatively small, and the energy and infrastructure construction investment cycle is long, have been slow. Second, if the tax increases the disposable income of residents, increases consumption, stimulate economic growth. Second, expansionary monetary policy may lead to inflation. In the short term, the number of easing inflation pressure, despite a massive increase in base money, but the decline in the money multiplier, so broad money and no obvious increase. Finally, the effect of various industrial development policy remains uncertain.

新托福阅读SUMMARY题型解法

对于目标明确，清晰认识自己薄弱的考生一定很想知道托福阅读summary题型该怎么解。接下来上海环球托福为考生解答。 首先，做阅读就要了解掌握文章的主旨是什么，新托福阅读SUMMARY题作为文章最后一种题型，考察的是对文章主要段落的主旨概括能力，而非全篇文章主旨。直白一点说，就是只需要关注文章局部段落，而不需要在意全局。这不同于老托福阅读里面每篇文章都有一道“What is the passage mainly about”这样的全文主旨题。 接着，考生要如何掌握主旨，来完成summary的题目。阅读英语段落的时候，应该是“匀速阅读”还是“变速阅读”呢？当然是“变速阅读”！这样考生才能做到阅读时的详略得当。但是，“变速阅读”是“先快后慢”还是“先慢后快”呢？这就要从英语的思维方式说起。 汉语族人的思维方式是“螺旋式”的，喜欢画龙点睛，我们称之为“Save the best for the last”。而英语族人的思维方式是“直线式”的，喜欢直入主题，我们称之为“Say what you want to say, then say why”。阅读英语段落的要领：变速阅读，先慢后快，精读首句，浏览全段。据统计，70%-80%的英语段落都是首句是主题句。所以，以后阅读英语段落，应该先精读首句（把握首句的“主题”和“方向”），再浏览全段（把握全段的“关系词”），才能实现快速阅读。而很多同学以前阅读的时候，要么就是倾向于到段落结尾找主题句（这主要是受了汉语思维方式的影响），要么就干脆把有限的精力平均分配到一段话内部的每个单词。 说了那么多，上海环球托福为你提出掌握主旨的方法： 1、常用法——分析段落结构找主题句 通过段落结构来概括主旨，常见的段落结构有如下六大类：（1）总分；（2）总分总（由总分演变而成）；（3）分总；（4）分总分（由分总演变而成）；（5）对比；（6）并列。其中，前四种段落结构都存在主题句和支持句之分。而后两种结构中可能不存在主题句，其段落内部会分成若干个势均力敌的部分，只不过对比结构段落的两部分之间方向相反，而并列结构段落的各部分之间方向相同。一、总分结构 总分结构的主题句一般为首句（如果首句结束后，第二句话存在转折关系，那么主题句就是第二句）。最常见的总分段落的标志就是第二句话前面出现“for example/instance”等举例关系词。如果总分结构段落最后再加一个总结句，就是总分总结构。这种段落结构约占70%。这个方法最大好处是大部分段落都存在主题句，所以能够广泛应用该方法概括段落主旨。这就是“常用法”的由来。但是，该方法的缺点是，如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。 2、简易法——重复出现是主旨 之所以有第二个方法是因为第一个方法有缺点，常用法的缺点是，如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。如果一段话在不断重复某一概念，就说明这段话在围绕这个概念展开，这个概念就是这段话的主旨。这就为我们快速把握主旨提供了极大的方便。因此，这种方法称为“简易法”。 在一段话内部重复出现可以分为三种类型。第一种是“原词”重复，但是这也是作者极力避

雅思阅读教案

雅思阅读教案 paragraph headings（段落标题） 在阅读文章的前面给出 list of headings, 一般是 5 到 10 个左右选项，其中含一到两个段落及其标题的例子。要求对题目中给出的段落，根据其内容找出与其相匹配的段落标题。尽管题目说明中提示一个选项可能会适用多个，但正式考试中一般一个选项只能用于一个段落。 ? 段落标题类答题步骤： 1.首先在 list of headings 中划去做为例子的 heading 或 headings ，以免在根据段落内容在 list of headings 中找出与其相匹配的段落标题时，它（它们）会干扰考试者对其他 headings 的选择。 ? 2.在文章中把做为例子的段落划掉，以免对例子段落进行不必要的精读。 3.对题目中给出的段落，按照首句（第一、二句）、末句和中间句寻找主题句的方法，在 list of headings 中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。 ? 4.如果时间允许，按照文章的段落顺序，对非题目中给出的段落及例子段落进行快速阅读，而对题目中给出并要求找出与其相匹配的段落标题的段落进行精读。找出其中心意思后，再在 list of headings 中找出与其相匹配的段落标题。 ? 5.选出几个可能匹配的题目进行比较（通常两至三个），当然其中只能有一个为正确答案。 ? 6. 对于第一种匹配题型可以将最难的题留在最后进行匹配，不要在较难的题上花费更多的时间，而应选择较易回答的题目进行匹配，最后所剩即为该难题的答案。 ? 7. 要仔细检察答案，特别是第一题型，因为答错一题，就意味着答错两道题。 ? 相应练习：剑四 test3 passage2 剑五 test3 passage3 剑六 test2 passage1 剑六 test3 passage2 剑六 test4 passage1 二、辨别正误题型 (True / false /not given)? 该题型还涉及到：（not given / not mentioned）没有提到，有时还会出现下列提法 accurat / inaccurat 精确/不精确； supported / contradicted 一

基英课文概述summary(第三册)

Unit 1 Fresh Start I first began to wonder what I was doing on a college compus anyway when my parents drove off . My plan was to keep my ears open and my mouth shut .The next morning , I found my first class and marched in . But I was in the wrong building . After class , I went to the cafeteria , I stepped in a large puddle of ketchup and my rear end met the floor . It ended with my first day of college class . I was very frustrated . But later , a composed and very confident football player let me realized I had been taking myself far too seriously .So I gave up trying to act my way through college and began not acting at all . Three years after graduation , I’m still making mistakes , and I’m even being forgiven for a few . Unit 2 Tranny of the Urgent Have you ever wished for a thirty-hour gay ? We seemed have a lot of things undone . But would a thirty-hour day really solve the problem ? Prolongation of time doesn’t really solve the problem . We find ourselves working more and enjoying it less . Our dilemma goes deeper , it’s basically the problem of priorities . Sometimes we have left undone and we have done those things which we shouldn’t have done . It’s the problem of priorities . Some urgent things devour our energy . Then we recall the important tasks pushed aside . We realize we’ve become slaves to the “ tyranny of the urgent ” . Unit 3 Chinese Food Chinese and Western have the different attitudes toward food . Most of chinese pay more attention to the food , but the western is different . For them , food is quite simply a fuel . Chinese think the eating is one of the most important things in life : to eat with the capital E . In fact , chinese food is the only truly international food . How did this come about ? The reasons included that the chinese went to work in North America , and the population pressure in HongKong . But root is that the western are interested in chinese food . There is no doubt that the traditional high-quality chinese meal is a serous matter , the preparation is detailed , and the enjoyment must therefore match it . Chinese food is an expression of basic assumptions about life itself . Unit 4 Why I Want a Wife I’m a wife , but I want a wife . With a wife , I can go back to college , leaving my wife to take care of the house and my children . I want a wife who will take care of my physical needs . She is supposed to the house clean , cook the meals every day , and do the grocery shopping . I want a wife who will take care of the details of my social life . When my friends are invited to our home , she should prepare a special meal and make them feel comfortable . I want a wife who will satisfy my sexual needs , of course , she will not demand sexual attention when I don’t feel like it . And I want the liberty to replace my present wife with another one . A wife can do so many things , who wouldn’t want a wife ? Unit 5 The Company Man Phil was a company man , a workaholic , a prefect tape A . He worked himself to death at 3:00 am Sunda y morning . He worked six days a week , over ten hours a day . He didn’t like to exercise , so he was overweight . He was too busy to share any time with his wife and children . As a result , he was very distant from them . One of his sons said : “ my fath er and I only board

summary 范文

Original: My neighbor's children love playing hide-and-seek as all children do, but no one imagine that a game they played last week would be reported in the local newspaper. One afternoon, they were playing in the vacant lot down the corner. Young Paul, who is only five years old, found the perfect place to hide. His sister, Natalie, had shut her eyes and was counting to ten when Paul noticed the storage mail box at the corner and saw that the metal door was standing open. The mailman had just taken out several sacks of mail and had carried them to his truck which was standing at the curb a few feet away. Paul climbed into the storage box and pulled the door closed so hard that it locked. Soon realizing what he had done, he became frightened and started crying. Meanwhile, Natalie was looking for him everywhere but could not find him. It was lucky that she happened to pause at the corner for a minute and heard her brother's cries. She immediately ran to tell the mailman who hurried back from his truck to unlock the metal door. Paul was now free, but he had had such a bad scare that he could not stop crying. The mailman, however, soon found a way of making him laugh again. He told him that the next time he wanted to hide in a mail box, he should remember to put a stamp on himself! Summary: The children were playing hide-and-seek in a vacant lot one afternoon. Finding that the storage mailbox had been left open, Paul hid and locked himself in it accidentally. His sister, Natalie, heard his cries and realized where he was hiding, so she immediately told the mailman to unlock the metal door. After letting him out, the mailman made him stop crying by telling him to put a stamp on himself the next he wanted to hide in a mailbox. Original: Why do some animals die out? In the past two hundred years people have caused many kinds of animals to die out--to become extinct. People keep building houses and factories in fields and woods. As they spread over the land, they destroy animals' homes. If the animals can't find a place to live, they die out. Sixteen kinds of Hawaiian birds have become extinct for this reason. Other animals, such as the Florida Key deer, may soon die out because they are losing their homes.Hunters have caused some animals to become extinct, too. In the last century, hunters killed all the passenger pigeons in North America and most of the buffalos. Today they are fast killing off hawks and wolves. Pollution is killing many animals today, too. As rivers become polluted, fish are poisoned. Many die. Birds that eat the poisoned fish can't lay strong, healthy eggs. New birds aren’t born. So far, no animals have become extinct because of pollution. But some, such as the bald eagle and the brown pelican, have become rare and may die out. Scientists think that some animals become extinct because of changes in climate. The places where they live become hotter or cooler, drier or wetter. The food that they eat cannot grow there any more. If the animals can't learn to eat something else, they die. Dinosaurs may have died out for this reason. Summary:

Summary的写作技巧和常见句型

S u m m a r y 的写作技巧和常见句型 、概括原文 一）阅读 1. 读懂文章读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2. 拆分文章按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精 炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3. 概括主旨写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题给summary 起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2. 阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是接着写出要阐述的main ideas （主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的the author .. ）。

支持）。 3. 词汇运用 注意概述的cohere nee （连贯性），运用好tran siti on words （过渡 词） , like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4. 删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5. 选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5 个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6. 把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：“ He was in finan cial difficulties. His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion- like. ” 可以概括为：” He was very brave in battle. He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor. 可以概括为：“ He was in finan cial difficulties. 6）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. ” 可以概括为：” Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays,

雅思阅读SUMMARY题型解答

今天给大家介绍雅思阅读SUMMARY题型该如何解答 一、SUMMARY题型要求 雅思阅读该类题目是一小段文字，是原文或原文中的几个段落主要内容的缩写或改写，称之为摘要。摘要中有几个空白部分要求考生填空。 SUMMARY要求考生要对原文的内容结构有精确的把握，更需要考生运用一定的综合概括能力，将原文和缩写文章进行词句、词语的比较，提取原文信息。 按照范围，摘要可分为两种： 全文摘要（8－10题）和部分段落摘要（涉及2－3段，5－6题）。 全文摘要，摘要信息来自全文，题目空格的数目较多。 部分段落摘要，摘要信息来自原文某几个连续的段落，题目空格的数目较少。 最近雅思考试中出现的大部分是部分段落摘要，信息来自原文连续的两到三段，题目空格的数量在5 题左右。对于部分段落摘要，有的在题目要求中会指出它来自原文的哪些段落，如complete the summary below of the first two paragraphs of the reading passage。 但大部分的部分段落摘要只是在题目要求中说它是原文的一个摘要或部分段落摘要，并不指出它来自原文的哪些段落。 按照填空内容，摘要也可分为三种：原文原词、从多个选项中选词和自己写词。 原文原词的题目要求中常有from the reading passage 的字样。从多个选项中选词，选项的数目常常超过题目空格的数目。从多个选项 中选词或自己写词的题目要求中没有from the reading passage 的字样，有时会有using the information in the passage 的字样。 先看选项，按词性归类。注意是否有同根异性词选项（其中可能一个是答案）。以先猜后找方法解题：猜——用语法；找——回原文。 最近雅思考试中，绝大部分是原文原词或从多个选项中选词，很少有自己写词的。这类题在A类和G类考试中出现的频率一般都是每两次考一次， 每次考一组，共五题左右。 二、SUMMARY解题步骤 （1）雅思考试该类题型，要求仔细读摘要的第一句话，找出它在原文中的出处，通常是和原文某段话的 第一句相对应。确定填空部分是所给阅读文章的全篇还是部分的SUMMARY，确定是用题目所提供的单词表填空，还是需要自己从原文中挑选 单词填空。如果题目要求中已经指出了摘要的出处，则此步可以略去不做。 （2）略读缩写文章，了解大致内容，迅速回原文定位，确定是哪一段落的SUMMARY，或是涉及哪些段落的内容。 把空格前后的词作为signal words，到原文中去找这些词的对应词。 对应词的特点如下： a．原词 b．词性变化；如空格前的词为threatening, 形容词，原文中的词为threat, 名词。

有关summary的写作技巧

有关s u m m a r y的写作技 巧 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】

Summary的写法1 一、概括原文 （一）阅读 1.读懂文章 读文章的时候，要养成良好的阅读习惯，划划写写，英文阅读的时候，用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。 认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。 2.拆分文章 按照作者的思路，把文章分段，每个段落用几个词，几个短语概括。尽量简短，精炼。 段落中心句，在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。 3.概括主旨 写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。 （二）基本结构和技巧 1.重新拟定标题 给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。 2.阐述观点 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候，如果能够明确是他人写作的文章，注意要把作者的名字放在第一句（或者是the

author…….）。接着写出要阐述的main ideas（主要观点）和supporting points （对主要观点的支持）。 3.词汇运用 注意概述的coherence（连贯性），运用好transition words（过渡词）, like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc. 4.删除细节 只保留主要观点。 5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子 原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。 6.把长句变成短句，把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。 “ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” “His courage in battle might without exag geration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

Summary_常用句式

Summary 常用句式 1.This article/ passage mainly tells (a story) about…… 2.This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/…… 3.In this passage (about ……), the author …… 4.In this passage about ……, the author …… 5.The author began the essay/ passage by telling/ presenting…… 6.First/Firstly/ In the beginning/In the first part, the author argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)…… 7.Secondly/ Next/ Further on/ Then/ In the next part/ In the main part, the author goes on with…… 8.Finally/ As a conclusion/, the author concludes/ adds/ stresses that…… 9.Finally, the author summarizes that …… 二、常见句型 1）This paper deals with.. 2）This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc). 3）This essay presents knowledge that... 4）This thesis discusses... 5）This thesis analyzes... 6）This paper provides an overview of...

雅思阅读summary题型总结

雅思阅读summary题型总结 雅思阅读题型大大小小一共有十种，今天和大家一起讨论其中比较特殊的一种题型，它既可以是选择类的题又可以是填空类的题，即：总结题(summary)，总结题可以分成带词库(如：剑五P28)和不带词库(如：剑五P18)两种。 下面以剑桥雅思五P18 Q4-7为例看看不带词库的这类总结题应该如何解答。 首先，不带词库的总结题，是属于填空题这一大家庭，所以，第一步很关键的点是要看清题目对所填字数的要求，如在这里，题干中有这样的要求NO MORETHAN TWO WORDS，因此，在填写答案时，注意不要超过了这里所要求的字数; 第二，需要仔细地读题干，即summary。这里强调的是仔细读，而不是蜻蜓点水式的扫读。从题干中尽可能地获取更多有用信息，用这些信息来帮助解题。如在这里，当我们仔细读第四题所在的题干信息时，我们会发现空白处之前，有tookon 这个短语，意为“雇佣”，其次，还有a number of这个短语，意为“一些”，最后，在空白处后面，细心的同学会发现，有一个由who引导的非限定性定语从句，从这些点点滴滴的信息，我们可以推出此题所填的词应该是复数形式的表示人的词。有了这样的提示信息，回到原文找答案的过程才会有水到渠成的状态。 第三，回原文进行定位并找到答案。定位的过程，建议大家不要生硬地去寻找，有些同学不分题型也不用任何方法，一进入回原文的状态就从文章第一段第一句开始读，在这里要提醒大家的是，由于在上一步中已经通读过summary内容，在summary中出现过的特殊词是都可以用来帮助大家进行定位的，比如剑五P18这道题题干中就出现了“in1764，40，000 words，80 large notebooks，JamesBoswell”等大量的特殊词，这些词都能帮助大家进行快速定位。也许在这里有同学要提问了，为什么题干中的“Johnson，Dictionary”也是大写，却不是特殊词了呢?其实当大家开始看文章就知道，全文的标题是 Johnson'sDictionary，也就是说“Johnson，Dictionary”这两个词，将会是全文的主题词，它们将在文章中多次出现，所以这两个含有大写字母的词也不能算是能帮助我们解题的特殊词了。另外，这里需要提醒的是，即使整个summary题干中没有像这道题这么频繁地出现特殊词，也许下次大家需要完成的总结题里，只是一两个此类的特殊词，那这一到两个特殊词也可以作为大家解题的一个突破口。因为总结题大多数情况下是有序的。 最后，澄清一点大家对总结题的认知。很多同学会发出这样的感叹，“老师，我从小总结能力就很差，所以我的总结题总是做不对”。这种对总结题的认知是不科学的，本质上来说，完成这类总结题的过程就是在做单句填空，这是和大家所谓的总结能力无关的一个过程。更多考察的仍然是对题干语句的理解及回原文查找相关信息的能力，所以大家不需要担心自己母语方面总结能力不到位的情况会影响到解总结题的效率或状态。

高级英语6 lesson1 课文的summary

Summary of Sexism in School According to Myra and David Sadker, many people believe classroom sexism was gone already, but actually it still exists in school: boys still get more attention than girls do in classroom. Based on some reliable investigation and bountiful evidence, readers can easily know that teachers' sexist attitudes towards students do exist and it can directly affect students' progress in learning. It can be found that boys get more than their fair share of teacher attention, while girls just sit and keep quiet. Besides, the sexism with far-reaching harmful effects also exists in work place. Then the authors make a recommendation that teachers getting trained can establish equity in classroom, which turns out to be effective according to the study. Finally, the authors make a call for immediate action to remove sexism in school so that females can achieve equity in work world as well as in school.

summary好例子

Steps to Writing a Summary 1.Read and understand the prompt or writing directions. What are you being asked to write about? Example: Summary of an Article Write a summary of the article. Your writing will be scored on how well you: ?state the main ideas of the article; ?identify the most important details that support the main ideas; ?write your summary in your own words, except for quotations; and ?express the underlying meaning of the article, not just the superficial details. 2. Read, think about, and understand the text. Review the material to make sure you know it well. Use a dictionary or context clues to figure out the meaning of any important words that you don’t know. 3. Take notes. Write down the main ideas and important details of the article. 4.Write a thesis statement. In a single sentence, state the main idea of the article. The thesis statement should mention the underlying meaning of the article, not just the superficial details. 5. Organize and outline ideas. Write down the important details you need to include in the summary. Put them in a logical order. Topic Sentence: Evidence: #1: #2: #3: 6.Write your essay. ?Your summary should be about one third of the length of the original article. ?Focus on the main point of the article and the most important details. ?Use your own words; avoid copying phrases and sentences from the article unless they’re direct quotations. 7.Revise. Have you indented all paragraphs? Have you captured the main point of the article? Have you included the most important details? Is there sentence variety? Have you avoided writing short, choppy sentences? Are there transitional words and phrases to connect ideas? 8. Proofread and edit. Check your spelling, grammar, and punctuation. Is the verb tense consistent? Are all names spelled correctly and capitalized? Have you avoided writing run-on sentences and sentence fragments? 9. Write your draft. Use blue or black ink. Skip lines. Write on one side of the paper only. Include a title on the top line. 10. Read your summary one last time before you turn it in. Look for careless spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors, especially omitted words or letters. Cross out errors neatly with a single line and write the correction above. Original Article: Bats In the distant past, many people thought bats had magical powers, but times have changed. Today, many people believe that bats are rodents, that they cannot see, and that they are more likely than other animals to carry rabies. All of these beliefs are mistaken. Bats are not rodents, are not blind, and are no more likely than dogs and cats to transmit rabies. Bats, in fact, are among the least understood and least appreciated of animals. Bats are not rodents with wings, contrary to popular belief. Like all rodents, bats are mammals, but they have a skeleton similar to the human skeleton. The bones in bat wings are much like those in arms and the human hand, with a thumb and four fingers. In bats, the bones of the arms and the four fingers of the hands are very long. This bone structure helps support the web of skin that stretches from the body to the ends of the fingers to form wings. Although bats cannot see colors, they have good vision in both dim and bright light. Since most bats stay in darkness during the day and do their feeding at night, they do not use their vision to maneuver in the dark but use a process called echolocation. This process enables bats to emit sounds from their mouths that bounce off objects and allow them to avoid the objects when flying. They use this system to locate flying insects to feed on as well. Typically, insect-eating bats emerge at dusk and fly to streams or ponds where they feed. They catch the insects on their wingtip or tail membrane and fling them into their mouths while flying. There are about 1,000 species of bat, ranging in size from the bumblebee bat, which is about an inch long, to the flying fox, which is sixteen inches long and has a wingspan of five feet. Each type of bat has a specialized diet. For seventy percent of bats, the diet is insects. Other types of bats feed on flowers, pollen, nectar, and fruit or on small animals such as birds, mice, lizards, and frogs. (continued on back)