Rattle-type microspheres as a support of tiny gold nanoparticles for highly efficient catalysis
Cite this:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1b14796763.html,mun .,2011,47,11727–11729Rattle-type microspheres as a support of tiny gold nanoparticles for highly e?cient catalysis w
Bin Liu,Wei Zhang,Hailiang Feng and Xinlin Yang*
Received 22nd June 2011,Accepted 20th September 2011DOI:10.1039/c1cc13717d
SiO 2/poly(ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate)(PEGDMA)rattle-type microspheres loaded with tiny sized gold nanoparticles (B 2nm)were prepared through a facile and novel method.Catalyzed reduction of 4-nitrophenol with NaBH 4demonstrated that this rattle-type microsphere possessed high catalytic e?ciency.
Rattle-type or yolk–shell microspheres,that consist of a core encapsulated in a hollow capsule,have attracted much attention in recent years due to their excellent physical–chemical characteristics,such as a large speci?c area,low density and big void space.1This type of microsphere has exhibited tremendous potential in biomedicine,2Li-ion battery 3and especially in catalysis.4There are some distinct merits of rattle-type microspheres for catalysis.The core can endow di?erent functionalities to this type of material.The shell can protect the core from aggregation and leakage,which may remarkably decrease the catalytic e?ciency.What is more,it facilitates for separation of the catalyst from the reaction system.
In the last few years,several works have been designed to prepare rattle-type microspheres for catalysis.Most of the ideas are based on encapsulating a metal core in a hollow sphere for catalysis.4This approach de?nitely retains the catalytic e?ciency after recycling several times.However,the size of the gold particles was relatively big,resulting in the low catalytic e?ciency due to the low surface area per unit mass.In order to improve the catalytic e?ciency,tailoring the noble metal particles to be tiny in size would be an e?ective method.Several works have been devoted to a?ording tiny metal particles on supports.5Nevertheless,the leakage and aggregation of the tiny particles would remarkably decrease the catalytic e?ciency during recycling.Hence,utilization of rattle-type microspheres as supports to load the tiny metal nanoparticles in the core and the shell for protection may be an ideal solution.In our previous work,we prepared a rattle-type microsphere with tiny gold nanoparticles loaded onto a
polymer colloid and polymer shell through a multi-step template method.6However,there were some distinct drawbacks,such as a tedious synthesis process,the low e?ciency for loading gold particles and especially the dropping of gold nano-particles from the polymer core during the subsequent coating and etching process.
In this work,we prepared SiO 2/PEGDMA rattle-type microsphere through the partial removal of the silica core in a SiO 2@PEGDMA core–shell microsphere.The silica core of this rattle-type microsphere was modi?ed by an amine group –a good anchor for capturing gold precursor AuCl 4à–through coupling of 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APS)by surface siloxane linkage.Then,this amine-modi?ed rattle-type micro-sphere was incubated with HAuCl 4,which was reduced to gold nanoparticles using NaBH 4as the reductant.The procedure for the preparation of tiny gold-loaded SiO 2/PEGDMA rattle-type microsphere is illustrated in Scheme 1.
The SiO 2@PEGDMA core–shell microspheres were synthe-sized by distillation–precipitation polymerization of a EGDMA monomer with 148nm of 3-(methacryloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane (MPS)-modi?ed SiO 2(Fig.S1,ESI w )as seeds,according to our previous work.7The core–shell structure of the SiO 2@PEGDMA microspheres were veri?ed by the TEM image in Fig.1A,where a deep-contrast core and light-contrast shell with a size of 223nm can be seen.The shell thickness was calculated to be about 33nm from the di?erence between the silica and SiO 2@PEGDMA core–shell microspheres.SiO 2/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres were prepared through the selective etching of the silica core by HF aqueous slution.8The size of the silica core in the rattle-type microspheres can be e?ectively controlled through the stoichio-metric reaction between the silica and HF:the core diameter was gradually decreased with an increase in the amount of HF and the
Scheme 1The fabrication process for the SiO 2@Au/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres.
Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials,the Ministry of Education,Institute of Polymer Chemistry,Nankai University,Tianjin 300071,China.E-mail:xlyang88@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1b14796763.html,;Fax:+86-22-23503510;Tel:+86-22-23502023
w Electronic supplementary information (ESI)available:See DOI:10.1039/c1cc13717d
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silica was completely removed with an excessive amount of HF.The process for etching the silica core in the SiO 2@PEGDMA core–shell microspheres is shown in Fig.S2(ESI w ),which shows the TEM images.In this work,the SiO 2/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres with a core size of 88nm were chosen as the support for gold nanoparticles.As shown in the TEM image of Fig.1B,the well-de?ned monodisperse rattle-type microspheres can be distin-guished by the deepest contrast core,gray contrast shell and lightest contrast void between them.The silica cores in the rattle-type microspheres retained the spherical shape and remained as mono-disperse as the initial silica particles,indicating that the etching process was isotropic.This process was di?erent from the etching of the Au particles in the Au@SiO 2core–shell microspheres in the literature.4a This may be a result of the amorphous structure of the silica.
The rattle-type microspheres were modi?ed with amino groups on the surface of the inner silica core through the siloxane linkage of the APS.These amino-modi?ed silica/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres would faciliate adsorption of gold precursor AuCl 4àthrough static interactions together with complexation between the amine and AuCl 4à.The color of the APS-modi?ed rattle-type microspheres changed from white to yellow after the incubation with the HAuCl 4aqueous solution,even after washing with water several times.How-ever,the color of the unmodi?ed rattle-type microspheres kept constantly white after incubation with the HAuCl 4aqueous solution after subsequent washing with deionized water,through repeating centrifugation and dispersion.It indicated the successful loading of the Au precursor into the rattle-type microspheres.The gold nanoparticles were formed by in situ reduction with NaBH 4as the reductant.The TEM and STEM images of SiO 2@Au/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres are shown in Figs 1C and D.The tiny gold nanoparticles (B 2nm)were distributed on the surface of the silica through
gold–amine complexation 9and rarely on the PEGDMA shell.However,there were almost no gold particles anchored in the unmodi?ed rattle-type microspheres (Fig.S3,ESI w ),which was due to the lack of e?cient interactions.All of these results con?rmed the essential role of the amino groups for loading and stabilization of Au nanoparticles.
The formation of the gold nanoparticles was demonstrated by XRD,as shown in Fig.2A.The di?raction peaks at 38.21,44.41,64.51,77.61were assigned to the (111),(200),(220),(311)crystal plane of cubic gold,respectively,which ?ts well with the standard PDF card 65-2870.The EDX spectrum (Fig.S4,ESI w )and EDX line pro?ling (Fig.S5,ESI w )of the SiO 2@Au/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres further indi-cated the presence of the Au and the gold nanoparticles mainly dotted inside the polymer shell of the rattle-type microspheres.The UV-vis absorption spectra of these rattle-type microspheres in di?erent solvents are shown in Fig.2B.The rattle-type microspheres exhibited a plasmon resonance absorption peak at 527nm in tetrahydrofuran (refractive index (n )=1.404)and was red shifted to 535nm in toluene (n =1.496).This resulted from that the surface plasmon resonance of metal particles was sensitive to the surrounding media,indicating that the polymer shell of these rattle-type microspheres was permeable and suitable for catalysis.10
The SiO 2@Au/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres were used as a catalyst via the reduction of 4-nitrophenol in the presence of NaBH 4as the reductant as a model reaction for the evaluation of its catalytic ability.The reaction process was monitored by UV-vis spectra as the reactant 4-nitrophenol has a strong absorption peak at 400nm,while the product
Fig.1(A)A TEM image of the SiO 2@PEGDMA core–shell micro-spheres,(B)a TEM image of the SiO 2/PEGDMA rattle-type micro-spheres,(C)a TEM image and (D)STEM image of the SiO 2@Au/PEGDMA microspheres with a di?erent magni?cation.
Fig.2(A)The XRD spectrum of the SiO 2@Au/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres,(B)UV-vis absorption spectra of the SiO 2@Au/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres in (a)toluene and (b)tetra-hydrofuran.
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4-aminephenol has a median absorption peak at 300nm.The reduction reaction cannot be performed without the catalyst,as evidenced by a constant absorption peak at 400nm,even after 24h.When we used the amount of 0.1mL catalyst (1mg mL à1),as in our previous work,5a ,11the reaction was completed in 5min,which was so quick that the process cannot be e?ectively monitored (Fig.S6,ESI w ).Hence,we reduced the catalyst to a very low amount,such as 10m L,for catalyzing the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.Fig.3exhibits the UV-vis absorption spectra for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol measured at di?erent times during the progress of the reaction.The gradual decrease of the absorption peak at 400nm with a simultaneous increase of the absorption peak at 300nm means that the 4-nitrophenol was gradually reduced to https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1b14796763.html,paring this to other work,4a ,5a ,11our catalyst exhibited very fast reaction kinetics for nitrophenol reduction.In the literature,12the Au/C yolk–shell microspheres exhibited a high catalytic reaction rate arising from the high amount of catalyst (5mg catalyst for catalyzing the reduction of 3mL of 4-nitrophenol with a concentration of 0.1mM).
The catalytic recycling properties of the SiO 2@Au/PEGDMA rattle-type microspheres with high levels of reactant and catalyst were quantitatively determined by the reaction time for the complete disappearance of the UV-vis absorption peak at 400nm corresponding to 4-NP,as summarized in Table S1(ESI w ).These results demonstrated that the catalytic properties decreased from 92s to 755s after the catalyst had been recycled eight times via centrifugation from the original reaction system and used for the next catalytic reaction.Such a decrease in activity originated from the slight agglomeration of Au nanoparticles,which was due to the competing coordination e?ect of the amino groups of the 4-aminophenol product during the catalytic reduction,as shown in Fig.S7(ESI w ).However,after recycling several times,the catalytic activity also retained relatively high.That was because the shell of the rattle-type microspheres prevented the gold nanoparticles from leakage and being washed away.The Au content in the rattle-type microspheres before and after being recycled eight times for catalysis were 18.11m g mg à1and 21.70m g mg à1by the ICP analysis,respectively.The fact that Au content was slightly increased after being recycled eight times for catalysis may be due to part of the silica being etched by NaBH 4during the catalysis.13Furthermore,the aggregates still had a relatively small size (B 6nm,Fig.S7,ESI w )and may exhibit some catalytic activity.
In conclusion,a rattle-type microsphere with high loading of tiny gold nanoparticles was synthesized through a facile and novel method,in which all of the steps were facilely controlled.The synthesized rattle-type catalyst had unique characteristics:the post-functionalized core can e?ectively anchor a high amount of metal nanoparticles through in situ reduction,preventing the loss of these nanoparticles during further treatment and the polymer shell had good permeability and protected the metal nanoparticles from leakage.These rattle-type microspheres exhibited a high catalytic e?ciency for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.This method could be easily transferred to load other nanoparticles,such as Ag,Pt,Pd etc for versatile catalysis.
This work has been supported by the NSFC (20874049and 21174065)and Financial support from Tianjin Science Technology Research Funds of China (11JCYBJC02100).
Notes and references
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Fig.3UV-vis spectra of the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol developed at di?erent reaction times.
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旅游与文化 翻译
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完善版美国文学期末重点
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曹操《短歌行》其二翻译及赏析
曹操《短歌行》其二翻译及赏析 引导语：曹操(155—220)，字孟德，小名阿瞒，《短歌行 二首》 是曹操以乐府古题创作的两首诗， 第一首诗表达了作者求贤若渴的心 态，第二首诗主要是曹操向内外臣僚及天下表明心迹。 短歌行 其二 曹操 周西伯昌，怀此圣德。 三分天下，而有其二。 修奉贡献，臣节不隆。 崇侯谗之，是以拘系。 后见赦原，赐之斧钺，得使征伐。 为仲尼所称，达及德行， 犹奉事殷，论叙其美。 齐桓之功，为霸之首。 九合诸侯，一匡天下。 一匡天下，不以兵车。 正而不谲，其德传称。 孔子所叹，并称夷吾，民受其恩。 赐与庙胙，命无下拜。 小白不敢尔，天威在颜咫尺。 晋文亦霸，躬奉天王。 受赐圭瓒，钜鬯彤弓， 卢弓矢千，虎贲三百人。 威服诸侯，师之所尊。 八方闻之，名亚齐桓。 翻译 姬昌受封为西伯，具有神智和美德。殷朝土地为三份，他有其中两分。 整治贡品来进奉，不失臣子的职责。只因为崇侯进谗言，而受冤拘禁。 后因为送礼而赦免， 受赐斧钺征伐的权利。 他被孔丘称赞， 品德高尚地位显。 始终臣服殷朝帝王，美名后世流传遍。齐桓公拥周建立功业，存亡继绝为霸 首。
聚合诸侯捍卫中原，匡正天下功业千秋。号令诸侯以匡周室，主要靠的不是 武力。 行为磊落不欺诈，美德流传于身后。孔子赞美齐桓公，也称赞管仲。 百姓深受恩惠，天子赐肉与桓公，命其无拜来接受。桓公称小白不敢，天子 威严就在咫尺前。 晋文公继承来称霸，亲身尊奉周天王。周天子赏赐丰厚，仪式隆重。 接受玉器和美酒，弓矢武士三百名。晋文公声望镇诸侯，从其风者受尊重。 威名八方全传遍，名声仅次于齐桓公。佯称周王巡狩，招其天子到河阳，因 此大众议论纷纷。 赏析 《短歌行》 (“周西伯昌”)主要是曹操向内外臣僚及天下表明心 迹，当他翦灭群凶之际，功高震主之时，正所谓“君子终日乾乾，夕惕若 厉”者，但东吴孙权却瞅准时机竟上表大说天命而称臣，意在促曹操代汉 而使其失去“挟天子以令诸侯”之号召， 故曹操机敏地认识到“ 是儿欲据吾著炉上郁!”故曹操运筹谋略而赋此《短歌行 ·周西伯 昌》。 西伯姬昌在纣朝三分天下有其二的大好形势下， 犹能奉事殷纣， 故孔子盛称 “周之德， 其可谓至德也已矣。 ”但纣王亲信崇侯虎仍不免在纣王前 还要谗毁文王，并拘系于羑里。曹操举此史实，意在表明自己正在克心效法先圣 西伯姬昌，并肯定他的所作所为，谨慎惕惧，向来无愧于献帝之所赏。 并大谈西伯姬昌、齐桓公、晋文公皆曾受命“专使征伐”。而当 今天下时势与当年的西伯、齐桓、晋文之际颇相类似，天子如命他“专使 征伐”以讨不臣，乃英明之举。但他亦效西伯之德，重齐桓之功，戒晋文 之诈。然故作谦恭之辞耳，又谁知岂无更讨封赏之意乎 ?不然建安十八年(公元 213 年)五月献帝下诏曰《册魏公九锡文》，其文曰“朕闻先王并建明德， 胙之以土，分之以民，崇其宠章，备其礼物，所以藩卫王室、左右厥世也。其在 周成，管、蔡不静，惩难念功，乃使邵康公赐齐太公履，东至于海，西至于河， 南至于穆陵，北至于无棣，五侯九伯，实得征之。 世祚太师，以表东海。爰及襄王，亦有楚人不供王职，又命晋文登为侯伯， 锡以二辂、虎贲、斧钺、禾巨 鬯、弓矢，大启南阳，世作盟主。故周室之不坏， 系二国是赖。”又“今以冀州之河东、河内、魏郡、赵国、中山、常 山，巨鹿、安平、甘陵、平原凡十郡，封君为魏公。锡君玄土，苴以白茅，爰契 尔龟。”又“加君九锡，其敬听朕命。” 观汉献帝下诏《册魏公九锡文》全篇，尽叙其功，以为其功高于伊、周，而 其奖却低于齐、晋，故赐爵赐土，又加九锡，奖励空前。但曹操被奖愈高，心内 愈忧。故曹操在曾早在五十六岁写的《让县自明本志令》中谓“或者人见 孤强盛， 又性不信天命之事， 恐私心相评， 言有不逊之志， 妄相忖度， 每用耿耿。
翻译中国文化和历史
翻译（一）、中国文化和历史 1、狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。 The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals. In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans. The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years. During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty. Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness. 2、端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。 ? The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified. People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. 3、上海菜系是中国最年轻的地方菜系，通常被成为“本帮菜”，有着400多年的历史。同中国其他菜系一样，“本帮菜”具有“色，香，味”三大要素。//上海菜的特点是注重调料的使用，食物的质地和菜的原汁原味。其中最著名的有特色点心“南翔小笼”和特色菜“松鼠鲑鱼”。//“南翔小笼”是猪肉馅，个小味美，皮薄汁醇。“松鼠鲑鱼”色泽黄亮，形如松鼠，外皮脆而内肉嫩，汤汁酸甜适口。//在品尝过“松鼠鲑鱼”之后，我们常常惊讶于“松鼠”的形状，觉得在三大评价标准上在添加“形”这个标准才更合适。 Shanghai cuisine, usually called Benbang cuisine, is the youngest among themajor regional cuisines in China, with a history of more than 400 years. Like all other Chinese regional cuisines, Benbang cuisines takes “color, aroma and taste”as its essential quality elements.//Shanghai cuisine emphasizes in particular the expert use of seasonings,
_嘉莉妹妹_中自然主义赏析
目的。笔者曾进行了这方面的一个实验；对乐理、视唱程度相当的Ａ、Ｂ两个班，在讲小调式时，Ａ班此时视唱只唱小调式作品，边唱边分析；Ｂ班只在乐理课上选一些典型作品作简单分析，而视唱课对小调作品概不介绍，结果发现Ａ班大部分同学对小调式的特点掌握清晰、分析作品透彻，而Ｂ班多数同学对小调式作品的分析仍感糊涂。 （二）乐理和视唱由同一老师任教，选用乐理与视唱进度相当、联系密切的教材。 两门课由同一老师任教，这样就使老师对两门课的进度有更好的把握，从而做到在教学内容上的衔接，使乐理教学与视唱教学融为一体。现在有些院校已开始了这方面的尝试，如河南的黄河科技学院，商丘师院等。据笔者了解，由同一个老师任教班级学生的乐理视唱学习效果明显好于非同一教师任教的班级。 教材的选择对教学影响极大，原来的视唱教材极少有乐理内容，而乐理教材中的谱例也不多。目前新的教材已改变了这种状况，现在视唱教材中有了很好的理论知识讲授，如许敬行、孙虹编著，高教出版社出版的《视唱练习》。乐理教材有了更多的谱例，如贾方爵编著、 西南师大出版社出版的《基本乐理》。选用此种联系密切的教材， 教师在教学的过程中更易做到理论联系实际，学生在自学时也更易理解。 （三）加强乐理、视唱教学与其他科目的横向联系 音乐中的许多课程，如欣赏、民族民间音乐、合唱、音乐史等的学习对学生综合专业素质的提高有很大帮助，对它们的学习与对乐理和视唱的学习又能达到互相促进的目的。在乐理学教学中，学生最易迷惑的就是调式调性的判断，而进行调式判断时首先要靠听觉分辨作品的五声性和西方性。但如何能够分辨其是五声性作品还是西方调式体系作品，靠的是学生对音乐的基本鉴赏力。这就要求学生平时在欣赏课上要认真去听、去辨别，而欣赏老师也应该对不同体裁的音乐作品进行详细的讲解，并引导学生去辨别。经过这样长期的训练，学生对于不同地域、不同风格的音乐作品都有了了解和掌握，辨别调式的问题自然迎刃而解。同样，民族民间课程的学习对于学生了解和掌握各民族的音乐风格、特点起重要作用。经过同学们对民歌、戏曲等曲型片断的实际训练，在视唱这些有特点的作品时，其音乐风格的把握就会更好一些，因律制原因产生的音准问题也会大大减少，学生对民族风格的视唱会唱得更有味，把握得更准确。在这方面，如果乐理和视唱课需要，可会同其他科目的教师对教学进度、教学内容作一些适当的调整，使之与乐理、视唱教学相适应。如有必要，也可请这方面的专家，就某一问题进行一次讲座，以加深同学们对某些问题的理解。教师亦可有目的地向学生介绍一些此方面的书籍，让学生去阅读；介绍一些音响资料，让学生有目的地听，从而拓宽学生的知识面，进而更好地学习和掌握乐理和视唱。 总之，视唱与乐理相结合并密切联系相关科目的教学方法，不仅可以使学生增加对音乐理论的感性认识，加强视唱时的理论指导，更增加了视唱课的趣味性，使乐理不再枯燥，视唱课不再单调。 当然，加强乐理、视唱与其他科目教学的联系并不是说这些课程什么地方都可以互融。有些乐理知识如音律很难让学生唱出来。但这并不能否认加强视唱、乐理与其他学科教学联系的必要性。 作者简介：刘建坤，商丘师范学院音乐系教师。 一、美国自然主义的产生 内战之后，美国处于一段相对和平的时期，资本主义经济蓬勃发展。然而，在经济发展的背后，人们却普遍产生了一种悲观情绪，传统的理想主义被抛弃，宇宙的在规律性和机械性中蕴涵的漠然性使其变成了人类的敌人，至少已经不是人类慈祥的朋友。斯蒂芬?克莱恩（Ｓｔｅｐｈｅｎ Ｃｒａｎｅ（１８７１－１９００））的一首小诗Ｇｏｄ ｉｓ ｃｏｌｄ［１］ 便生动地反映了这种状况： 一个人对宇宙说：／“阁下，我存在的！”／“不过，”传来宇宙的回答，／“你的存在虽是事实，却／并没有使我产生义务感。” 对这一思潮起决定性作用的是达尔文的进化论（Ｔｈｅｏｒｙ ｏｆ Ｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ）。达尔文认为：影响生物进化的因素有三种，即：自然选择、性的选择及个体有生之期获得特性的遗传。进化论的诞生，是对传统神学及理想主义神学的全盘否定，它取消了上帝设计师和创造者的地位，进而强调人类产生过程的机械性，以及人类进化过程的因果循环性。受其影响，悲观、忧郁的新自然哲学应运而生。新自然哲学指出，自然是一座对人类遭遇无动于衷的庞大机器，人类在自然中必然要为生存而相互竞争，而且，部分人的毁灭是人类进步中不可避免的现象。 悲观的新自然哲学在文学中的反映就是产生悲观宿命的自然主义文学。英国哲学家赫伯特?斯宾塞（ＨｅｒｂｅｒｔＳｐｅｎｃｅｒ）的“社会达尔文主义” （Ｓｏｃｉａｌ Ｄａｒｗｉｎｉｓｍ）以及美国内战后的社会状况，对自然主义在美国的产生和发展起了极大的作用。当时的主要作家往往把人置于庞大的自然和社会背景中，从而显示其渺小、脆弱以及无可奈何。 ＂生存＂是人类活动的最高目标，道德规范对于实际生活已经毫无意义。 在美国自然主义文学中，最为突出的代表是西奥多?德莱塞。 二、德莱塞在美国文学史上的地位 西奥多?德莱塞 ［Ｔｈｅｏｄｏｒｅ Ｄｒｅｉｓｅｒ （１８７１－１９４５）］是美国现代小说的先驱和代表作家，被认为是同海明威、福《嘉莉妹妹》是美国自然主义文学大师西奥多?德莱塞的处女作和成名作。自然主义在书中 主要表现为作者对失败者的深刻同情。 《嘉莉妹妹》中 自然主义赏析 文／姚晓鸣 编辑：冯彬彬 69 美与时代 ２００３．１１下
中级翻译之一(文化与翻译)
Cast P earls before swine.牛一猪） 7）落汤鸡/落水狗：Like a drow ned mouse .鸡/狗一鼠） 8）热锅上的蚂蚁： Like a cat o n hot bricks.蚂蚁一猫） 9）宁为鸡头，毋为牛后： Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lio n.鸡 —狗，牛一狮） 由此可见，中国成语中的动物在英语成语中已不属于同一动物了。 2. 与颜色有关的成语或谚语英汉也不尽相同 在颜色的作用上，有相同点。比如，红色（red ），无论是在英语国家，还是在 中国，往往都与庆祝活动和喜庆日子有关。如中国有 开门红”代表着好运气。 英语有“redletter days 纪念日，喜庆日）等。但更多的还是有不同点，而且两种 语言在颜色 的意义上也有区别。如 黄色”（yellow ）在西方黄色表示懦弱，胆小， 不敢面对现实。而在中国，黄色是帝王的象征。只有皇帝才配着黄色。再如 蓝 色” （blue ）在英语中通常表示不快活，心情不好。如： 1） He is blue today 文化与翻译 英汉成语、谚语中的语言文化差异 其语言也必然会有很大的差别。语言 来谈 由于中西方的社会文化存在着很大的差异， 离不开文化，文化也离不开语言。本文就英汉成语或谚语对译的几个实例, 谈两种语言在成语或谚语中所存在的文化差异。 1.与动物有关的成语或谚语英汉不尽相同 1）他壮得像头牛。 He is as stro ng as a horse 牛一马） 2）她胆小如 鼠。 She is as timid as a hare （鼠一兔） 3）养虎遗 患: Warm a sn ake in on e's bosom 虎—蛇） 4）瓮中之鳖: Like a rat in a hole.（鳖一鼠） 5）害群之 马: Black shee p.马一羊） 6）对牛弹琴:
短歌行赏析介绍
短歌行赏析介绍 说道曹操， 大家一定就联想到三国那些烽火狼烟岁月吧。 但是曹操其实也是 一位文学 大家，今天就来分享《短歌行 》赏析。 《短歌行》短歌行》是汉乐府旧题，属于《相和歌辞·平调曲》。这就是说 它本来是一个乐曲名称。最初古辞已经失传。乐府里收集同名诗有 24 首，最早 是曹操这首。 这种乐曲怎么唱法， 现在当然是不知道。 但乐府 《相和歌·平调曲》 中除《短歌行》还有《长歌行》，唐代吴兢《乐府古题要解》引证古诗 “长歌正激烈”， 魏文帝曹丕 《燕歌行》 “短歌微吟不能长”和晋代傅玄 《艳 歌行》 “咄来长歌续短歌”等句， 认为“长歌”、 “短歌”是指“歌声有长短”。 我们现在也就只能根据这一点点材料来理解《短歌行》音乐特点。《短歌行》这 个乐曲，原来当然也有相应歌辞，就是“乐府古辞”，但这古辞已经失传。现在 所能见到最早《短歌行》就是曹操所作拟乐府《短歌行》。所谓“拟乐府”就是 运用乐府旧曲来补作新词，曹操传世《短歌行》共有两首，这里要介绍是其中第 一首。 这首《短歌行》主题非常明确，就是作者希望有大量人才来为自己所用。曹 操在其政治活动中，为扩大他在庶族地主中统治基础，打击反动世袭豪强势力， 曾大力强调“唯才是举”，为此而先后发布“求贤令”、“举士令”、“求逸才 令”等;而《短歌行》实际上就是一曲“求贤歌”、又正因为运用诗歌 形式，含有丰富抒情成分，所以就能起到独特感染作用，有力地宣传他所坚 持主张，配合他所颁发政令。 《短歌行》原来有“六解”(即六个乐段)，按照诗意分为四节来读。 “对酒当歌，人生几何?譬如朝露，去日苦多。慨当以慷，忧思难忘。何以 解忧，唯有杜康。” 在这八句中，作者强调他非常发愁，愁得不得。那么愁是什么呢?原来他是 苦于得不到众多“贤才”来同他合作， 一道抓紧时间建功立业。 试想连曹操这样 位高权重人居然在那里为“求贤”而发愁， 那该有多大宣传作用。 假如庶族地主 中真有“贤才”话， 看这些话就不能不大受感动和鼓舞。 他们正苦于找不到出路