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初中英语综合复习要点

初中英语综合复习要点
初中英语综合复习要点

2018初中英语综合复习要点

第一部分:名词

一、名词的分类

1)名词分为“专有名词”和“普通名词”两大类。专有名词是个别的人、事物、地点等专有的名称,如:Gina, China。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。

2)普通名词又可分为下面四类:

①个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体。如pen, student, apple。

②集体名词:表示若干个体组成的集合体。如family, class。

③物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如water, broccoli等。

④抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、情感等。如work, happiness等。

个体名词和集体名词都是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词。

3)有些名词既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词,但意义不同,要注意区分。

①glass 杯子(可数名词)玻璃(不可数名词)orange 橘子(可数名词)橘汁(不可数名词)

②还有表示动物类的名词,表示动物时是可数名词,作为菜肴时是不可数名词。

chicken 小鸡(可数名词)鸡肉(不可数名词)fish .鱼(可数名词)鱼肉(不可数名词)4)不可数名词

不可数名词没有复数形式,计量时,用“基数词/不定冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”表示,数词决定量词单/复数形式。

a glass of water一杯水 a cup of tea 一杯茶a piece of news一则新闻

two bowls of rice 两碗米饭two pairs of glasses两副眼镜

three pieces of advice三条建议

二、名词复数可数名词有单复数两种形式,名词的单数变复数规则如下:

1)一般情况在词尾加-s ,清辅音后读/s/,浊辅音和元音后读/z/。如:book----books /buks/ desk---desks /desks/ bag----bags /b?gz/ game----games /geimz/ key----keys /ki:z/

2)以s, x, sh, ch,等结尾的词加-es,读/iz/. 如:bus----buses /b?siz/ box----boxes /b?ksiz/ fish----fishes /’fi?iz/ watch----watches /’w?t?iz/

3)以辅音字母加y结尾的词,变y为i,再加-es。读/z/。如:family--familiesbaby--babies party--parties strawberry-strawberries

4)以f或fe结尾的词

①变f或fe为ves。读/vz/。该类词有:knife刀,life生命,wife妻子,self自己,leaf叶子,thief 贼,half一半,wolf狼,等等。

②两种都可以的有:scarf围巾----scarfs /scarves

5)以o结尾的词

初中阶段只有potato/tomato/hero加-es,除此之外都加s.如:potato----potatoes,tomato----tomatoes,hero----heroes, photo----photos, kilo----kilos, piano----pianos radio----radios, zoo----zoos

常见的不规则变化有:

man--men男人woman--women 女人foot--feet脚mouse-mice老鼠child-children孩子sheep-sheep绵羊tooth—teeth牙齿Russian--Russians俄国人American--- Americans美国人

Asian—Asians 亚洲人Indian—Indians 印度人Italian—Italian意大利人Africa—Africans非洲人Candian—Candians 加拿大人

European—Europeans欧洲人Englishman——Englishmen 英国人Frenchman—Frenchmen 法国人Policeman—Policemen 警察

Chinese--- Chinese中国人Japanese--- Japanese日本人German---Germans德国人human—humans人人类

6)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。

eg,people,police,trousers,shorts,clothes,scissors

另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。

eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister

但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。

eg.two men teachers,three women doctors

三、名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)

1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。

(1)不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加“‘s”

eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day

(2)以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加“’”。

eg.teachers’ office, students’ rooms

(3)两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s.

eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)

(4)两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s.

eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车) 2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构

eg.a map Of China,the beginning of this game,the door Of the room

(3)特殊形式

(1)可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格

eg.the boy’s name=the name of the boy(男孩的名字)

the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)

China’s population=the population of China(中国的人口)

China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)

(2)双重所有格

eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友

a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片

(3)用to短语表示

the key to the room the answer to the exercise the ticket to the movie the secret to success

四、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:

1、主语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention./The water in the glass is very cold.

2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,

①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:My family are watching TV

3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard. / There are some sheep in the yard.

4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.

5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, shorts等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:

The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.

6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。

如:A lot of students are playing baseball now./A lot of time was wasted on that work

7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果)

8、8、there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)

11、either…or…、neither…nor…、not only…but also…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor I am going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

12、表示一段时间或金钱、距离等复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time./Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).

13、主语中含有half of…/ (three quarters)of…/ all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English/ A third of the students were playing near the lake. / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.

但是,population一词又有特殊情况:What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Asians

第二部分:冠词

冠词:冠词是置于名词之前,对名词起限制作用的一种虚词。冠词可以说是名词的一种标志,它不能离开名词而独立存在。冠词分为不定冠词"a,an"、定冠词"the"和零冠词三种。零冠词指的是不用冠词的情况。不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指。

1、不定冠词的用法

不定冠词有"a和an"两种形式。"a"用在以辅音音标开头的词前,"an"用在以元音音标开头的词前。

1) 用于可数名词的单数形式前,表示"一"

There is a tiger in the zoo. 动物园里有一只老虎。

2) 表示一类人和东西

A tiger can be dangerous. 老虎可能有危害性。

3) 表示"某一个"的意思

A gentleman wants to see you. 有一位先生要见你。

4) 表示"每一"的意思

We go swimming four times a week. 我们每周去游泳四次。

5) 用在作表语的单数可数名词前,表示身份、职业

My mother is a teacher. 我妈妈是教师。

6) 第一次提到的人或事物,但不特别指明是哪一个

Long long ago there was an old king who had a very beautiful daughter.

定冠词的用法

1) 用以特指某(些)人或某(些)事物

This is the house where Luxun once lived. 这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。

2) 用于指谈话双方都明确所指的人或事物

Open the door, please. 请把门打开。

3) 用以复述上文提过的人或事物(第一次提到用“a或an”,以后再次提到用“the”)

Once there lived a lion in the forest. Every day the lion asked small animals to look for food for him. 从4) 用在序数词和形容词最高级前

January is the first month of the year. 一月份是一年当中的第一个月。

Shanghai is the biggest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。

5) 表示世界上宇宙中独一无二的事物

the sun 太阳the moon 月亮the earth 地球the sky 天空the world 世界

6) 指由普通名词构成的专有名词

the West Lake 西湖the Great Wall 长城the United States 美国the United Nations 联合国

7) 表示方向、方位

in the east 在东方in the west 在西方in the front 在前面at the top 在顶部on the right 在右

边on the left 在左边

8) 在海洋、江河、湖泊、山脉、海峡、海湾等地理名词前

the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Huanghe River 黄河the Tainshan Mountains 天山山脉

9) 在姓氏复数前,表示一家人

The Bakers came to see me yesterday. 贝克一家人昨天来看我。

10) 和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表一类人或物

the poor 穷人the rich 富人the sick 病人the wounded 伤员

the good 好人the beautiful 美丽的事物

11) 在the more, the more比较级的句式中

The more you drink, the more you like it. 你越喝就越爱喝。

12) 表示演奏乐器时,乐器的前面要加the

play the piano 弹钢琴play the violin 拉小提琴

13) 某些固定的表达法

in the morning 在早上in the afternoon 在下午in the evening 在晚上go to the cinema 去看电影all the year round 一年到头on the way to 前往...去的路上

14) the加单数可数名词可以表示一类人或事物

The horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。

注意:像这类句子还有如下两种写法

A horse is a useful animal. Horses are useful animals.

零冠词的用法

1) 专有名词前一般不加冠词

China 中国Europe 欧洲Lei Feng 雷锋William Shakespeare 威廉·莎士比亚

2) 月份、周日、节日前一般不加冠词

January 一月份Sunday 星期日Christmas Day 圣诞节Thanksgiving 感恩节National Day 国庆节May Day 劳动节

比较:...on a Sunday morning.

在一个星期天的早晨... (表示某一个。)

3)三餐、四季前一般不加冠词

I have lunch at school. 我在学校吃午餐。

Summer is the best season for swimming. 夏天是游泳的好季节。

比较:I had a big lunch yesterday. 昨天我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。(表示某一个)

The dinner given by Mr Smith was very nice.

史密斯先生款待的晚宴真是美味。(表示特指)

比较:I will never forget the summer we spent in Hawaii.

我永远不会忘记我们一起在夏威夷度过的那个夏天。(表示特指)

4)进行球类运动

play basketball 打篮球play volleyball 打排球play football 踢足球

5)没有特指的不可数抽象名词Time is precious. 时间是宝贵的。

6)没有特指的可数名词复数形式后。

I like tomatoes. 我喜欢西红柿。

第三部分:数词

一、基数词

基数词用来表示数目,或者说表示数量的词叫基数词。

例如:

1one 11 eleven 100 a hundred2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty 1000 a thousand

说明:

1.13—19是由个位数加后缀-teen构成。注意其中13、15的拼写是thirteen和fifteen。

2.20—90由个位数加后缀-ty构成,注意其中20—50的拼写分别是twenty, thirty, forty 和fifty;80的拼写是eighty。

3.其它非整十的两位数21—99是由整十位数加连字符“-”,再加个位数构成。如:81 eighty-one。

4.101—999的基数词先写百位数,后加and再写十位数和个位数。如:691 six hundred and ninety-one。

5.1000以上的基数词先写千位数,后写百位数,再加and,最后写十位数和个位数。

如:5893 five thousand eight hundred and ninety-three。在基数词中只有表示“百”、“千”的单位词,没有单独表示“万”、“亿”的单位词,而是用thousand(千)和million(百万)来表达,其换算关系为:1万=10 thousand;1亿=100 million; 10亿=a thousand million=a billion。

6.多位数的读法:

1)1000以上的多位数,要使用计数间隔或逗号“,”。即从个位起,每隔三位加一个间隔或逗号。第一个间隔或逗号前是thousand(千),第二个间隔或逗号前是million(百万),第三个间隔或逗号前是a thousand million或a billion(十亿)。

2)每隔三位分段以后就都成了101—999。读的时候十位数(或个位数)的前面一般要加and。如:

888,000,000读作:eight hundred and eighty-eight million。

(二)序数词

表示顺序的词,叫序数词。序数词用来表示数词顺序。除特殊情况外,序数词一般都由相应的基数词加后缀-th构成。序数词前一般要加定冠词the.

请见下表:

第一到第十第十一到第十九第二十以上

First eleventh twentieth

second twelfth thirtieth

third thirteenth fortieth

fourth fourteenth fiftieth

fifth fifteenth sixtieth

sixth sixteenth seventieth

seventh seventeenth eightieth

eighth eighteenth ninetieth

ninth nineteenth hundredth

tenth thousandth

说明:

1.英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式,要注意它们的拼写。

2.表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。

3.其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如:fifty-first(第五十一)。

4.少数序数词拼法不规则,如:fifth(第五),eighth(第八),ninth(第九),twelfth(第十二)等。

注意:

1.序数词可缩写为阿拉伯数字加序数词最后两个字母。

例如:

第一:(the) first=1 st第二:(the) second=2 nd第三:(the) third=3 rd

第五:(the) fifth=5th第九十七:(the) ninety-seventh=97 th

第一百零一:(the) one hundred (and)first=101st

2.编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序,但是基数词要后置。

例如:第一课:Lesson One第三十二页:Page 32第305房间:Room 305

第12路公共汽车:Bus No.12

(三)数词的用法

1、million 百万同hundred(百)、thousand(千)的用法相同。

(1)表示具体数字时,用“基数词+ million + 名词复数”。

例句:two million dollars eight million soldiers

(2)表示不确定的数字时,用“millions of + 名词复数”“数百万的…”

例句:millions of books millions of people

2、数词的其它用法:

(1)表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.

(2)表示日期:12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002. (3)表示时刻:5:15→five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→eight thirty或half past eight ; 10:45→ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.

(4)表示编号:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5—PageFive;Tel.No.765865—Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine

(5)小数的读法:5.7→five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.

(6)“半”的表达:1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.

(7)序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗?)

(8)英语中分数的表达:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于“一”时,分母用复数形式。例句:one second two thirds five sixths three quarters

分数做主语时,谓语动词的单复数与其后边名词的单复数一致,若名词为可数名词复数形式,谓语动词就用复数形式,若名词为可数名词单数或不可数名词,谓语动词就用单数形式。

例句:One fifth of the water is dirty. Three fifths of the students in our class are girls . 第四部分:代词

1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。

(1)、主格用来作句子的主语如:I often go shopping on Sundays./ Are they from Amerca?

(2)、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:Who teaches you English this year? / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)

(3)、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:--Who is it?(是谁?) –It’s I/me.

(4)、注意人称代词并列式的顺序:单数人称代词一般是2.3.1的顺序;复数人称代词顺序一般是1.2.3。例如:

You and I are good friends. 你和我是好朋友。(出于礼貌)Tom and I left home early this morning. 汤姆和我今天一大早就离开了家。(出于礼貌)You and he must be there at seven o’clock. 你和他必须7点钟到达那里。You, he and I will be put in the same class. 你、我、他将被分在同一个班。

注意::若把责任担当,第一人称放在前边,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)

Who broke the window? I and Mike谁打破的窗户?我和迈克。

Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?) –You and me.(你和我)

(5)、人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如:--What’s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样?)

—It’s fine.(天气晴好) / --What’s the time?(几点啦?) –It’s 12:00.(12点) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) // We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)

3、物主代词:说明事物所属关系的代词,分为形容词性和名词性两种。

(1)、形容词性物主代词只能作句子中名词的修饰语,后面必须要跟名词。如:

Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)

(2)、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:

This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)

(3)、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:

A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)

[试比较] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)

说明:反身代词有单数和复数之分,单数用词尾-self表示,复数用词尾-selves表示。

常见反身代词短语:look after oneself / take care of oneself 照顾自己teach oneself sth./ learn sth. by oneself自学enjoy oneself/have a good time玩得高兴,过得愉快help oneself to sth请自用……(随便吃/喝些……)hurt oneself摔伤自己(all) by oneself单独地

5、指示代词:指示说明近处或者远处、上文或者下文、以前或者现在的人或事物。指示代词有this,that,these,those四个

(1)、近指代词和远指代词:this(包括其复数形式these),是近指代词。指时间或空间上较近的人及事物。that(包括其复数形式those),是远指代词。指时间或空间上较远的人及事物。例如:This is Mr. Smith and that is Mr. Black. hese are pears and those are apples.

(2)、that those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. that代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. those 代替复数名词. The weather in Shanghai is not so cold as that in Beijing./ The weather in Guangdong is hotter than that in Qinghai. The books in that shop are cheaper than that in this shop. (3)、把某人介绍给第三者时,常使用“This is...”这一句型,其中this不能换成he或she。例如:Jim, this is my teacher, Mr. Black.吉姆,这是我的老师,布莱克先生。

(4)、打电话,向对方介绍自己时要用“This is...”。询问或确认对方是哪一位时,可以说“Who's that? ”你是谁?或“Is that...?是……吗?”。例如:This is Kate. Who's that? 我是凯特,你是谁?This is Jim.总之,打电话时习惯用this指代自己,用that 指代对方。6、不定代词:

不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。常用不定代词有:some,any,all,none,both,either,either,each,every,other,another,much,many,few,little,one等。下面列举部分不定代词的用法比较:

(1)some, any:

①some通常用于肯定句。

例如:There are some people in the room. I want some bread and some eggs.

②any通常用于否定句、一般疑问句和条件句。

例如:There isn’t any water left. 一点水都没剩下。Do you know any French? If you need any help, just let me know.

③如果一般疑问句用来表示邀请、请求,或是期待对方的肯定回答,就要用some。例如:Would you like some milk in your tea? Isn’t these some meat in the fridge? (2)all, both; any, either:

①all表示“(三者或更多者)都……”,both表示“(两者)都……”。例如:All these problems must be solved. 所有这些问题都必须解决。Both her parents are doctors. 她的父母都是医生。both…and 用作连词,意思是“既……又;例如:Both you and I were wrong. He can speak both English and French.

both…and的反义词是neither…nor。请比较:Both he and his brother are at home. 他和他弟弟都在家。Neither he nor his brother is at home. 他和弟弟都不在家。

②any表示“(三者或更多者中)任何一个,无论哪一个”,either表示“(两者中)任何一个”。它们都用于肯定句中,通常与单数可数名词连用。例如:You can borrow any book on the shelf.on either side of the street

(3)neither, none, no one:

①neither表示“(两者)都不的;(两者中)没有一个”。例如:Neither of the twins likes dark green. 这对孪生儿谁也不喜欢深绿色。

②none和no one都表示“(三者或更多者中)谁也不;一个也不”,但用法上稍有不同。no one与nobody同义,只用来指人,其后一般不跟of短语。例如:Everyone is here; no one is away. 大家都在这里,一个人也不少。I found no one in the room. 我发现房间里空无一人。

none既可指人又可指物,通常后接of短语。None用作主语时,谓语动词用单复数均可。例如:None of us want(s) to go. I have read none of his books.

(4)another, other(s), the other(s)

①another既可作形容词,也可作代词,只能用于三个或更多的人或物,泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”,只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。如:I don’t like this one. Please show me another. 我不喜欢这一个,请给我看看另一个。

②other为泛指,用作形容词时意思是“其他的;别的”。例如:Have you got any other questions? I have many other things to do.

other用作代词时通常用复数形式others,意思是“其他人,别人;其他物”。例如:You should be kind to others. Some people like milk; others do not.

③the other为特指,指两个人或物中的一个。the others意思是“其他东西,其余的人”。特指某一

范围内的“其他的(人或物)”。例如:Now open the other eye. 现在请睁开另一只眼睛。I found one shoe but I can’t see the other one. 我找到了一只鞋,但另一只鞋没看到。Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home.两个男孩将去动物园,其余的留在家里。

(5)each, every:

①each可指两个或两个以上中间的每一个,而every只可指三个或三个以上中间的每一个,不能指两个中每一个。例如:Each student studies in his or her own way. 每一个学生都以自己的方式学习。There is a fruit shop on each/either side of the street. (= …on both sides of the street.) 街的两边各有一家水果店。We want every child to be happy. (every child = all the children)

②each可作代词和形容词,而every只能用作形容词,如可以说each of these dictionaries或each one of these dictionaries, 但不能说every of these dictionaries, 该用every one of these dictionaries。

注意:Each of us has a map./ We each have a map.我们每人都有一张地图。

(6)a few /few a little/little

a few /few用于修饰可数名词复数few 很少;几乎没有 a few 有几个;

a little/little用于修饰不可数名词little 很少;几乎没有 a little 有一点

例句:He has very few friends here. He asked us a few questions.

quite a few用于口语,意思是“相当多的”。例如:Quite a few (people) went to the game.不少人都去看比赛了。

We had little rain all summer this year. I need a little more time to finish this.

6、关系代词:用来引导定语从句的代词叫关系代词,参见后面的定语从句。

7、相互代词:表示相互关系的词叫相互代词。

each other ,one another是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示两者之间,而one anther 表示许多人之间。如:We must help each other when we are in trouble. / They sat there without talking to one another / each other

8、疑问代词:用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。

1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。如:

Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的?) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什么?)

第五部分:介词

I、介词是一种虚词,不能独立存在。它必须和随后的补足成分(又称“介词宾语”)一起构成介词短语,才能用于句中。介词后接名词、动名词或代词。

2、介词和种类

(1)简单介词,常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。

(2)复合介词,如along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。

3、某些介词的意义与用法举例

(1)at, on, in(表时间)

at 通常表在某个时间点。at 8:00 在8:00 at 9:25 在9:25 at noon (= at 12:00 in the daytime) 在中午at that time 在那时候;当时at the moment (= now) 现在;此刻at the end of the holiday 在假期结束时

on通常表在“日”前、星期前、节日前或某一天的上/下午、晚上。on September 1st 在9月1日on a cold morning 在一个寒冷的上午on Monday evening 在周一晚上on the afternoon of August 1 st 在在八月一日的下午on Sunday 在周日on Women’s Day 在妇女节

in表在某月/季节/年/世纪等。in 1979 in September 在9月份in spring在春天

for表示做某事经历了(持续了)多长时间

He played soccer for two hours . I watched TV for twenty minutes .

(2)between, among(表位置)

between仅用于二者之间,后边常与and连用。如:I'm sitting between Tom and Alice.

among用于三者或三者以上之间。如:He is the best among the students.

(3)beside, besides

beside意为"在…旁边",而besides意为"除…之外还有"。如:He sat beside me.What do you want besides this?

(4)in the tree, on the tree

in the tree 指动物或人在树上,而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上

(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way

on the way 指在路上in the way 指挡道by the way 指顺便问一句in this way 用这样的方法(6)in the corner, at the corner

in the corner 指在内部的拐角at the corner 指在外部的拐角

(7)in the morning, on the morning

in the morning 是一般说法on the morning 特指某一天的早晨

(8)by bus, on the bus

by bus 是一般说法on the bus 特指乘某一辆.

(9)for, since:

for和since引导的时间状语都有延续之意,但着眼点不同,用法也有所不同。

⑴“for+时间段”表示“(延续)……之久”,其着眼点是现在,即表示延续到现在的一段时间(与现在完成时连用),或表示一段已经终结了的时间(与过去时连用),或表示将要延续的一段时间(与将来时连用)。例如:They have lived in China for two years. 他们在中国已经住了两年。(现在还在中国)They lived in China for two years. 他们在中国住过两年。They will stay here for a few weeks. 他们将在这里住上几个星期。

⑵“since+过去时间点”/“since+一段时间+ago”表示“自从(过去某时)以来”,其着眼点是过去某时,即表示自过去某时延续至今的一段时间,常与现在完成时连用。例如:She has worked here since 1999. I haven’t written home since Christmas.

We haven’t seen each other since three years ago. 自三年前以来,我们彼此就未见过面。

since还可以用作从属连词,引导时间状语从句(从句通常用一般过去式,主句用现在完成时)。例如:It has rained since I got up this morning. It is(has been) just a week since we arrived here.

第六部分:形容词和副词

一、形容词

形容词是用来描写或修饰名词(或代词)的一类词。形容词在句中主要用作定语、表语和宾语补足语。

1.用作定语,修饰名词或代词。

(1)形容词修饰名词时,一般置于它所修饰的名词之前;如有若干形容词同时修饰一个名词时,它们的排列顺序较为固定,通常为:描绘形容词—特征形容词--(包括大小、长短、形状、新旧、年龄等)--颜色形容词。

例如:She has beautiful long curly blond hair.她长着漂亮的金黄色长卷发。

Mary gave me a useful big brown wooden box.玛丽给我一个实用的大的褐色木盒子。

注意:

A.enough修饰名词时,既可以放在名词之前,也可以放在名词之后。例如:

Don’t worry, we have enough time/time enough to get there.

别着急,我们有足够的时间赶到那儿。

B.由连字符连接起来的复合形容词中的名词只能用单数形式。例如:

an eight-year-old boy 一个8岁的男孩

(2)形容词修饰由some,any,every,no等构成的复合不定代词时,需后置。例如:

Will you please tell us something interesting? There’s nothing special in the box.

2.用作表语,位于系动词之后。

初中阶段常用的系动词有:be, become, get, look,feel, smell, taste, sound, turn, seem, keep, grow

例:The park is very beautiful.The soup smells delicious.That sounds good.

3.用作宾语补足语,紧跟在宾语后面。例如:

Keep the classroom clean and tidy,please.Kate found her work very boring.

We should try our best to make our environment more beautiful.

注意:常见的只作表语的形容词有:well, ill, sorry, gald, ready;以及以a-起首的:afraid, alike, alive, alone, asleep, awake等。

另外,有些形容词和定冠词the连用。

常用来泛指一类人,表示复数概念,作主语时要求谓语动词用复数形式。这类词有:rich/poor;young/old;healthy/ill;living/dead;black/white(表示人种)等。

The old are taken good care of in our country. The white are beautiful.白种人很漂亮。

4.英语中,有些词后边加“ed”或“ing”后均可变成形容词,例如:

interest——interesting(interested) excite——exciting(excited)

surprise——surprising(surprised) bore——boring(bored)

一般情况下,以“ed”结尾的形容词常放在be或其他系动词之后作表语,主语通常是人;以“ing”结尾的形容词既可以放在名词前作定语,修饰名词,也可以放在“be ”动词之后作表语,但主语通常是物。

例句:He is very excited, an exciting talk.The movie is exciting.

He is interested in music. an interesting book.The book is interesting .

二、副词

副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、其它副词以及全句的词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。1.副词在句中的作用。

(1)用作状语,修饰动词、形容词、副词和全句。

例:It’s very cold in winter here这里冬天很冷。

(2)用作表语,置于系动词后。多数与介词同形的副词以及一些表示位置的副词都可以用作表语。例:I’m afraid I must be off now.When will they be back?

(3)用作宾语补足语。

例:I saw you out with your wife last Sunday.

(4)用作定语,置于所修饰的名词之后。

例:The people there are very friendly.We hope you will enjoy your stay here.

2.副词作状语时在句子中的位置。

(1)修饰动词,多置于动词之后,如有宾语,则置于宾语之后。

例:Please read carefully.Please read the instructions carefully.

(2)频率副词often,always, never, seldom等通常放在行为动词之前,情态动词、系动词、be动词、助动词之后。

例:Jenny often comes to school early,but her classmate Jim is often late.

You must never play football in the street.

注意:方式副词well, badly, hard等只能放在句尾。

例:He speaks English well.他英语讲得很好。

(3)修饰形容词、副词,置于被修饰词之前。

例:The box is too heavy.Tom owns a very nice house.

注意:enough修饰形容词、副词时,要置于被修饰词之后。

例:The boy is old enough to go to school.

He ran fast enough to catch the train.

(4)修饰全句,置于句首。

例:Luckily it was not so hot. Maybe they can help us.

三、形容词、副词的比较等级

形容词、副词有三个等级,分别为原级、比较级、最高级。

1、(1)as+形容词或副词原级+as …, ……和……一样……。

例:This book is as new as that one. He works as hard as me .

This park is as beautiful as that one.

(2)not as(so)+形容词原级+as……,……不像……那样……。

例:I’m not as (so) tall as that boy . She doesn’t do her homework as carefully as you .

2、形容词与副词的比较级

(1)表示两者(人或事物)之间的比较,其中一方比另一方“更……”“比较……”时用形容词或副词的比较级。

比较级常用句型,主语+谓语动词(be动词或实意动词)+形容词或副词比较级+than +被比对象例:This book is newer than that one。She works harder than you .

(2)形容词或副词比较级的变化规则:

a.一般在词尾加“er“。例:tall-taller short--- shorter

b.以字母e结尾的单词直接加r。例:nice-nicer fine-finer

c.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词,把“y”变成“i”后加er。

例:easy →easier , early →earlier ,

d.个别单词需要双写最后一个字母后加er。例:big→bigger,fat→fatter, thin →thinner 。

e.有些形容词或副词变比较级时属于不规则变化。需特殊记忆。

例:good(well)-better-best many(much)-more-most bad badly ill –worse-worst little-less-least far-farther -farthest

f.有些形容词(副词)变比较级时,前边加more ,主要是多音节词。

例:interesting-more interesting beautiful-more beautiful

This book is more interesting than that one.

(3)形容词或副词比较级前可以用下列词修饰;

much, even, . a little. a bit ,a lot

例:It’s even colder today than yesterday .

(4)“形容词(副词)比较级+and+形容词(副词)比较级”表示“越来越……”。例:taller and taller 越来越高,fatter and fatter 越来越胖,more and more beautiful越来越漂亮。

(5)the +比较级+ of the two(后边可能有名词复数),在比较级句型中,of the two(后边可能有名词复数)常常翻译成“在两个……中”。表示(两者中其中一方)比较……。

例;He is the taller of the two boys .

他是两个男孩中比较高的。

(6)the +比较级+句子,the +比较级+句子,表示“越……,就越……”

例句:The more you take exercise , the healthier you will get .

(7)在比较级句型中,如果相比较的两个事物相同,前面的如果是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,后面的名词常常用that 替代,如果是可数名词复数时,后面的名词常常用those 替代。

例句:The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai .

The apple in your hand is redder than that in my hand .

The students in Class One is taller than those in Class Two.

(8)比较级常见的特殊疑问句句型:疑问词+一般疑问句,A or B?

例句:What subject do you like better, English or maths ?

Who is your best friend? Tom or Jack ?

3、形容词(副词)最高级的用法

形容词(副词)最高级表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中其中一方最……。

(1)基本句式。

主语+谓语(be动词或实义动词)+the+形容词最高级+(名词)+表示范围的介词短语(往往由in 或of引导。in后边一般接表示某一单位场所的名词,of后接表示一群人或事物的代词或名词)例:Tom is the tallest in our class She jumps(the )highest in our school

Lily is the youngest girl of three girls(在三个女孩中)

注意:形容词最高级之前必须加the 副词最高级前可不加the (2)形容词(副词)最高级的构成

A 一般情况下,在词尾加“est”,以“e”结尾的形容词加“st”

例:small-----smallest large------largest

B 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的形容词,把y变成“i”之后加est

例:early---earliest heavy---heaviest

C 个别单词需双写尾字母后加“est”

例:big---biggest hot----hottest

D有些形容词或副词变最高级时属于不规则变化。需特殊记忆。

例:good(well)-better-best many(much)-more-most

bad badly ill –worse-worst little-less-least far-farther (further)-farthest

E 有些多音节形容词在前边加most

例:interesting---most interesting

(3)表示“最……的……之一”时,用“one of the +形容词(副词)最高级+ 名词复数或代词宾格”例:Jack is one of the cleverest students in our class

Songyuan city is one of the most beautiful cities in China

(4)形容词最高级前可以加序数词,表示“第几最……”

例:Changjiang is the first longest river in china

(5)形容词最高级前可以用物主代词,指示代词修饰,此时定冠词the 应省略

例:Tom is my best friend 。Yesterday is his busiest day

(6) 最高级常见的特殊疑问句句型:

疑问词+ 一般疑问句,A、B or C ?

例句:What subject do you like best?English、Chinese or physics ?

Who is the tallest in your class? Lily、Tom or Lilei?

第七部分:动词

1、动词的分类:

(1)实义动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。

I’m reading an English book now.

我现在正看一本英文书。

(2)连系动词本身有一定的词义,不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。

Twins usually look the same.双胞胎通常看起来一样。

The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。

(3)助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。He doesn’t speak English. 他不说英语。

We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗?

(4)情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说

话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。

You can keep the books for two weeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。

May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗?We must go now. 我们现在得走了。

2、关于实义动词:

①英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类:

后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。

②有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive等。

有些动词通常用作及物动词。如:say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

③大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如:study, sing等。

3、关于连系动词:

①连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。

②常见的连系动词有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。

③有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化:look(看→看起来)、feel(感觉、摸→感到)、smell(闻、嗅→闻起来)、taste(尝→尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动→变得)、grow(生长→变得)、get(得到、到达→变得)、go(去→变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。

4、关于助动词:

①常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成时的have(has,had) ;用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般现在时的do(does,did) .

②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall, will, should, would.

5、关于情态动词

(1)情态助词有一定的汉语意思,表示某种感情和语气,但不能单独使用,要与其他动词一起构成谓语,情态动词后必须接动词原形。

(2)情态动词没有人称和数的变化,把含有情态动词的句子变否定句时,情态动词后加not,变疑问句时,把情态动词提到主语之前。

(3)can的用法。can 表示能力和可能性。例句:I can speak English

can you help me? Yes,I can No,I can`t

情态动词could 用于有礼貌的提出要求或请求准许,用于疑问句,代替can ,语气比can 要委婉、有礼貌,回答时要用can ,不能用could ,肯定回答还可以用:sure/ certainly/ No problem /with pleasure 等。

例句:Could you please lend me your pen? Sure .

Could I use your phone ? No , you can’t .

(4)must 必须,must 引导的疑问句,肯定回答时用“yes,主语+must”,否定回答时用“No,主语+ needn`t”或“No,主语+ don`t (doesn`t )have to”。

例句:you must clean your room

Must we clean our classroom first? Yes,you must. No,you needn`t (don`t have to)

must be 表示对事物的判断或推测,“一定是(在)”“准是(在)”。例句:He must be our new teacher

may be 可能是(在)也许是(在)He may be our new teacher .

一般情况下,把含有must be 的句子变否定句时,把must be 改成can`t be(不可能是、不可能在)。

例:He must be at home →He can`t be at home

(5)may 可能可以。may 引导的疑问句,肯定回答时用“yes,主语+may”,否定回答时用“No,主语+ can`t”(不能)或“No,主语+ mustn`t”。(不应该)

例句:May I smoke here ? No,you can`t.

(5)、should 情态动词应该后接动词原形,把含有should的句子变否定句时should 后接not.should 与not可以缩写成shouldn’t, 变疑问句时,把should 提到主语之前。

例句:You should listen to your parents ,

The students shouldn’t play computer games .

Should they clean the classroom ? Yes, they should.

6、动词时态

(一)、一般现在时

(1)概念:表示经常性的习惯性的动作或状态,常与sometimes(有时)every day (每天)every year(每年)in the morning (在上午)often(经常)usually(通常)等连用。例:Sometimes I walk to school. She gets up at six every day .

(2)语序:肯定句:主语+动词原形+其他。当主语是第三人称单数时,动词后加“s”“es”,动词变单数规则同名词变复数一样。例句:They play basketball every sunday.She likes English very much .否定句:主语+don’t或doesn’t+动词原形+其他。例句:I don’t have lunch at home.She doesn’t go to school on Sundays.

疑问句:Do(Does)+主语+动词原形+其他?

肯定回答:Yes ,主语+do (does).

否定回答:No,主语+don’t(doesn’t).例句:Do you like English ?Yes ,I do .(No ,I don’t).Does she often watch TV ?Yes ,she does .(No ,she doesn’t.)

(3)与一般现在时连用的词或短语:sometimes(有时)usually(通常)often(经常)every day (month、year)每天(月、年)in the morning (afternoon、evening)(在上午、下午、晚上)

(二)、现在进行时

(1)概念:表示现在(说话时)或目前一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。常与now连用,例She is crying now

(2)构成:be(am is are)+动词现在分词

动词现在分词变化规则:

A 一般情况下,在动词后边加ing 例:play----playing

B 以不发音e结尾的单词去e后加ing 例come---coming

C 个别单词需双写尾字母后加ing

初中阶段下列单词变现在分词时应双写最后一个字母后加ing

shop , stop ,run ,get, sit ,dig ,put ,begin ,swim,chat

(3)语序

肯定句:主语+be(am is are )+动现分词+其它

例:I`m playing basketball。They are watching TV

She is doing her homework。

否定句:主语+be(am is are)+not+动现分词+其它

例:she isn`t watching TV now。The students aren`t playing games

疑问句:Be(Am Is Are)+主语+动现分词+其它

肯定回答:yes 主语+be (am is are ) 否定回答:No 主语+isn`t(aren`t am not)

例:Is he swimming? yes he is(No he isn`t)

(4)使用现在进行时的场合

A、句子中含有now一词例:They are watching TV now

Now she is reading English

B、句首有listen!或look时

例:Look! Jim is running on the playground。Listen! They`re singing

C、句首有祈使句

例:Don`t make any noise ,your father is sleeping

Please turn off the TV ,They`re doing their homework

(三)、一般过去时

(1)概念:表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态,常与just now(刚才)yesterday(昨天) last year(去年) two days ago(两天前)等短语连用

例:She went to Beijing yesterdayWhat did you do just now?

动词过去式的构成

A 一情况下在动词词尾加ed 例:play---played visit—visited

B 以不发音字母e结尾的动词在词尾加d例:move—moved use---used

C “以辅音字母+y”结尾的动词把y变为i后加ed

例:study---studied carry---carried

D 个别单词需要双写最后一个字母后加ed例stop—stopped

(2)肯定句:主语+动词过去式+其它

例:They played football yesterday afternoon

(3)否定句:主语+didn`t+动词原形+其它

例:He didn`t get up at six yesterday morning

(4)疑问句Did+主语+动词原形+其它

肯定回答:yes 主语+did ,否定回答:No 主语+didn`t

例:Did he tell jyou the name of the book?Yes,he did (No,he didn`t)

(5)与一般过去时连用的词或短语yesterday(昨天) yesterday morning,yesterday afternoon ,yesterday evening,last year(去年),last month,last week ,two years ago(两年前),just now(刚才) , a short time ago(刚才), a moment ago (刚才),the other day(几天前) ,in 1982(在1982年) (6)be 动词的一般过去时.Am 过去式was are的过去式were

英语中只要是含有be动词,即am is are was were 的句子变否定句时都是在其后加not,变疑问句时都是把be动词提前

肯定回答yes 主语+be(am is are was were)

否定回答No 主语+ be(am is are was were)与not缩写

例They were ill yesterday.He wasn`t tired yesterday

Were you at home last Monday?Yes,I was (No ,I wasn`t)

(四)、一般将来时:

(1)概念:表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如:tomorrow, next year ,in two days。

例:I’ll visit London next week.

(2)构成:will+动词原形。当主语是第一人称的疑问句时,常常用shall而不用will。

肯定句:主语+will+动词原形+……。

例:I’ll come and see you tomorrow 。

He will be back next month。

否定句:主语+will+not(won’t)+动词原形+……。

例:They won’t go there tomorrow

疑问句:will+主语+动词原形+……?

肯定回答:Yes,主语+will。否定回答:No,主语+won’t。

当疑问句中主语是第一人称时,常常用shall。

shall I (we)+动词原形+……。

例:Will he read English ?yes, he will (No,he won’t)

Shall we clean the classroom?

(3)“be going to+动词原形”这一结构也是将来时的一种表达法。表示即将发生的事或打算、计划、决定要做的事或可能要发生的事。

例:It’s going to rain

I’m going to d o my homework this evening

(4)某些暂短性动词的现在进行时可以表示将来发生的动作。

象:go , come, leave, start, arrive return spend fly等。

例:My aunt is coming to see me She is flying to Beijing tomorrow.

(5)与一般将来时连用的时间状语。this afernoon(今天下午)、

this evening(今天晚上)、tomorrow(明天)、tomorrow(明天上午)、

tomorrow afternoon(明天下午)、next week(下周)、next year(明年)。

in+一段时间,……后。in ten days(十天后)、soon(不久)。

(五)、过去进行时

(1)、概念:表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。常与过去某一特定的时间状语连用。如:at that time, this time +过去的时间, at+点钟+过去的时间, from 点钟to点钟+过去的时间(2)、构成:be(was ,were)+动词现在分词。

(3)、语序:肯定句:主语+ be(was ,were)+动词现在分词+……。

例:They were watching TV at seven yesterday evening.

否定句:主语+ be(was ,were)+not+动词现在分词+……。

例:He wasn’t doing his homework this time yesterday.

疑问句:Be(Was ,Were)+主语+动词现在分词+……?

肯定回答:Yes,主语+(was ,were)。否定回答:No,主语+wasn’t ,(weren’t)。

例:Were you playing games at eight yesterday evening? Yes ,I was. No, I wasn’t.

(4)、过去进行时运用的场合。

A.句子中一般有特定的过去时间状语。at that time(在那时)、this time +过去的时间at+点钟+过去的时间from点钟to点钟+过去的时间

例:We were cleaning our classroom this time yesterday

B.过去进行时常用于When或While引导的时间状语从句中。

主句(…正在…)+when+从句(一般过去时)主句(一般过去时)+while+从句(…正在…)主句(进行时)+while+从句(进行时)

(六)、现在完成时。

(1)概念:a、表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

b、表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,往往和“for+一段时间”或“since+过去的时间点”、“since+一段时间+ago”或“since +一般过去时的句子”连用。这种用法中,谓语动词多是延续性动词。例:She has finished her homework. We have known each other for 20 years.

(2)构成:have(has)+动词的过去分词。

(3)句式:肯定句:主语+ have(has)+动词的过去分词+……。

否定句:主语+ have(has)+not+动词的过去分词+……。

疑问句:Have(Has)+主语+动词的过去分词+……?

肯定回答:Yes,主语+ have(has)。否定回答:No,主语+ haven’t(hasn’t)。

例:Shehas learned ten songs already. Have you seen the film yet ?Yes ,I have .( No,I haven’t.)

(4)在现在完成时的用法之二中,“表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态”。此时谓语动词必须是延续性动词。因此某些暂短性动词在此用法中需要转换成延续性动词。常见的有:buy→have, borrow→keep,close→be closed,,come、go→be in (at),join→be a ……member,die→be dead ,leave →be away(from),start(begin)→be on ,return,come back ,go back→be back,go out →be out.

(5)例:The dog has died. The dog has been dead for a week. Tom has bought two pens. Tom has had two pens for a month.

(5)have(has) been to 表示“去过某地”。have(has) gone to 表示“到……去了”。例:They have gone to London. I have been to Shanghai .

(6)与现在完成时连用的词或短语。already(“已经”,用于肯定句),yet(“已经”,用于疑问句、“还”,用于否定句),just (刚刚),ever(曾经),never(从来没有),so far (到目前为止),in the past (last)+一段时间(在过去的……),before(以前),“for+一段时间”,“since+过去时的句子或过去的时间点”,答语是“Not yet”(还没有)。

7、非谓语动词非谓语动词:不做谓语的动词形式。

非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种形式;其中分词又包含现在分词和过去分词两种形式。它们在句子中不能单独作谓语。

(1)动词不定式:

①形式:动词不定式基本形式由“不定式记号to+动词原形”构成。它的否定形式只要在“to”前面加上“not”。它的疑问形式是:“wh-疑问词+to+动词原形”。

②动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,即可以在句子中作主语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。但不定式也保留动词的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟宾语、表语和状语。动词不定式加上相关成分就构成不定式短语。

③动词不定式可以放在谓语前作句子主语。但是通常将作主语的动词不定式或不定式短语放在谓语后面,而在主语位置用“it”作形式主语(有时在不定式的前面还会用for sb.表示不定式的逻辑主语)。如:To help animals is helping people/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem

(2)动名词

①动名词由动词原形加词尾“ing”构成。动名词有动词的特征,可以跟宾语,可以被状语修饰;它也有名词的特征,在句子中可以作主语、宾语(包括介词宾语)等。动名词加相关词语(宾语或状语等)构成动名词短语。

②动名词可以作主语。如:Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.

③动名词可以作宾语。

need之后用动名词时,含有被动意思。如:Your car needs reparing badly.(你的车急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理发。)(头发被理)

remember / forget / stop / regret之后用动名词时,与用不定式含义不同。如:I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了给他写封信)(根本没写) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了给他写过信)(写了却忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他们停下来向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他们停止向后看)(不向后看了)

enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等词一般用动名词作宾语。如:Do you mind my closing the door?(把门关上你介意吗?)/ She hates travelling by air.(她讨厌坐飞机旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他们每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜欢在镇上转悠)

(3)分词:包含现在分词和过去分词。

①主要区别:现在分词一般有主动的意思或表示动作正在进行的意思;过去分词有被动或动作已经完成的意思。分词可以有自己的宾语或状语。

②分词或分词短语在句子中作定语、状语和复合宾语等。

作定语:分词作定语时,一般要放在修饰的名词之前,分词短语作定语时,则要放在所修饰的名词之后。如:The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black. / He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.

8、初中英语中常见的“to do sth”、“doing sth”、“do sth”的句型

(一)英语中比较常见的接to do sth的句型(88个)

1、like to do sth.喜欢/想要做某事(表一次性或特指的某一具体的动作)

2、tell sb to do sth .告诉某人做某事。

3、tell sb not to do sth .告诉某人不要做某事。

4、want sb to do sth 想要某人做某事

5、want to do sth 想要做某事

6、help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事

7、have(has) time to do sth 有时间做某事=be free to do sth

8、It’s +形容词+ for sb + to do sth. 对某人来说,做某事是……

此结构中,形容词主要修饰to do sth.

例句:It’s dangerous for the children to play in the street.

It’s interesting for us to play games.

It’s + 形容词+ of sb + to do sth . 做某事,某人真是……

此结构中,形容词主要修饰sb.

例句:It’s clever of him to answer this question.

9、love to do sth 爱好做某事非常喜欢做某事

10、be afraid to do sth =be scared to do sth害怕做某事不敢做某事

11、remember to do sth 记住将要做某事

12、forget to do sth 忘记将要做某事

13、regret to do sth 对要做的事情感到遗憾

14、It takes sb + 时间+ to do sth 做某事花费某人多长时间

15、would like to do sth 想要做某事愿意做某事

16、would like sb to do sth 想要某人做某事

17、teach sb to do sth 教某人做某事

18、start to do sth 开始做某事相当于begin to do sth .

19、decide to do sth=make a decision to do sth决定做某事

20、seem to do sth 似乎做某事好像做某事

21、try to do sth 设法做某事努力做某事

22、help to do sth 帮助做某事

23、stop to do sth 停下来,去做某事

24、plan to do sth 打算(计划)做某事

25、hope to do sth 希望做某事

26、expect to do sth 预计做某事27、expect sb to do sth 期待某人做某事

28、try one’s best to do sth尽力做某事

29、be ready to do sth 乐于做某事,愿意做某事

30、be sure to do sth 一定会……,肯定会……,

31、make sure 确信确保务必查明

make sure 可以接of(about)构成的介词短语或者接to do sth,

32、learn to do sth 学习做某事

33、be able to+动词原形能够做某事

34、promise to do sth 许诺去做某事

35、afford to do sth 承担得起做某事

36、agree to do sth 同意做某事

37、英语中,疑问词when、which、how、what、where后边出现动词时,常常用to do sth结构,也就是“疑问词+ 动词不定式”, 这种结构在句中常用作主语、宾语和表语。

38、train sb/sth to do sth训练某人或某物做某事

39、need to do sth 需要做某事(主语往往是人)

40、It’s time to do sth 到做某事的时间了

41、invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事

42、refuse to do sth 拒绝做某事

43、the best way to do sth 做某事的最好方法

44、be surprised to do sth 对做某事感到意外(吃惊)

45、ask sb to do sth 要求某人做某事

46、ask sb not to do sth 要求某人不要做某事

47、advise sb to do sth 劝告某人做某事

48、adj/adv+ enough to do sth 足够做某事

49、require sb to do sth 需要(要求)某人做某事

50、volunteer to do sth 自愿做某事

51、used to + 动词原形过去常常做某事

52、be excited to do sth 对做某事感到激动或兴奋

53、make plans to do sth 制定计划做某事

54、in order to + 动词原形目的是为了

55、allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事

56、be allowed to do sth 被允许做某事

57、offer to do sth 主动提出做某事

58、guide sb to do sth 指导某人做某事

59、be about to do sth 刚要做某事即将做某事

60、remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事。

61、make plans to do sth=plan to do sth计划做某事

62、continue to do sth 继续做某事

63、feel free to do sth . 随意做某事

64、can’t wait to do sth 迫不及待去做某事

65、encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事

66、the best time to do sth 做某事的最佳时间

67、choose to do sth 选择做某事

68、fear to do sth 害怕做某事

69、find it + 形容词+ to do sth 发现做某事是……

70、warn sb to do sth 警告(告诫)某人做某事

71、warn sb not to do sth警告(告诫)某人不要做某事

72、rush to do sth 赶紧做某事抢着做某事

73、dare to do sth 敢于做某事

74、educate sb to do sth 教育某人做某事

75、have no choice but to do sth 除做某事外别无选择只好做某事

76、prefer to do sth rather than do sth =would rather do sth than do sth宁愿做某事而不愿做某事

77、be supposed to do sth 应该做某事

78、make an effort to do sth 努力做某事

79、fail to do sth 未能/没能做某事

80、have a chance to do sth 有机会做某事

81、be made to do sth 被迫做某事

82、be heard to do sth 被听见做某事

83、be seen to do sth 被看见做某事

84、be watched to do sth 被观看做某事

85、get a chance to do sth 得到机会做某事

86、have no reason to do sth (某人)没有理由做某事87、be prepared to do sth 准备好做某事

88、go out of one’s way(to do sth)特地(做某事) 格外努力(做某事)

(二)英语中比较常见的接doing sth 的句型(54个)

1、What / how about …? “……怎么样?” “……又如何呢?”。后接名词,代词或动名词。

2、thank sb for...因......而感谢某人for是介词,后接名词、代词、动名词

3、like doing sth喜欢做某事(表习惯性的动作或爱好)

4、be busy doing sth 忙于做某事

5、practice doing sth 练习做某事

6、remember doing sth 记得(记起)做过某事

7、forget doing sth 忘记做过某事

8、regret doing sth 对做过的事情感到遗憾

9、have a good time= have fun=enjoy oneself 玩得高兴过得愉快

这三个短语后边都可以接(in) doing sth 表示“愉快地做某事”

10、There is ( are ) sb/sth doing sth 有人(物)正在……

11、主语(人)spend + 时间或金钱+ (in) doing sth .

12、watch sb doing sth 观看某人正在做某事(强调正在进行)

13、hear sb doing 听见某人正在做某事

14、see sb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事

15、enjoy doing sth 喜欢做某事

16、be interested in 对……感兴趣in 是介词,后接名词、动名词或代词。

17、be tired of doing sth 厌倦做某事

18、keep doing sth 一直做某事继续做某事

19、keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事

20、go后面接动名词表示“去做……”

例句:go swimming go shopping go skating go fishing 等

21、decide on 选定后接名词、动名词或代词。

22、try doing sth 尝试做某事试着做某事

23、be talented in……在……方面有才能(有天赋)后接名词、动名词或代词.

24、be good at 擅长于后接名词、动名词或代词

25、do well in 在…方面做得好后接名词、动名词或代词

26、stop doing sth 停止做某事

27、play a role in,表示“在某事或某个方面起到作用或承担某种角色”。后接名词、动名词或代词

28、stand doing sth 忍受做某事

29、mind doing sth 介意做某事

30、succeed in doing sth 做某事很成功

31、keep on doing sth 继续做某事不断的做某事

32、finish doing sth 做完某事

33、play a part in 后接名词、动名词或代词,“参与某事”或“在……方面起作用”。

34、look forward to 盼望期待后接名词、动名词或代词。

35、need doing sth 需要做某事(主语往往是物)

36、advise doing sth 建议做某事

37、put off doing sth 推迟做某事

38、be afraid of =be scared of +名词、动名词或代词害怕

39、be(get) used to 后接名词、动名词或代词,习惯于……,适应于……

40、have trouble/difficulty/problems (in) doing sth做某事有困难(问题)

41、allow doing sth 允许做某事

42、find sb doing sth 发现某人正在做某事

43、feel like doing sth 想要做某事

44、miss doing sth 错过做某事

45、can’t stop doing sth 禁不住做某事

46、can’t help doing sth 情不自禁地做某事

47、consider doing sth 考虑做某事

48、end up doing sth 结束做某事

49、suggest doing sth 建议做某事

50、give up doing sth 放弃做某事

51、take up doing sth 开始做某事

52、avoid doing sth 避免做某事

53、prevent(keep/stop)…from doing sth 阻止…做某事

54、be worth doing sth 值得做某事

(三)英语中比较常见的接do sth 的句型(14个)

1、Let’s do sth. “(让)我们做某事吧。”表示建议。

2、watch sb do sth 观看某人做某事(所做的事为经常发生或已经做过)

3、make sb do sth 使某人做某事

4、let sb do sth 让某人做某事

5、hear sb do sth 听见某人做某事

6、see sb do sth 看见某人做某事

7、“be going to + 动词原形” 结构表示将要发生的动作或近期打算、计划、决定要做的事。

8、be able to+动词原形能够做某事

9、too……to……,太……而不能……,too是副词,后接形容词或副词,to后接动词原形。

10、why d on’t you+ 动词原形? 相当于why not do sth?

11、used to + 动词原形过去常常做某事

12、You’d better (not)do sth 你最好(不)做……

13、have to + 动词原形不得不…

14、would rather do sth than do sth =prefer to do sth rather than do sth宁愿做某事而不愿做某事(四)英语中,由“动词+ 副词”构成的短语,后边接名词时,名词放在动词和副词中间和副词后边都可以,后边接代词(it/them)时,代词必须放中间。这样的短语有

1、turn on 打开

2、turn off 关闭

3、turn down 调低

4、turn up 调高

5、put on 穿上

6、take off 脱下

7、cut down 砍倒

8、cut up 切碎

9、put up 搭起举起张贴10、wake …up 把…弄醒

11、write down 写下记下12、mix up 把… 混合起来13、give up 放弃

14、clean up 打扫干净15、cheer up使振奋起来16、give out 分发

17、put off 推迟18、fix up 修理修饰19、call up打电话给某人

20、give away 捐赠21、point out 指出

22、look up 在字典、参考书中查询23、hand out分发24、pick up 捡起拾起

25、clean off 把……擦掉26、hold out 伸出(手或胳膊)

27、let……down 使失望28、kick sb off 开除某人

29、work out 解决算出30、shut off 关闭停止运转

31、pull down 拆除拆毁32、take away 带走

第八部分:连词

1、连词的含义:连接词与词、短语与短语、或引导从句的词叫连词。

2、连词的分类:连词分为并列连接词和从属连接词两种。

(1)、并列连词连接并列的词、短语、从句或句子。常见的并列连接词有:and(和),but(但是),or(或者,否则),nor(也不), so(所以), however(然而,无论如何),for(因为), as well as(也),both..and...(...和...), not only ...but also...(不但…而且…), either…or…(或…或…),neither…nor…(既不…也不…)等。

(2)、从属连词用于引导从句,常见的从属连接词有:

when(当…时候), while(正当…时候), after(在…之后), before(在…之前), since(自从), until(直到), although/though(虽然), if(如果), as …as…(和…一样), as long as(只要), as soon as(一…就…), even if(即使), because(因为), unless (除非), than(比…), whether (是否…), so…that…(如此…以致), so that…(以便), no matter when(或whenever)(无论何时),no matter where(或wherever)(无论在哪里)等。

3、常用连词举例

(1)and 和,并且They drank and sang all night.

(2) both…and 和,既…也…Both my parents and I went there.

(3) but 但是,而I'm sad, but he is happy.

(4) either…or 或…或…,要么…要么…Either you're wrong, or I am.

(5) for因为I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.

(6) however 然而,可是Af first, he didn't want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.

(7) neither…nor 既不…也不Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.

(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…He not only sings well, but also dances well.

(9) or 或者,否则Hurry up, or you'll be late.Are you a worker or a doctor?

(10) so 因此,所以It's getting late, so I must go.

(11) although 虽然Although it was late, they went on working.

(12) as soon as 一…就I'll tell him as soon as I see him.

(13) because 因为He didn't go to school, because he was ill.

(14)unless 除非,如果不I won't go unless it is fine tomorrow.

(15)until 直到…He didn't leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not…until 结构)

He stayed there until eleven.

(16)while 当…时候,而(表示对比)

While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)

My pen is red while his is blue.

(17)since自从…以来I have lived here since my uncle left.

4、从属连词

从属连词是引导从句的连词。

(1)、引导宾语从句的连词

1).that 连接由陈述句转变而来的宾语从句。

2).who,whom,what,which,whose,when,where,why,how连接由特殊疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。

3).if/ whether 连接由一般疑问句转变而来的宾语从句。

(2)、引导状语从句的连词

1).时间状语从句:when ,before ,after, until ,as soon as (主将从现)

2).条件状语从句:if , unless(主将从现)

3).原因状语从句:because

4).方式状语从句:than

5).结果状语从句:so…that …,such…that…6).让步状语从句:though /although

7).目的状语从句:so that

(3)、不能同时出现在一个句子中的连词。

1).because ,so 不能同时出现在一个句子里,只用其中之一。

2).though /although ,but不能同时出现在一个句子里,只用其中之一。

3).和不定式、or not 连用必须用whether .

I don’t know ______ to leave or not .

第九部分:There be 结构

1、“There be + 名词+ 介词短语”表示“在某处有某物”,其中be有is和are两种形式,用is还是are取决于第一个名词,当第一个名词是可数名词单数或不可数名词时用is,当第一个名词是可数名词复数时用are.

例句:There is a book, two pens and four rulers on the desk.

There is much money on the sofa. There are two chairs on the floor.

2、“There be + 名词+ 介词短语”这一结构变否定句时,be 动词后加not, 变疑问句时,be 动词提到主语前边,肯定回答:Yes, there is(are). 否定回答:No, there isn’t(aren’t).

例句:There isn’t any water in the bowl.

Is there a pen on the floor ? yes, there is.(No ,there isn’t)

Are there any books on the desk? Yes, there are. (No, there aren’t )

3、There is ( are ) sb/sth doing sth 有人(物)正在……

例句:There is a girl dancing over there .

There is a shop selling apples.

4、“There be + 名词+ 介词短语”这一结构”的将来时构成“There will be + 名词”或“There is going to be + 名词”, 意思是“将会有……”或“将举行……”,绝对不能用“There will have……”或“There is going to have……”.

例句:There will be a speech contest this afternoon.

There is going to be two basketball matches in our school.

第十部分:被动语态

1、在英语中,动词有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态:表示主语是动作的执行者。

例句:He likes apples . I love our country .

被动语态:表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态的谓语动词必须是及物动词。被动语态就像汉语当中的被动句,常常带有“被”字。

例句:English is spoken in our school .The boy was saved by a policeman .

2、被动语态的构成:be动词+ 及物动词的过去分词

我们以前学过的所有时态都有被动语态的形式,但初中阶段我们只学习几种常见的被动语态。

一般现在时的被动语态:be(am/is/are) + 及物动词的过去分词

一般过去时的被动语态:be(was/were)+ 及物动词的过去分词

一般将来时的被动语态:will be +及物动词的过去分词

现在完成时的被动语态:have(has) been +及物动词的过去分词

含情态动词的被动语态:情态动词(can/may/must/should)+be+及物动词的过去分词。

例句:Bananas are produced in Hainan.The book was bought by him last week .

主动语态中,有的谓语动词(make/let/hear/see/watch)接宾语后,宾语补足语应该用动词原形,当把这样的句子变被动语态时,动词原形前应该加上to.

例句:I often hear him sing in the room.

变成:He is often heard to sing by me in the room .

第十一部分:简单句

1、简单句的特点:简单句通常只由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成。

2、简单句的种类:简单句一般分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种。

3、陈述句:

用来说明一个事实的句子叫陈述句。它有肯定和否定两种形式。

陈述句的肯定式:He is a middle school student.(他是个中学生)/ I have a book in my hand.(我手上有一本书)/ She teaches us geography.(她教我们地理)/ The new play was good enough and everybody enjoyed it.(新的话剧非常好大家都喜欢)

陈述句的否定式:

1)谓语动词如果是be 动词、情态动词、情态动词时,在它们的后面加“not”。如:My brother is not a teacher.(我的弟弟不是教师)/ He does not have a cousin. / I will not go there tomorrow. / My mother is not cooking a meal in the kitchen. / You must not make such mistakes again. / We haven’t discussed the question yet

2)谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时,要判断该句子是什么时态,用该时态的助动词。如:

I don’t know anything about it. / Li Ming does not feed pigs in the countryside. / We didn’t expect to meet her right here. / We didn’t have a meeting yesterday afternoon

4、疑问句:

一般疑问句:用“yes”或“no”来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句。

1)一般疑问句构成:句中谓语动词是be动词、助动词、情态动词时,则将它们(提前)放到主语前面。如:Is he an engineer? / Do you have today’s newspaper? / Shall we go to see a film this evening? / Can you explain it ? / Is there any fish for supper? / Would you like to go out for a walk?

谓语动词如果没有上述词语而是其他动词时, 要判断该句子是什么时态,用该时态的助动词。如:Do you get up at six every morning? / Does she study hard? / Did you go there yesterday?

2)一般疑问句的回答:

一般疑问句通常用简略形式来回答。如:

Will you join us in playing basketball?—Yes, we will. / —No, we won’t.

Do you have today’s newspaper?—Yes, I do . / —No, Idon’t.

回答时所用的时态应和问句里的时态一致。

[注意] 回答must或者may开头的疑问句要小心,参见情态动词有关内容。

3)否定疑问句

把一般疑问句的助动词、情态动词、be 动词变成否定形式,称之为否定疑问句,意思是“难道…不…吗”,回答否定疑问句时与反意问句类似,用Yes表示“不”,用“No”表示“是的”

例句:Doesn't he have a brother ? Yes, he does.(不,他有)

Can't they speak Chinese ? No, They can't (是的,他们不能)

特殊疑问句:要求具体回答的问句。

1)特殊疑问句结构是:

疑问代词+一般疑问句+?

但是,“who”在句中作主语时特殊疑问句的结构与陈述句词序相同:如:Who is dancing over there?(谁在那边跳舞?)

有时“what”,“which”,“whose”也可以在句中作主语。如:What is on the wall?(什么东西在墙上?/墙上有什么?)/ Which is yours?(哪个是你的?)/ Whose book is in your bag?(谁的书在你的书包里?)

2)常用疑问代词和疑问副词:

疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what,

疑问副词:when, where, why, how,

how构成的短语:how many (多少个) (独立用;或跟可数名词), how much (多少) (独立用;或跟不可数名词), how old (多大年纪), how far (多远), how often (多常),how long (多久,多长), how soon (多久以后),how many times (多少次),等等。

3)特殊疑问句有时也用否定式。如:Why don’t you ask Jim instead?(常缩略为Why not…?) (你为什么不转请Jim呢?)

4) 特殊疑问句疑问部分有时可以有两个以上的疑问词。如:When and where were you born? (你是何时何地出生的?)

反意疑问句:

(1)反意疑问句由“陈述句+简短问句”构成,简短问句部分常译为“是不是”、“不是吗”“是吧”等。

(2)反意疑问句遵循“前肯后否、前否后肯”的原则,即陈述句为肯定句时,简短问句用否定形式,陈述句为否定句时,简短问句用肯定形式。

例句:He is a teacher, isn’t he ? She can skate , can’t she ?

T hey don’t have lunch at home, do they ?

(3)简短问句的主语必须与陈述句的主语一致,并且必须用对应的人称代词。

例句:Tom was ten last year, wasn’t he ? His sister is a worker, isn’t she?

(4)陈述句中有助动词、情态动词或be动词时,简短问句就用助动词、情态动词或be动词的适当形式,陈述句中如果没有助动词、情态动词或be动词时,看一看陈述句是什么时态,用该时态的助动词。

例句:He bought two books, didn’t he ? She likes dancing ,doesn’t she?

They will fly to Shanghai, won’t they ?

(5)对于反意疑问句的回答,如果陈述句是肯定句时,yes 正常译成“是的”,No正常译成“不”,如果陈述句是否定句时,yes译成“不”,No译成“是的”。

例句: He is a teacher, isn’t he ? Yes, he is.(是的,他是) No ,he isn’t(不,他不是)

She isn’t doing her homework . is she ? Yes, she is.(不,她在做) No ,she isn’t(是的,她没在做)

(6)陈述句中如果有否定词few/little/never/no/nobody/hardly/时,简短问句应用肯定形式。

例句:He can hardly swim, can he ? H has few friends ,does he ?

选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上情况,需要对方作出选择回答的疑问句叫选择疑问句。

1) 构成:(1) 一般疑问句+ or + 第二选项?

(2) 特殊疑问句+ 第一选项(+ 第二选项)+ or + 第三选项?

2)选择疑问句的结构与特殊疑问句相同,即要具体回答,不可以用yes / no回答。如:

Is your friend a boy or a girl? –A girl. (----你的朋友是男孩还是女孩?----是女孩。) / Which do you prefer, coffee or tea? –Tea, please. (---你要哪一样咖啡还是茶?----请来茶吧。) / Which do you like best, singing, dancing or skating? --Dancing, of course. (----唱歌、跳舞和溜冰你最喜欢哪样?----当然是跳舞啦!)

5、祈使句:

英语中表示请求、命令、建议、劝告的句子成为祈使句。

祈使句以动词原形开头,句首可以加please,如果把please放在句末,需要用逗号与前边的句子隔开。例句:Come here. Please come here=Come here, please.

祈使句变否定句时,在句首加Don’t. 例句:Don’t run in the hallways.

6、感叹句:感叹句用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。句末常用“!”

感叹句常用what和how引出强调部分,并放在句首,一般情况下,what修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词。

1)what引导的感叹句的结构为:

What +( a / an) + 形容词+名词+ 主语+ 谓语+ 其他!

①What a good boy he is!他是一个多么好的男孩啊!

②What an interesting book it is ! 多有趣的书啊!

③What delicious broccoli (it is) !多好吃的花椰菜啊!

④What beautiful flowers in the garden ! 花园中的花式多么美丽啊!

2)how引导的感叹句的结构为:

How + 形容词/副词+ 主语+ 谓语+ 其他!

How interesting the book is ! 这书多有趣啊!

How beautiful the flowers in the garden are ! 花园中的花式多么美丽啊!

How well he draws ! 他画得多好啊!

第十二部分:主从复合句

1、概念:

主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句为句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个次要成分,不能独立成为一个句子。从句通常由关联词引导,并由关联词将从句和主句联系在一起。

2、分类:

从句按其在复合句中的作用,分为宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。

3、宾语从句:在句子中作及物动词或介词的宾语。(1)概念:以一个句子的形式做主句谓语动词的宾语称之为宾语从句。

例句:She said Tom was watching TV

(2)构成:主句+连接词+从句

(3)宾语从句的从句部分可分为三种情况:

a.当从句为陈述句时,连接词是that (可省略)。

句子的语序:主句+连接词that (可省)+从句(主语+谓语+……)。

例句:He told me (that) he was a teacher

b.当从句为一般疑问句时,连接词是if(是否)或whether (是否)。句子的语序:主句+连接词if(whether) +从句(主语+谓语+……)。例句:Can you tell me if she is a nurse?

当从句为选择疑问句或句末有or not 时,连接词常用whether 而不用if 。

例句:Can you tell me whether he likes English or math?

I don`t know whether he will come or not tomorrow

c.当从句为特殊疑问句时,连接词就是特殊疑问句的疑问词。

句子的语序:主句+疑问词+从句(主语+谓语+……)。

例句:I don`t know where she lives

综合从句的a,b,c三种情况可以总结出,宾语从句从句部分的语序是陈述语序。即:主语+谓语+……综合以上的三种情况,我们可以得出:宾语从句的总体语序:

主句+ 连接词(三种情况)+ 宾语从句(主语+谓语+……)

(4).时态互应。

a.当主句谓语动词用一般现在时或将来时,从句是什么时态就用什么时态。

例句:I know she is cleaning the room now. I know she was ill yesterday

b.当主句谓语动词用一般过去时,从句必须用相应的过去时态。

例句:He said he was a teacher . He said he was watching games

c.当宾语从句叙述的是一个客观真理时,即使主句用过去时,从句的谓语动词仍可用一般现在时。例句:My mother told me the earth travels around the sun

d.“could(would) you ……?”是表示请求的比较委婉的句型,不表示过去时,所以后边的宾语从句的时态不受主句限制。

例句:1)Could you tell me when he will come back?

2)Could you tell us what he was doing at seven o`clock yesterday evening?

4、状语从句:在复合句中作状语,其位置可以在主句前或主句后。状语从句可以分为时间、条件、原因、目的、结果、比较、让步等几种。状语从句由从属连接词引导。

(1)时间状语从句通常由when ,,while, as soon as ,till (until), 等引导。时间状语从句一般放在句首或句尾,特别注意,时间状语从句不允许使用将来时,而应该用现在时替代。如:When you finish the work, you may go out to play with Sam. (你完成工作就可以出去和Jim一起玩了。) / I won’t leave until Mum comes back. (妈妈回来了我才会走。)

(2)条件状语从句通常由if, unless等引导,条件状语从句一般放在句首或句尾, You will certainly fail in the coming final exams unless you work much harder./ If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we shall go hiking.特别提醒:在as soon as 一……就……,when (当……时候) not……until (直到……才)等引导词引

导的时间状语从句,和if, unless等引导词引导的条件状语从句中,引导词前边的句子是主句,后边的句子是从句,如果主句用一般将来时、一般现在时、祈使句、含有情态动词的句子,从句中即使有表示将来的时间,译成英语时也不用一般将来时

(3)原因状语从句通常由because等引导,一般放在句首或句尾。如:He went abroad because his father had found a good university for him.

(4)比较状语从句通常由than, as (so)...as等引导,一般省略从句的谓语部分,只剩下名词或代词(用主格或宾格均可)。如:Jane is much taller than I/me. (Jane比我高多了。) / I don’t have as many books as you (do). (我书没有你多)

(5)让步状语从句通常由though (although), even if( even though)等引导。如:Even if you pay the debt(债务) for me, I will not thank you because it has nothing to do with me. / He wears a T-shirt though it is very cold.

(6)目的状语从句通常由so that...等引导,往往放在句尾,从句中通常含有can / could / may / might 等情态动词。如:He got up earlier so that he could catch the first train. (他起身更早为的是赶上第一班车。)

(7)结果状语从句通常由so ..,that..., such...that...等引导, 放在句尾。结果状语从句一般表示已经发生的事情,故多为过去时态。如:He lost so many bikes that he decided never to buy a new one. She is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her .

特别提醒:because与so;(al)though与but;if与so不可以同在一个句子中成对出现。二者只能用其一。

5、(1)“祈使句,and + 简单句”and翻译成“这样的话”相当于if引导的条件状语从句。Work hard, and you will succeed. 相当于If you work hard, you will succeed. Listen carefully, and you will get good grades.相当于If you listen carefully, you will get good grades

(2) “祈使句,or + 简单句”or翻译成“不然的话”、“否则的话”相当于if引导的条件状语从句。Hurry up,or you will be late相当于If you don’t hurry up, you will be late.

6、定语从句

(1)概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词之后。

(2)引导定语从句的词有关系代词(that/which/who/whom/whose)和关系副词(where/why/when),关系代词或关系副词放在先行词与定语从句之间,起连接作用。

(3)先行词在定语从句中如果指人、做主语时,常常用who或that. 如果指物、作宾语时,常常用that/which.

例句:He is a man who/that often helps others .(指人)

This is the computer that/which costs five thousand yuan .(指物)

(4)先行词在定语从句中如果指人、作宾语时,常常用who/whom/that.

如果指物、作宾语时,常常用that/which.

例句:He is the boy who/whom/that you would like to see.(指人)

I like the skirt that/which my mother bought me yesterday(指物)

(5)先行词在定语从句中作定语时,常常用whose . 例句:Please pass me the book whose cover is green .

I met the woman whose hair is curly .

(6)when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如:This is the room where they had a quarrel a week ago. (这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。) / I can never forget the day when I first saw you. (我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)

(7)以下几种情况只能用that做关系代词。

(a)、当先行词是all/much/little/few/something/anything/everything/nothing 等不定代词时。

例句:I’m interested in everything that is about basketball .

(b)、当先行词被the only/the last/the very修饰时。

例句:Tom was the last that came to school .

(c)、当先行词是序数词或被序数词、最高级修饰时。

例句:He was the first person that passed the exam .

The oldest man that sits on the sofa is my father .

(d)、当先行词既有人又有物时。

例句:She took photos of the things and people that she was interested in.

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