国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework?
(a) International trade in goods
(b) International conflict resolution
(c) International trade in services
(d) International trade in factors of production
(e) International borrowing and lending
Answer: B
2. The slope of the production function measures
(a) the physical increase in output as country grows.
(b) the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows.
(c) the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds.
(d) the marginal product of labor.
(e) the marginal product of capital.
Answer: D
3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances
(a) increase total world output.
(b) improve the economic welfare of everyone.
(c) improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere.
(d) improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then
(a) workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country.
(b) workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country.
(c) workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital
abundant country.
(d) workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country.
(e) workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country.
Answer: C
5. During the mass migration period of late 19th-early 20th centuries,
(a) wages rose in the origin countries and fell in the destination countries.
(b) wages fell in the origin countries and rose in the destination countries.
(c) wages generally rose faster in the origin countries.
(d) wages generally rose faster in the destination countries.
(e) wages generally fell faster in the origin countries.
Answer: C
6. International borrowing and lending may be interpreted as one form of
(a) intermediate trade.
(b) inter-temporal trade.
(c) trade in services.
(d) unrequited international transfers.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
7. The relative price of future consumption is
(a) the interest rate.
(b) unknown at any given time.
(c) the real interest rate.
(d) the relative interest rate.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
8. A country that has a comparative advantage in future production of consumption goods
(a) will tend to be an international borrower.
(b) will tend to have low real interest rates.
(c) will tend to be an international investor or lender.
(d) will tend to have good work ethics.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
9. A U.S. multinational corporation
(a) has a controlling share in a foreign subsidiary and is not itself foreign controlled.
(b) is foreign controlled and has no controlling share in a foreign company.
(c) has a controlling share in a foreign subsidiary and may itself be foreign controlled by a
foreign company.
(d) is a U.S. company whose major markets are outside the United States.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
10. Why a good is produced in two different countries is known as the question of
(a) internalization.
(b) vertical integration.
(c) exploitation.
(d) location.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
11. Internalization deals with the question
(a) why workers prefer to work indoors
(b) internationalization
(c) why components are produced by one firm rather than by many.
(d) Why a good is produced in two different countries
(e) None of the above
Answer: C
12. The home locatio n of most of the world’s large multinational companies is
(a) North America and Europe.
(b) North America and Asia.
(c) Europe and South America.
(d) Europe and Asia.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
13. Which of the following best refers to the outright construction or purchase abroad of productive
facilities by domestic residents?
(a) Foreign direct investment
(b) Portfolio Investment
(c) Short-term capital investment.
(d) Long-term capital investment
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
14. Most direct investment in the United States has come from
(a) Japan.
(b) Canada.
(c) Western Europe.
(d) South America.
(e) Asia.
Answer: C
15. Most U.S. direct foreign investment occurs in
(a) communications.
(b) agriculture.
(c) petroleum.
(d) manufacturing.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
16. Most foreign direct investment in the United States occurs in
(a) communications.
(b) agriculture.
(c) petroleum.
(d) manufacturing.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
17. Multinational corporations may provide benefits to their home countries for the following reasons
except which one?
(a) Secure raw materials for the source country
(b) Allow for exports of products, which involve company-specific trade secrets
(c) Allow domestic firms to secure timely deliveries of commodities or products, which do not
enjoy a stable or deep market internationally
(d) Shift home country technology overseas via licensing
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
18. Trade analysis involving multinational corporations differs from our conventional trade analysis
because multinational corporation analysis involves
(a) absolute cost differentials rather than comparative cost differentials.
(b) the international movement of factor inputs as well as that of finished goods.
(c) purely competitive markets rather than imperfectly competitive markets.
(d) portfolio investments rather than direct foreign investment.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
19. Direct foreign investment may take any of the following forms except
(a) investors buying bonds of an existing firm overseas.
(b) the creation of a wholly owned business overseas.
(c) the takeover of an existing company overseas.
(d) the construction of a manufacturing plant overseas.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
20. Which of the following could logically explain why foreign direct investment might be attracted
to the United States?
(a) U.S. wage rates exceeding the productivity of U.S. labor
(b) U.S. price ceilings that hold down the price of energy
(c) Especially high price/earning ratios associated with the stock of U.S. firms
(d) Anticipations of future reductions in U.S. non-tariff barriers
(e) None of the above.
Answer: B
21. Multinational corporations
(a) increase the transfer of technology between nations.
(b) make it harder for nations to foster activities of comparative advantage.
(c) always enjoy political harmony in host countries in which their subsidiaries operate.
(d) require governmental subsidies in order to conduct worldwide operations.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
22. American labor unions have recently maintained that U.S. multinational corporations have been
(a) exporting American jobs by investing overseas.
(b) exporting American jobs by keeping investment in the United States.
(c) importing cheap foreign labor by shifting U.S. investment overseas.
(d) importing cheap foreign workers by keeping U.S. investment at home.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
23. Multinational corporations
(a) always produce primary goods.
(b) always produce manufactured goods.
(c) always produce services.
(d) may produce primary or manufactured goods.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
24. ___________ refers to highly educated and skilled people who migrate from poor developing
countries to wealthy industrial countries.
(a) Direct investment
(b) Portfolio investment
(c) Transfer pricing
(d) Brain drain
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
25. International labor mobility
(a) leads to wage convergence by raising wages in destination country and lowering in source
country.
(b) is in accordance with the specific factors model
(c) is in accordance with the Heckscher-Ohlin factor proportions model.
(d) leads to wage convergence by raising wages in source and lowering them in destination
country.
(e) is in accordance with scale economy model.
Answer: D
26. In theory, labor mobility is
(a) a complete complement to trade flows.
(b) a partial complement to trade flows.
(c) a complete substitute for trade flows.
(d) a partial substitute for trade flows.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
27. In practice, international labor mobility is
(a) a complete complement to trade flows.
(b) a partial complement to trade flows.
(c) a complete substitute for trade flows.
(d) a partial substitute for trade flows.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
28. If one observes that Japan was traditionally a net foreign lender, one could conclude that relative
to its international trade and financial partners
(a) Japan’s inter-temporal production possibilities are biased toward future consumption.
(b) Japan’s inter-temporal production possibilities are larger than that of the other countries.
(c) Japan’s inter-temporal production possibilities are biased toward present consumption.
(d) Japan’s inter-temporal production possibilities are not biased.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
29. Rapidly growing developing countries tend to be borrowers on the international capital markets.
From this information we may surmise that they have a comparative advantage in
(a) capital goods.
(b) future income.
(c) disposable income.
(d) consumer goods.
(e) present income.
Answer: B
30. It may be argued that theoretically, international capital movements
(a) tend to hurt the donor countries.
(b) tend to hurt the recipient countries.
(c) tend to hurt labor in donor countries.
(d) tend to hurt labor in recipient countries.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
31. Transactions between branches of the same multinational corporations account for ________ of
U.S. imports.
(a) one quarter
(b) one third
(c) one half
(d) three quarters
(e) all
Answer: C
32. The shift of labor-intensive assembly operations from the United States to Mexican maqiladora
may be best explained in terms of a theory of
(a) location.
(b) vertical integration.
(c) horizontal integration.
(d) internalization.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: A
33. When comparing the United States to the United Kingdom, between 1985 and 1990, the relative
growth of foreign-owned firms in manufacturing
(a) grew faster in the U.K., whose proportion of foreign-owned firms is larger.
(b) grew faster in the U.S., whose proportion of foreign-owned firms is larger.
(c) grew faster in the U.S., whose proportion of foreign-owned firms is smaller.
(d) grew faster in the U.K., whose proportion of foreign-owned firms is smaller.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: C
34. The inflow of foreign direct investment into the United States has always been perceived
(a) with trepidation.
(b) with resentment.
(c) with equanimity.
(d) with satisfaction.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
35. The purchase by Germany’s Daimler-Benz of America’s Chrysler corporation is genera lly
viewed as
(a) direct foreign investment typical of trends in the 1980s.
(b) a capital outflow from the United States, since Daimler-Benz “milked” the assets of Chrysler.
(c) a major success story of globalization.
(d) an example of international vertical integration.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: E
36. In a typical short-run production function, as labor increases
(a) the marginal product of capital decreases.
(b) the overall product of labor decreases.
(c) the average product of labor decreases.
(d) the marginal product of labor decreases.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
37. American labor unions accuse U.S. multinational corporations of all except which?
(a) They enjoy unfair advantages in taxation.
(b) They export jobs by shifting technology overseas.
(c) They export jobs by shifting investment overseas.
(d) They operate at output levels where scale economies occur.
(e) None of the above.
Answer: D
Essay Questions
1. The Heckscher-Ohlin model is famous for being elegant and mathematically sophisticated, yet
failing to describe reality. One manifestation of this fact is Trefler’s Case of Missing Trade.
Explain what exactly is missing. In what sense is it missing? How would you explain why it is missing? How can a relaxation of the identical production functions explain the case of the
missing trade?
Answer: Trefler demonstrated that the actual volume of world trade is significantly less than that which would be predicted by the Heckscher-Ohlin model. One explanation is that North-South trade is especially less than would be predicted by a factor proportions model. If technologies differ in the poorer countries, then it is possible that the cost of producing
a product, which uses relatively much of their abundant factor may still be higher than
the cost of producing it in the other country.
2.Factor-intensity reversals describe a situation in which the production of a product may be land-
intensive in one country, and relatively labor intensive in another (at given relative wage levels).
For example, cotton may be land intensive in the U.S., and labor intensive in Egypt where land is relatively scarce and expensive. Suppose factor-intensity reversals were common. How would that affect the conclusion that a country in which land is relatively scarce will not be the country with
a comparative advantage in the land-intensive product?
Answer: The answer here is straightforward (though it has various interesting implications). In this case we cannot define or identify a product in terms of its relative factor intensity
(at all or any relative wage level). Therefore, the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem is ipso-
facto inapplicable.
3. Why is it that North-South trade in manufactures seems to be consistent with the results or
expectations generated by the factor-proportions theory of international trade, whereas North-
North trade is not?
Answer: There is a clear difference in relative factor availabilities between North and South countries, no matter how we define and measure the factors of production. Hence, the
factor-proportions theory of trade may be sensibly expected to explain the pattern
(though not the volume) of trade between these two groups of countries. However, the
North North trade partners do not vary significantly in their relative factor availabilities,
so that other forces, such as scale economies play a relatively large role in determining
trade patterns.
4. One of the commonly used assumptions in deriving the Heckscher-Ohlin model is that tastes are
homothetic, or that if the per capita incomes were the same in two countries, the proportions of their expenditures allocated to each product would be the same as it is in the other country.
Imagine that this assumption is false, and that in fact, the tastes in each country are strongly
biased in favor of the product in which it has a comparative advantage. How would this affect the relationship between relative factor abundance between the two countries, and the nature (factor-intensity) of the product each exports? What if the taste bias favored the imported good?
Answer: If in fact national tastes were strongly biased in favor of the product in which the country enjoyed a comparative advantage, then we would expect a bias in favor of
rejecting the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem in actual trade data. The engine driving the H-
O model is that a country should be expected to have a relatively low cost of producing
the good in which it has a comparative advantage. However, the respective demand
forces would tend to raise the price of this good, so that the expected pattern would not
generally be observed. However, if the tastes were biased in favor of the imported good,
then the predictions of the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem would be expected to be
generally observed.
5. Why do you suppose that South-South trade does not conform in volume, but does conform in
pattern with expectations generated by the Heckscher-Ohlin model?
Answer: The pattern of trade is generally observed to conform to the Heckscher-Ohlin models expectations. That is, the developing countries tend to export labor-intensive goods,
such as textiles, and import capital-intensive goods such as machinery. The volume
however is quite lower than what would be expected from the Neoclassical model.
There are many possible reasons, such as financial crises necessitating premia in the
financing of this trade.
6. It has been argued that even if intra-European Union labor mobility were to be completely
removed, one should not expect to observe massive, or even large reallocations of populations
with the E.U. Discuss
Answer: Theoretically, just as completely free trade consistent with Heckscher-Ohlin model (with no complete specialization) is associated with factor price equalization; so does
completely free labor mobility. It therefore follows that if intra E.U. trade flourishes, as
any restraints on trade there are abolished, the economic incentive for labor mobility
will be removed. Since language and cultural differences remain, we would expect
populations to tend to stay where they are.
Quantitative/Graphing Problems
1. In Home and Foreign there are two factors of production, land and labor, used to produce only
one good. The land supply in each country and the technology of production are exactly the same.
The marginal product of labor in each country depends on employment as follows:
Number of Workers Employed Marginal Product of Last Worker
1 30
2 29
3 28
4 27
5 26
6 25
7 24
8 23
9 22
10 21
11 20
Initially there are 11 workers employed in Home but only 3 workers in Foreign. Find the effect of free movement of labor from the high wage to the low wage country. When such economic
migration ceases, what will be the levels of production, real wages and the income of landowners in each country?
Answer: The total production in the world will increase, since the addition to production (the marginal product of labor) in the target country is larger for each worker than the loss
of production (also the marginal product of workers) in the emigration country. The
real wages will rise in the emigration country and fall in the immigration country.
Landlord incomes will rise in the immigration country and fall in the emigration
country.
2. Suppose Australia, a land (K)-abundant country and Sri-Lanka, a labor(L)-abundant country both
produce labor and land intensive goods with the same technology. Following the logic of the
Heckscher-Ohlin model from Chapter 4, what will be the incentive for migration once trade is established between these two countries? Now, suppose that a tariff by one country creates an incentive for labor migration. From which country to which country will be the migration?
Explain how you arrived at your answer.
Answer: Once trade is established, there is no longer any incentive for (economic-based) immigration, since the real wages will be equalized in both. If a tariff is established in
Australia, then the price of the labor intensive good will be higher in Australia, as will
be the marginal product of labor and hence the real wage of workers there. Hence,
workers will immigrate from Sri-Lanka to Australia until the two domestic prices are
equalized.
3. Use the diagram below derived from Figure 4-4 to identify the pre-trade situation for Australia
and Sri-Lanka, as discussed in question 2 above. Where on the K/L axis will you find each of the two countries? Which of the two countries has a higher relative wage, w/r? Which product is the labor intensive, and which is the land intensive one? Show where the relative price of cloth to food will be found once trade opens between these two countries. Show where the relative wages of each will appear.
Answer: You will find Sri-Lanka to the left of Australia on the K/L axis.
Australia has a higher relative wage.
Food is the land intensive product.
The relative price P C/P F is found between the two autarkic prices.
The post trade relative wage is between the two autarkic ones on the vertical axis.
4. Using the figure above from question 3, demonstrate what happens to the composition of
production (that is quantity of cloth per 1 unit of food) in Australia once trade is established
between the two countries. Which country will export cloth? What happens to the relative income of workers in Australia as a result of trade? Does it increase or decrease? Would land owners in Australia lobby for or against free trade? Would land owners in Australia lobby for or against free admittance of immigrant workers?
Answer: The proportion of food to cloth will increase in the production of Australia Sri Lanka will export cloth. The relative (and real) incomes of workers will fall in Australia as a
result of trade. Land Owners in Australia should lobby in favor of trade. They would
also lobby for free labor mobility (of workers into Australia), since the marginal
product of labor is high, the owners of land have much (Ricardian) rents to gain from
an inflow of workers.
5. Imagine that the relative capital abundance of Australia was so much greater than that of Sri-
Lanka, that we would have to locate Australia far to the right on the K/L axis. If this were so far to the right that there was no area of overlap on the w/r axis, then what product would Australia export? Is this answer different from that in question 4 above? Will the relative wages as
calculated now be the same or different from those calculated in question 4?
Answer: Australia would still export food, which is the same as in question 4. As a result of trade, wages will fall in Australia and will rise in Sri-Lanka. However, in this case, the
wages in Australia will remain higher than in Sri-Lanka, creating an incentive for
migration from the latter to the former country.
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(第8版)笔记和课后习题详解 第2章~第4章【圣才出品】
第1篇国际贸易理论 第2章世界贸易概览 2.1复习笔记 1．经济规模与进出口总额之间的关系 （1）规模问题：引力模型 现实证明一国的经济规模与其进出口总额息息相关。把整个世界贸易看成整体，可利用引力模型（gravity model）来预测任意两国之间的贸易规模。引力模型方程式如下： 其中， T是i国与j国的贸易额，A为常量，i Y是i国的国内生产总值，j Y是j国的国 ij 内生产总值， D是两国的距离。引力模型方程式表明：其他条件不变的情况下，两国间的 ij 贸易规模与两国的GDP成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。 （2）引力模型的内在逻辑 引力模型之所以能较好地拟合两国之间的实际贸易现状，其原因在于：大的经济体收入高，因而大量进口产品；大的经济体能生产更多品种的系列产品，因而更能满足其他国家的需求，进而大量出口产品。在两国贸易中，任一方的经济规模越大，则双方的贸易量就越大。 （3）引力模型的应用：寻找反例 当两国之间的贸易量与依照引力模型计算得出的结果相差较大时，就需要从其他因素进行分析，如文化的亲和性、地理位置、运输成本等因素。事实上，这也是引力模型的重要用
途之一，即有助于明确国际贸易中的异常现象。 （4）贸易障碍：距离、壁垒和疆界 距离、壁垒和疆界对国际贸易有负面作用，会使得两国之间的贸易额大大小于根据引力模型所计算出的结果。另外，在各国GDP和距离给定的情况下，有效贸易协定（trade agreement）比无效的贸易协定更能显著增加成员国的贸易量，这也是美国与其邻国的贸易量明显大于其和相同大小的欧盟的贸易量的原因之一。 2．正在演变的世界贸易模式 （1）世界变小了吗？ 人们认为，现代化的运输和通讯可以超越空间距离的束缚，世界因此成了小“村落”。事实的确如此。但是，有时候政治的力量可以超过技术进步的作用，两次世界大战、20世纪30年代的大萧条及战后全世界范围内的贸易保护主义等都严重制约着国际贸易的发展，使得国际贸易大幅萎缩，并且用了几十年才得以恢复。 （2）交易内容 从全世界范围来看，工业制成品是主要的交换产品，所占比重最大。矿产品特别是现代世界不可或缺的石油依旧是世界贸易的主要部分。引人注目的是发展中国家已经从初级产品出口国转变为主要的制成品出口国。另外，服务贸易在国际贸易中凸显重要，并且其重要性越来越突出。 （3）服务外包 随着现代信息技术的发展和应用，一种新的贸易形式——服务外包（service outsourcing）随之出现。服务外包也称之为离岸服务，是一种新兴的国际贸易现象，使得曾经必须在一国国内实现的服务现在可以在国外实现。 （4）旧规则依然可行吗？
国际经济学作业答案第一章
Chapter 1 Introduction Multiple Choice Questions Historians of economic thought often describe ___________ written by _______ and published in __________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1776 “Wealth of Nations,” David Hume, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1758 “Wealth of Nations,” Adam Smith, 1776 “Of the Balance of Trade,” David Hume, 1758 Answer: E From 1959 to 2000, the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because the United States is a relatively large country. the United States is a “Superpower.” the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. the United States invests in many other countries. many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Ancient theories of international economics from the 18th and 19th Centuries are: not relevant to current policy analysis. are only of moderate relevance in today’s modern international economy. are highly relevant in today’s modern internationa l economy. are the only theories that actually relevant to modern international economy. are not well understood by modern mathematically oriented theorists. Answer: C
国际经济学克鲁格曼考试重点
绝对优势：是指以各国生产成本的绝对差异为基础进行的国际专业化分工，并通过自由贸易获得利益的一种国际贸易理论。 李嘉图模型：是一个单一要素模型，劳动是唯一的生产要素，劳动生产率的差异是不同国家各个产业部门之间唯一的不同之处，也是决定国际贸易的唯一因素。李嘉图模型的中心含义是如果每个国家都能够专门生产并出口本国劳动生产率较高的产品，那么他们之间的贸易就会给每个国家带来利益，他的两个核心含义：劳动生产率的差异在国际贸易中占据重要地位和贸易模式取决于比较优势而非绝对优势，至今仍能得到事实支持。 机会成本：是指因一种选择而放弃的最有替换物或失去最好机会的价值，即是指经济决策中影由中选的最优方案负担的，按所放弃的次优方案潜在收益计算的那部分资源损失。 要素比例理论/赫克歇尔俄林理论：是指从资源禀赋角度对国际贸易中的生产成本和价格的差异做出解释的国际贸易理论。其内容是：各国的贸易源于不同国家之间商品的价格存在差异，而价格差异的原因在于不同国家之间的生产成本有高有低，生产成本的高低是因为各国生产要素价格有差别，生产要素价格的差异又与各国生产要素丰裕程度密切相关。生产要素丰裕，其商品价格自认就相对低一些，生产要素稀缺，其价格相对高一些。生产要素丰裕度的差异是国际贸易产生的根本原因。 出口偏向性增长：是指一国的经济增长主要源于出口产品生产能力提高的经济增长方式，表现在生产可能性边界上就是使生产可能性边界扩张偏向出口产品。 福利恶化性增长：是指一国整体福利水平恶化的经济增长方式，是发展中国家的出口偏向型增长在严格假定下可能出现的一种极端情况。一国的出口偏向性增长可能导致该国的贸易条件恶化。因此，如果一国的经济增长方式表现为极强的出口偏向性，那么贸易条件恶化带来的负面影响就会抵消生产力提高带来的正面效应，使得该国整体的福利水平恶化。 出口补贴：是指国家为了降低出口商品的价格，提高其在国际上的竞争力，对出口商品给予的现金或财政上的补贴。 动态收益递增：成本随着累计产量下降而并非随着当前劳动生产率的上升而下降的情形就是动态收益递增 倾销：出口商以低于国内市场价格的价格，甚至以低于成本的价格在国际市场上销售商品的行为。 外部规模经济是指整个行业规模和产量的扩大而使单个企业平均成本下降或收益增加的经济现象。 边际收益：在生产的技术水平和其他投入要素的数量均保持不变情况下，新增加一个单位的某种投入要素所引起的产量的增加量。 幼稚工业论：认为新兴工业在发展初期需要国家提供保护以免在外国强大的竞争下夭折，并随着新兴工业的发展和竞争力的增强而逐步取消贸易保护，为自由贸易的实行创造条件。垄断竞争：介于完全竞争和完全垄断之间的一种市场结构，这种结构下既存在垄断，又存在竞争。 价格歧视：一家企业在销售同样的商品时，对不同的顾客索取不同价格的做法 完全垄断：完全排斥竞争的一种市场结构。 内部规模经济：单个企业生产规模不断扩大时，由其自身内部引起的平均成本不断下降，收益不断增加的经济现象。 相互倾销：不同国家生产同种或类似产品的厂商都对出口产品制定一个低于国内市场价的价格并进行双向贸易的现象。 行业内贸易：在国际贸易活动中，不同国家之间就同一产业的产品所进行的贸易。
国际经济学作业答案
C h a p t e r7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r M o v e m e n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework (a) I nternational trade in goods (b) I nternational conflict resolution (c) I nternational trade in services (d) I nternational trade in factors of production (e) I nternational borrowing and lending Answer: B 2. The slope of the production function measures (a) t he physical increase in output as country grows. (b) t he dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c) t he increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d) t he marginal product of labor. (e) t he marginal product of capital.
Answer: D 3. International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a) i ncrease total world output. (b) i mprove the economic welfare of everyone. (c) i mprove the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d) i mprove the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e) N one of the above. Answer: E 4. If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a) w orkers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b) w orkers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c) w orkers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country.
国际经济学在线作业
国际经济学在线作业 1．第1题 比较优势理论认为国际贸易的驱动力是 （）。 A.劳动生产率的差异 B.技术水平的差异 C.产品品质的差异 D.价格的差异 您的答案： A 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 2．第2题 如果一个大国对进口商品征收关税（）。 A.对贸易条件不产生影响 B.提高所有国家的贸易条件 C.提高本国的贸易条件 D.导致本国贸易条件恶化 您的答案： C 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 3．第3题 通常所说的“纸黄金”是（）。 A.黄金 B.外汇 C.普通提款权 D.特别提款权 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 4．第4题 甲乙两国货币的实际汇率由名义汇率以及
（）共同决定。 A.甲国货币购买力 B.乙国货币购买力 C.两国利率水平 D.两国相对物价水平 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 5．第5题 根据蒙代尔的“政策配合说”，用来实现外部均衡的 政策手段是（）。 A.财政政策 B.货币政策 C.汇率政策 D.直接管制 您的答案： B 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 6．第6题 不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有( )。 A.重叠需求理论 B.要素比例理论 C.规模经济理论 D.垄断竞争理论 您的答案： B 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 7．第7题 属于非关税壁垒的措施是( )。 A.反倾销税 B.反补贴税 C.进口附加税
D.国内最低限价 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 8．第8题 下述哪一种不属于投机性外汇交易( )。 A.双边套汇 B.多边套汇 C.套利 D.套期保值 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 9．第17题 IS-LM模型是宏观经济分析的一个重要工具，是描述____市场和____市场之间相互联系的理论结构。（） A.货币资本 B.资本劳动力 C.资本商品 D.货币产品 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0 10．第18题 国际经济一体化的形式不包括（）。 A.关税同盟 B.自由贸易区 C.共同市场 D.自由市场 您的答案： D 题目分数： 2 此题得分： 2.0
金融学基础知识
金融学基础知识 精品文档 --------------------------精品文档,可以编辑修改,等待你的下载,管理,教育文档---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 金融学专业 目录 金融学 培养目标 金融学历史起源 金融学学科分支 就业前景深入分析: 一、商业性质银行 二、保险公司 三、金融业相关委员会 四、政策性银行 五、证券公司 六、投资公司 七、基金公司 八、上市(或欲上市)股份公司证券部及财务部 课程优势
主要课程 就业方向 入学条件 金融学 金融学:Finance:是从经济学中分化出来的应用经济学科,是以融通货币和货币资金的经济活动为研究对象,具体研究个人、机构、政府如何获取、支出以及管理资金以及其他金融资产的学科。[1]金融学专业主要培养具有金融保险理论基础知识和掌握金融保险业务技术,能够运用经济学一般方法分析金融保险活动、处理金融保险业务,有一定综合判断和创新能力,能够在中央银行、商业银行、政策性银行、证券公司、人寿保险公司、财产保险公司、再保验公司、信托投资公司、金融租赁公司、金融资产公司、集团财务公司、投资基金公司及金融教育部门工作的高级专门人才。金融学主要学习货币银行学方向有货币银行学、商业银行经营管理、中央银行、国际金融、国际结算、证券投资、投资项目评估、投资银行业务、公司金融等。 培养目标 --------------------------精品文档,可以编辑修改,等待你的下载,管理,教育文档---------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 精品文档 --------------------------精品文档,可以编辑修改,等待你的下载,管理,教育文档----------------------
《国际金融学》学习指南
《国际金融学》学习指南 国际金融学是研究国际间货币金融关系的一门经济类专业核心课程。通过该课程的学习使学生能够掌握国际金融的基础知识、基本理论和基本技能，提高对开放经济的认识，理解一国内部均衡与外部均衡的相互关系，系统而扎实地掌握国际收支、外汇与汇率、汇率制度和外汇管制、国际储备、国际金融市场、国际资本流动、国际货币体系等基本理论和基本原理；掌握国际投融资、外汇交易的基本技能以及防范外汇风险的技巧；了解我国涉外金融工作的方针、政策和法规。在此基础上，引导学生进一步学习国际金融的前沿理论，力争把握当今国际金融发展的前沿走势，为将来进一步深入研究国际金融问题奠定基础。通过国际金融的整个教学过程逐渐培养学生分析问题、解决实际问题的能力，为进一步学习其他经济、金融类专业课程打好基础。 一、了解与本门课程有关的学习资源 1.文字教材。文字教材能系统展示本课程的教学内容，是学生学习不可缺少的学习资料，不论是课堂学习，还是自学，都需要文字教材，因此可以多阅读课本以外的国际金融教材，重点可参考： [1]马君潞，陈平，范小云.国际金融.北京：高等教育出版社，2011.[2]张礼卿.国际金融.北京：高等教育出版社，2011. [3 ]杨长江，姜波克.国际金融学（第3版）.北京：高等教育出版社，2008.[4]（美）托马斯.A.普格尔(Thomas A.Pugel).国际金融(第14版) .北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2009. [5]保罗·克鲁格曼.国际经济学.北京：中国人民大学出版社,1998. 2.课程网站。湖南大学精品课程网站提供了较为完整的学习资源，主要包括讲义、学习课件、教学录像、习题库、案例库、实训项目等，可以帮助学生自学与自我检测学习效果。 3.其他网站。各种金融学习网站与财经类新闻，及时掌握市场的金融动态，大量阅读金融时评，并逐步尝试将课本所学运用到现实生活中，试图解答现实中的金融问题，并了解目前的金融市场。
克鲁格曼 国际经济学第9版教材答案
Chapter 1 Introduction ?Chapter Organization What Is International Economics About? The Gains from Trade The Pattern of Trade How Much Trade? Balance of Payments Exchange Rate Determination International Policy Coordination The International Capital Market International Economics: Trade and Money ?Chapter Overview The intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports on television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad. The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexican crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. The financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 and spread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. These global linkages have been highlighted yet again with the rapid spread of the financial crisis in the United States to the rest of the world. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings and a rising wave of protectionist rhetoric have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur. ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley
国际经济学作业答案第七章.docx
Ch a p t e r 7I n t e r n a t i o n a l F a c t o r Mo v e me n t s Multiple Choice Questions 1.Which of the following differs in its essential analytical framework? (a)International trade in goods (b)International conflict resolution (c)International trade in services (d)International trade in factors of production (e)International borrowing and lending Answer: B 2.The slope of the production function measures (a)the physical increase in output as country grows. (b)the dollar-value increase in output as a country grows. (c)the increase in number of workers as immigration proceeds. (d)the marginal product of labor. (e)the marginal product of capital. Answer: D 3.International free labor mobility will under all circumstances (a)increase total world output. (b)improve the economic welfare of everyone. (c)improve the economic welfare of workers everywhere. (d)improve the economic welfare of landlords (or capital owners) everywhere. (e)None of the above. Answer: E 4.If the world attained a perfect Heckscher-Ohlin model equilibrium with trade, then (a)workers in the labor abundant country would migrate to the capital abundant country. (b)workers in the labor abundant country would wish to migrate to the capital abundant country. (c)workers in the labor abundant country would have no desire to migrate to the capital abundant country. (d)workers in the capital abundant country would wish to migrate to the labor abundant country. (e)workers in the capital abundant country would migrate to the labor abundant country. Answer: C
国际经济学知识点考试梳理
国际经济学知识点考试版梳理
————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：
国际经济学（第三版）知识点梳理 【考试版】整理者：李登卫
第一章 一．名词解释 国际经济学：国际经济学是研究稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学 二．问答题 1.国际经济学的特点： ○1国际经济学研究以独立国家或行政区域为单位的跨国界的资源分配 ○2国际经济学不同于区域经济学 ○3国际经济学理论实施的选择带有明显的民族性 ○4国际经济交易是经过不同货币媒介的折算后进行的 ○5国际经济学建立在徽观经济学与宏观经济学基础之上 ○6国际经济学是西方经济学理论基础之上的世界经济概论 2.学习国际经济学的意义 ○1掌握开放的市场经济条件下的经济运行的一般理论和政策 ○2有助于把握国际经济现象 ○3有助于理解国外企业和国家制定的经营战略和对外经济政策 ○4为我国经济的改革开放服务 第二章 一．名词解释 1.国际贸易：指不同国家或地区之间的商品和劳务的交换活动 2.商品的名义价格和相对价格：名义价格以某些货币表示的，未经过通货膨胀的调整的价格；相对价格是商品之间价格关系的动态反映，专指两种或多种商品之间由供给与需求作用所形成的价格比例关系 3.机会成本：机会成本是指为生产一单位某一产品所必须放弃的其他产品的生产数量 4.要素禀赋：指一国拥有各种生产要素的数量 5.要素密集度：是指在生产一定产量的某种产品时，两种生产要素投入的比例 二．问答题 1.国际贸易要回答的三个基本问题是什么？ ○1国际贸易的原因 ○2国际贸易的结构 ○3国际贸易的利益分配 2.简述亚当斯密的绝对优势理论 答：绝对优势理论又称绝对成本说，所谓绝对成本，是指某两个国家之间生产某种产品的劳动成本的绝对差异，即一个国家所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一个国家。亚当斯密的绝对成本说主要阐明了如下内容： ○1分工可以提高劳动生产率，增加国民财富 ○2分工的原则是成本的绝对优势或绝对利益 ○3国际分工是各种形式分工中的最高阶段，在国际分工基础上开展国际贸易对各国都会产生良好的效果 ○4国际分工的基础是有利的自然禀赋或后天的有利条件 3.简述大卫李嘉图的比较优势理论 答：国际贸易的基础是生产技术的相对差别，而非绝对差别，以及由此产生的相对成本差别。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》计算题及答案
1. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A 国有120名劳动力，B 国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A 国的人均产量是2吨，B 国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A 国的人均产量是10吨，B 国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B 国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A 国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B 国具有生产大米的绝对优 势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A 国生产大米的机会成本为，而B 国为，所以B 国生产大米的机会成本或相对成 本低于A 国，B 国生产大米具有比较优势。 2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 （1） 计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机和小麦的产量。 （2） 哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3） 如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进 口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1 单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动 时间？ （4） 在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是 降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平） 思路： （1） 中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20 （2） 因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生 产小麦的比较优势。 （3） 如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。 加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小麦本国要用3小 时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时 的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要 出口22单位小麦，相当于用22*4=88小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-88=12 小时的劳动时间。 如果世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，则相当于用60/24小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的 产品，节省了3-60/24=1/2小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口24单位小麦，相当于用 24*4=96小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-96=4小时的劳动时间。 （4） 在自由贸易的情况下，加拿大应专业生产计算机，数量为600/60=10单位；中国应专业生产小麦，数量 为800/4=200单位。 中国的福利水平从U 01上升到U 11，加拿大的福利水平从U 02上升到U 12，整个世界的福利水平上升了。 3. 假定中国总劳动为600小时，生产每单位钢铁Y 需要4小时，而生产每单位大米X 需要2小时，用图画出：
国际经济学(克鲁格曼)教材答案
Chapter 3 1．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ．Graph out the production possibilities frontier: b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas? 5.1=Lb La a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions are determined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a = 2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreign ’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1. a ．Graph Foreign ’s production possibilities frontier: b ．Construct the world relative supply curve. Home's PPF 0200400600800 200400600800Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF 02004006008001000 80160240320400Q*apple Q*banana
国际经济学答案答案中文版
Home's PPF 200400600800200400600800 Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF 200400600800100080160240320400 Q*apple Q*banana Chapter 2 1a.画出本国的生产可能性边界： b. 用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是， 5.1=Lb La a a c ．劳动力的自由流动使两部门的工资率相等，自由竞争使得他们生产两种产品的机会成本相同。相对价格等于相对成本，后者可以表示为(*)/(*)a a b b w a w a ，由于两部门间的工资率相等，a b w w ∴=，只有在Lb La b a /a a /P P =，两种商品才都会被生产。所以 1.5 /P P b a = 2a. b. 3 a. a b b a /P P /D D =∵当市场达到均衡时, 1b a ) (D D -**=++=b a b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD 是一条双曲线 x y 1 =
b.苹果的均衡相对价格由RD 和RS 的交点决定: RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0) 5.0,0[=∈=??? ??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴x=0.5, y=2 ∴2/=b P a P e e c. ∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴只有两个国家的时候，本国专门生产苹果，出口苹果并进口香蕉：外国则正好相反。 d ． 国际贸易允许本国和外国在阴影区内任何一点消费，专门生产某种产品然后和另一个国家进行贸易的间接方式，要比直接生产该商品的方式更有效率。在没有贸易时，本国要生产3单位的香蕉必须放弃2单位的苹果，外国要生产1单位的苹果要放弃5单位的香蕉。贸易允许两国以两单位香蕉交换一单位苹果。通过出让2单位苹果，本国可以获得四单位的香蕉；而外国可以用2单位向交换得1单位苹果。所以两个国家都从贸易中获利。 4. RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5 .1] ,1(1)1,0[=∈=?? ???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x →5.13 2==y x →5.1/=b P a P e e 在这种情况下，外国将专门生产并出口香蕉，进口苹果。但本国将同时生产香蕉和苹果，并且香蕉相对于苹果的机会成本在本国是相同的。所以本国既没有得益也没有受损，但外国从贸易中获益了。 5.在这种情况下，劳动力总量加倍了而劳动生产率减半，所以有效劳动力总量仍是相同的。答案类似于第三小题，两国都从贸易中获益了。但是，相对于第四小题，外国的获益减少了。 6.实际上，相对工资率由相应的劳动生产率和对产品的相对需求决定。韩国的低工资率反映了韩国大部分行业的劳动生产率比美国低。和低劳动生产率，低工资率的国家进行贸易可以提高像美国那样高劳动生产率国家的福利和生活水平。所以这种贫民劳动论是错误的。
国际经济学习题及参考答案
国际经济学作业 一、名词解释 幼稚产业：所谓幼稚产业是指某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 倾销：是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 提供曲线：也称相互需求曲线，是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口量的轨迹。两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换比率）。 国际收支：国际收支分为狭义的国际收支和广义的国际收支。狭义的国际收支指一个国家或地区与世界其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、非贸易和资本往来而引起的国际间资金收支流动的行为。包括两种具体形式:直接的货币收支和以货币表示的资产的转移。反映了以货币为媒介的国际间的债权、债务关系。广义的国际收支为系统记载的、在特定时期内(通常为一年)一个国家或经济体的居民与世界其他地方居民的全部各项经济交易，不仅包括外汇收支的国际借贷关系，还包括一定时期全部经济交易与往来。 二、简答题 试画出出口贫困化增长的图形并作出分析 答：出口贫困化增长，是指某国的传统出口产品的出口规模极大地增长，但结果不仅使该国的贸易条件严重恶化，而且该国的国民福利水平也出现下降，这种现象一般出现在发展中国家。
贸易条件变化前，该国生产均衡点为A，消费点为C；由于该国传统出口产品X 的出口规模极大增长，使得该国贸易条件恶化，此时，生产点变为A’，消费点变为C’。由图中的无差异曲线可以看出，该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利水平低于增长前。这种情形就成为“出口贫困化增长”。 产生出口贫困化增长的原因主要有：（1）该国在该种出口产品的出口量中占到相当大的比重，这样，当其出口大幅度增加时，会导致世界市场上出现供大于求的情况，导致价格大幅下跌。（2）该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低，当产品价格降低时，需求是并不会相应大幅增长。（3）该国经济结构十分单一，依赖该种产品的出口来促进经济的发展，因此在贸易条件恶化的时候也不能压缩出口，而是进一步扩大出口量从而保持一定的出口收入。 试说明国际贸易中要素密集度逆转的情况 答：这是解释列昂惕夫反论的观点之一，它认为，某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品，而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品，如小麦在非洲是劳动密集生产过程的产品，而在美国则是资本密集型的产品，也就是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以，同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品，也有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 即如果两种要素在行业间的替代弹性差异很大，以至于两种等产量曲线相交两次，那么，可能产生生产要素密集度逆转的现象。即一种产品在A国是劳动密集型产品在B国是资本密集型产品。可能就无法根据H-O的模式预测贸易模式了。
克鲁格曼《国际经济学》计算题及答案
1?在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成 本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 2. 下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 （1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机和小麦的产量。 （2）哪E个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时 间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平） 思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20 （2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。 （3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。 加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小麦本国要用3小时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时的劳动换回本国3 小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要 出口22单位小麦，相当于用22*4=88小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-88=12 小时的 劳动时间。 如果世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，贝肪目当于用60/24小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品， 节省了3-60/24=1/2 小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口24单位小麦，相当于用 24*4=96小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-96=4小时的劳动时间。 （4）在自由贸易的情况下，加拿大应专业生产计算机，数量为600/60=10单位；中国应专业生产小麦，数量为800/4=200 单位。 中国的福利水平从1°1上升到U11，加拿大的福利水平从『2上升到U12,整个世界的福利水平上升了
- 国际经济学 金融部分
- 国际经济学试题及答案
- 国际经济学2 ： 国际金融.13(ppt 24)
- 克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点
- 国际经济学国际金融部分
- 国际经济学(国际金融部分)
- 国际经济学第三章
- 国际经济学金融学生讲义
- 国际经济学(下册国际金融)克鲁格曼_中文答案
- 国际经济学金融学生讲义
- 国际经济学考试大纲
- 克鲁格曼国际经济学课后答案
- 国际经济学微观第一章课件
- 国际经济学课后答案解析
- 国际经济学国际金融
- 国际经济学讲义国际金融部分
- 国际经济学2：国际金融.13(ppt24).pptx
- 最新《国际经济学》问答题答案
- 克鲁格曼《国际经济学》(国际金融部分)课后习题答案(英文版)第一章
- (国际经济学)金融名词解释