大学英语B2新概念第四册课文翻译

Translation of the passages

Unit 1

Active reading

关于男人；一个男人的孩子们

我教一年级学生。我天天接触到的是：磕破了的膝盖，系成死扣的鞋带，已经听了十多遍的脑筋急转弯、发霉的生日蛋糕、受到伤害的情感、不知所以的故事、丢了的单只鞋子（“你要不找到它，妈妈会要杀了我的。”）。总之，我的工作全部由这些六岁学童支配。现在10 点45 分，正是课间餐时间，我在帮埃米莉开她的牛奶盒。她自己试着从盒子另一端打开，但没成功。现在她的手指已经把盒子弄得满是涂料和墨水，我都不知道这盒奶她还能不能喝，但我还是帮她打开了。然后转身帮斯科特清理他撒到丽贝卡的关于鲸鱼的拼字盘上的牛奶。

我正在擦满手的牛奶和颜料时，珍妮问我有没有看见我在课上读的那本讲企鹅的有趣的书。当我在凌乱的书堆中找那本书时，贾森又问午饭时会不会重新安排餐桌座位。我找到了书，转身回答杰森的问题时，又看到了玛雅，她快速凑过来跟我玩“当当”文字游戏。在差不多说完第十遍“你是谁？”之后我笑了起来，玛雅满意了。

一会儿安德鲁又问我他的纵横拼字游戏中的fluke 怎么拼。当我拼到字母u 时，我用手

势示意莎拉把课间餐拿走。但莎拉刚要走出门的时候，两个孩子抱怨说“我们还几乎没吃呢。”我同意了他们要吃全麦饼干的请求，让莎拉再把课间餐端回来。当我转向安德鲁时发现他已经把flu 放到了九纵而非九横。现在是10 点50 分。

我从事的不是传统的男性工作。它不是单一的工作内容，没有大堆的文件需要处理，也没有需要进行的交易。我不具备某一领域的专业知识或技能。我没有律师非凡的语言能力，没有建筑工人强大的体力，没有外科医生卓越的指挥能力，也没有商人的方法与手段。我的精力不是用于追求、攀登、达到、征服或逼近某个目标。

我的精力用于鼓励、支持、安慰和赞扬我的孩子们。在教育界，内在的回报来源于教

学之外。某一天，除了教授阅读和拼写之外，我还会给孩子们包扎伤口、擦干泪水、舒展皱着的眉头、用绷带包扎撕裂的玩具娃娃、或找到丢失很久的靴子。这一天确实是我通过把孩子们的事放在心中而赢得的。我会跟着我的学生一起痛苦、欢笑、惊恐、哭闹、欣喜和好奇。我必须得性情柔和。

几年前，当我面试一个小学教师职位的时候，每位校长都充满信心地对我说，我作为男性比女性求职者更有优势，因为他们缺少男教师。但紧接下来他们就略带疑惑地问我为什么选择这样一份和小孩子打交道的工作。我回答说我想观察一个人心智逐渐成熟的过程并希望能在这一过程中贡献自己的力量。但实际上我想说却没说出口的是，我喜欢帮助小孩子第一次学会写自己的名字，帮助他找到一个新朋友，或是和他一起享受读维尼熊被卡到一个洞里只能露出头和屁股时的欢喜。

在面试校长大多为男性时，我就这样回答，因为我觉得他们想要一个“男性化”的答复，也就说他们想要我从思想方面来回答。如果我从另外一个角度来回答，说我对帮助孩子的情感发展感兴趣的话，他们会觉得我有点儿“女性化”。我甚至也调整了自己的措辞，不再用曾经用的“热爱”这个词来描述我确实热爱的教育事业。我的回答收到了不错的效

果，所有校长都点头表示赞同。

有的校长还问我今后有什么样的职业规划。他们想知道我最终是不是想进入教育管理层。成为教务长或校长从来不是我的职业目标，但他们似乎希望我作为男性愿意在这个职业的阶梯上继续攀登。所以我回答说，以后我希望成为一名课程主管和教师们一同工作。他们再次认同地点点头。

我在想，如果那些校长是女性而非男性的话，不知他们的问题和我的回答会不会有所不同。我猜会的。

还有一些时候，我去参加聚会或宴会。当我告诉别人我教小孩子时，我发现男人和女人的反应不尽相同。大部分男士会问我所教的科目和我所学过的课程，然后除非他们提起诸如奖金之类的话题，我们的谈话就此结束。然而大多数女士会以更直接和私密的问题开始，她们会说“孩子们肯定喜欢有一位男老师”或“那个年纪的孩子太有意思了，你肯定喜欢你的工作。”然后，她们通常就会谈起自己的孩子或者问我一些有关我工作的具体问题。我们就此展开话题，谈起与教学相关的事情。

如果我的工作能有更多的传统男性工作的标志或福利的话，或许我和男士们彼此之间的话会更多一些。但我的工作没有奖金与升职机会，没有免费的棒球场包厢，不报销回家的打车费，没有下班后一起喝酒的哥们儿，没有公文包，没有西装（领带会被卡到颜料瓶里的。），没有商务午餐（我和孩子们一起吃花生酱、果冻、薯条、牛奶和饼干）。也不会带

客户参加鸡尾酒会。我唯一带孩子们去的地方就是操场。

虽然我曾经可以像我的几个朋友那样在法律界或商界谋求发展，但是我选择了教书。

我的工作本身就有很多“福利”。我能烤出放凉之后不会粘在一起的小甜饼，能买到便宜的缝纫所需的材料，能挑出扎进皮肤的小刺，知道从哪个垃圾桶能找到有用的小零碎。有时学生们叫我“爸爸”，甚至“妈妈”。在晚宴聚会的交谈中如果能有一会儿安静的话，我总会问聚在我身边的孩子们，他们有没有听过最新的脑筋急转弯题目，火鸡为什么过马路？（它以为自己是小鸡呢!）

Unit 3

时尚五十年

从1960 年代到2010 年的任何一部时尚史都不能忽视或低估两个恒在的因素，即：牛仔裤和女性裙子长度的变化。

做牛仔裤的布料劳动布在16 世纪末期的法国就已经为人所知，但却是李维·施特劳斯看到19 世纪中叶加利福尼亚淘金热时的矿工对结实长裤的需求，因此他采用了这种布料制作裤子并配以金属铆钉使其更为结实。直到20 世纪50 年代，在美国蓝色牛仔裤仍然只是受

欢迎的工作服，但是后来它与青春、新思想、对于权威的反抗和独立思考联系起来。20 世纪50年代末当李维·施特劳斯公司开始向欧洲和亚洲出口蓝色牛仔裤时，大批年轻人热情高涨地购买和穿着，并把它看成年轻美国的不拘礼节生活方式的象征。

在此时期，裙子的底边有着独特的重要意义。时尚编辑们一致认为，除了个别情况外，女性裙子的长度和经济之间有着密切的联系。女性裙子的底边会随着股市的上涨而上升，反之，股市下跌裙子的底边也下降。究竟为什么女人会在经济繁荣露出双腿，而在经济萧条时遮住双腿仍是一个谜。但总的趋势是明显的。每当经济前景让人烦恼的时候，无论男女其着装都较为保守。

也许在20 世纪60 年代时尚界最重要的进步就是英国设计师玛莉·匡特发明了超短

裙。由于匡特在摇摆伦敦的中心工作，超短裙发展成为国际时尚界的重要流行服装。当伟大的法国设计师库雷热把超短裙引入到他设计的服装系列，使其发展成为高级时装，超短裙得到了更多的认可。但是如果只有长筒袜而没有发明裤袜的话，超短裙是不可能在全球范围内流行的，因为随着裙子底边的上升，长筒袜的袜口将会显露出来。

20世纪60 年代中期和70 年代初期的嬉皮士运动对牛仔裤的设计也有影响，出现了“喇叭”裤。到20 世纪70 年代中期，随着经济的恶化，裙子底边下降到膝盖以下或达到中等长度（长及小腿中部）甚至长及脚踝，而牛仔裤也不再是清一色的蓝色了。

朋克时期牛仔裤依然流行，人们穿的牛仔裤通常是有破洞的，往往还会搭配徽章、链

子和有金属饰物的腰带，而且这一时期还流行打耳洞和鼻洞。这一装扮持续了好几年，然而作此装扮的人群逐渐地缩小到一小群内城的年轻人，其他年龄段的人受此影响不大。

作为对朋克的一种逆反，新浪漫主义是出现在英国俱乐部的一场时尚运动，非常抢眼。

其特点就是花哨的男女衬衣。牛仔裤是绝对不能接受的。

20 世纪80 年代中期出现了不同风格的着装。权威着装的特点就是漂亮的职业套装，新获得权利的女性穿着则以垫肩和及膝裙为特色。经济不稳定人们在穿着上就喜欢少些风险，这毫不奇怪。男性穿着是迈阿密风云风格，这是以一部电视连续剧的名字命名的，即潇洒的T 恤外套名牌夹克，再加蓄了三四天的胡须。但一如既往，牛仔在年轻人中依然流行。特别是重金属音乐的粉丝除了穿着带破洞的牛仔裤外还会穿牛仔夹克。

渐渐地裙子底边又开始上升……直到全球股市在1987 年崩盘。所以，美国在20 世纪80年代末兴起了被称为“学院风格”的较为保守的服装风格，经典的男装就是拉尔夫·劳伦和布克兄弟制作的，领尖带有纽扣的衬衫、休闲裤和鞋子，毛衣松松地打个结系在脖子上。他们也穿牛仔裤，但要么是崭新的，要么是干干净净熨得笔挺的——这绝对不是李维·施特劳斯最初设想的牛仔裤。

随着20 世纪90 年代世界经济的再次反弹，年轻人在时尚方面变得更为大胆。靴子和匡威或耐克运动鞋仍然流行，但最常见的颜色变成橄榄绿和米灰色。发型为长发，或剪短染成蓝色、绿色或红色。帽衫、棒球帽和松松垮垮搭在胯上牛仔裤是大街上的常见装扮。

2000 年1 月纽约科技股市崩溃。同往常一样，裙子底边也降了下来。一位评论家将其描述为“一本正经的着装流行，裙子应在膝盖以下。”但仅仅一年后，股市开始反弹，超短裙也重归时尚，而且下肢比多年来裸露得更多。

这一时期，正式的着装是不常见的，除非是在工作中。品牌牛仔裤获得了巨大的人

气。它们由传统的牛仔布制成，或许会额外加入弹力纤维，但由知名品牌，如阿玛尼、雨果·波士和莫斯奇诺等剪裁和销售。直到最近这些品牌还只关注最酷的时尚服装系列。瘦腿牛仔裤在英国和欧洲大部分地区也开始流行。裙子的长度变得不确定，从迷你到“合理的”及膝长或过膝长各种长度都有。

有时裙子底边甚至可以预测股市行情。2007 年9 月，约时装秀展示2008年春季时装流行趋势是长长的裙子，许多长及小腿中部甚至低至脚踝。有人认为，这表明裙边指标不再可靠，并且设计师也丧失了对于人们着装的主宰权。2008 年9 月，伦敦和纽约的时装秀上裙子底边继续下降。果然，2008 年秋季当金融危机重创美国、欧洲继而世界各地时，股指崩溃了。裙子底边不再追随股市——而是预示股市，并预测未来经济走势。

在整个50 年期间，时尚风格变化巨大，而且变化通常由想要确定某特定亚文化群体身份的愿望引发。但在此期间，不变因素是牛仔裤和裙子底边，最大的影响来自于19 世纪加利福尼亚的一个的服装制造商和20 世纪60 年代摇摆伦敦的一名年轻的设计师。

英国人八卦规则中的性别差异

研究人员发现，与普遍看法相反的是，男人在聊八卦上一点儿也不亚于女人。英国的一项研究表明，男性和女性在谈论社会话题上——如人际关系——所花的时间相同（约65％）；另一项研究发现，男性和女性八卦的时间相差不大，聊八卦占男性交谈时间的55％，占女性的67％。因为已有研究表明，谈论体育和休闲占人们交谈时间的10％，所以这一差异可能是由于男性花更多的时间讨论足球。

研究发现男人并没有比女人花更多的时间去谈论诸如政治、工作、艺术和文化事务等“重要”或“高雅”的话题——除非是有女人在场（女人是否在场会导致显著的差异）。女人不在场时，男人们就会聊八卦，而谈论如工作或政治等非社会性话题的时间不会超过5％。只有在有男有女的时候，为了给女人留下好印象，男人谈论这些“高雅”话题的时间会明显增加，达到15％甚至20％。

事实上，最近的研究表明男性和女性八卦内容的显著差异只有一个，那就是：男人更多的时间是在谈论自己。在谈论社会关系时，男人有三分之二的时间是在谈论自己的各种关系，而女性只用三分之一的时间来谈论自己。

即便如此，让人不解的是人们，尤其是男性，仍然普遍认为，男人交谈是“解决世界上的问题”，而女人们则是在厨房里闲聊。在我做的焦点人群调查和访谈中，大多数英国男性最初都声称他们不八卦，而女性却很乐于承认自己八卦。然而在进一步追问下，我发现两者的区别竟然主要是在语义上而非实践中：女人乐意称为“八卦”的东西，男人把它解释为“交流信息”。

显然，英国男性认为八卦是不光彩的事情。有个不成文的规则可以说明这点，即使一个人就是在聊八卦，也得把它说成是别的事情。或许更重要的是：八卦应该听起来不像是八卦。在对八卦的研究中，我发现男性和女性八卦时的主要区别在于，女人八卦听起来就像在八卦。这里似乎涉及三个主要要素：语气规则、细节规则和反馈规则。

语气规则

我访谈的英国女性一致认为八卦时应使用特定的语音语调。八卦的语调要高、要快，或有时听起来像大家都能听得见的耳语，但始终要活灵活现。一位女性说，“八卦得这样开始，比如 [ 快、高亢、激动的声调]‘哦——你猜怎么着？你猜怎么着？’或‘嘿，听着，听着[ 快而急促的高声私语] ——知道我听说什么了吗？’”另一位女性告诉我：“你必须让它听起来令人惊讶或震惊，即使实际上并非如此。你要这样说，‘哦，不要告诉任何人，但是……’即使那并不真的是多大的秘密。”

许多女人抱怨男人不会恰当地使用语音语调，在叙述八卦故事时语调平平、毫无感情

色彩，就像在说任何其他事情一样。一个女人对此嗤之以鼻，“你甚至都听不出这是八卦。”当然，这恰恰是男人想给人留下的印象。

细节规则

女性还非常注重八卦时细节的重要性，并再次抱怨男性在这方面的不足，并断言男人“永远不知道细节”。“男人就是不引述别人的话，”一位被调查者告诉我，“除非你知道他们说了什么，否则没什么用。”另一个被调查者说：“女人往往会推测出更多内容...... 他们会谈论为什么某人会做某事，并追溯整件事情的始末。”对女人来说，对可能的动机和原因进行周密地推测需要仔细地梳理事情的始末，这和对可能出现的结果进行细致推测一样是八卦的一个重要部分。英国男性觉得谈论所有这些细节都很无聊、无关紧要，当然也不男

反馈规则

英国女性认为“真正的八卦”不仅需要生动的语调和对细节的注重，还需要一个好的

听者，她们指的是有欣赏力并且能适时给予恰当回应的听者。女性八卦的反馈规则要求听者至少要和说者一样充满生气、兴致高涨。这可能只是出于礼貌；说话者已经费尽心思地让消息听起来更令人感到惊讶和震惊，所以听者至少应表现出适度的吃惊作为回报。一位女性被调查者说，英国男人似乎没有掌握这一规则。他们不明白，“你应该说‘不会吧！真的吗？’和‘噢，我的上帝！’”

然而，我的女性被调查者认为，男性就算以女性认可的方式作出回应也会听起来女性化，甚至让人极不舒服的娘娘腔。即使我采访的男同性恋者也认为，“不会吧！真的吗？”这种反应绝对太做作。英语八卦礼仪不成文的规则允许男性在听到绘声绘色的八卦时表达震惊或惊讶，但人们认为一句恰当的脏话能以一种更容易让人接受的男人的方式表达这种惊讶。

Unit 7

应该学习的一课

因为工作原因我已经在北京学习汉语好几年了。有最新消息说要进行一项在美国的学校推广汉语的新活动，而且，最近的一份报告称在英国有500 多所学校有汉语教学。这促使我想给你讲讲可能是你不希望听到的事：学习中文真的很难，很难。

中国是继加拿大和墨西哥之后的美国的第三大贸易伙伴。英国对中国的出口额预计十

年后将增长四倍，所以英国政府希望每所学校、学院和大学都要和中国相应的院校建立起亲密的合作关系。未来40 年随着英语作为国际语言的重要性逐渐下降，人们学习汉语的兴趣不断高涨也就不足为奇了。

中国文化是世界上的一个伟大奇迹。中国的哲学、艺术、饮食和文学既微妙精巧又颇

具人文精神。

但我不得不说，如果说学习是一次旅程的话，你有时很难做到紧盯终点，因为沿途有

如此多的其他景色可以欣赏，这会使你在通往纯熟的道路上放慢脚步。没有人说过这是对耐力的一次考验。

你听说过长征吗？长征和学汉语比起来，简直就像是在公园里散步。

那么，如果13 亿中国人学他们自己的语言没有问题，为什么像我这样张不开口的外国

人会觉得汉语这么难学呢？

首先，学习几千个汉字是件苦差事，只能靠用心记，没有其他办法。甚至查字典时也会碰到一堆问题。例如，你如何查找一个汉字的意思？首先，我得确定这个字的偏旁部首，然后在汉英字典中间的部首表中找到匹配的偏旁，然后按其汉语拼音（罗马字母）查找对应的汉字，再进入词典的条目去查找那个汉字，通过排除所有意思不符的汉字，我才最终找到正确的那个字，而这已经花了我几个小时的时间。查字典需要极大的耐心，可能会令人非常沮丧。说起来很丢人，我每小时勉强能查20 个汉字。

语言专家估计你“只要”掌握大约五千个汉字，就足以应付工作需要了。（我太喜欢“只要”这个词了！）他们还说，在不同的语境中看到和复习一个汉字七次，你就可以记住并灵活运用这个字了。

要花多少时间，你自己算吧。

学习中文本身已经很难了，跟一个不称职的老师学就更难了。我们的第一节课学习的

第一个汉字是“家”。老师告诉我们，中国人能够看到汉字所代表的原意。她吧这个字写在白板上。它的意思是home。好。然后，她解释说，这个字表示的是一头猪在屋顶下。这也还好。接下来，她问道：“你们看到猪了吗？”

“看不到？

“就在那儿，看不到吗？”她问。

我根本看不到猪。

“那你们看到屋顶了吗？”

好吧，我想只有当我丢了眼镜或是喝醉了时才能看到。但为了让老师满意，我说，是的，我能看到屋顶，只是有点儿模糊，就这样。“那是屋顶下有头猪。意思就是家！”老师的声音中带着对汉语言文字的自豪感。

我讲完汉语学习中的麻烦事儿了吗？

还没有。根据汉语的声调体系，一个汉字根据其发音的声调的不同可以有不同的意思。那么我把“妈”称为“马”的机率有多大？而且，这也很容易误解别人和被别人误解，更糟糕的是，如果你在中国各地旅行，每个省的声调都各不相同。

那么，学习汉语有什么让人高兴的事儿吗？

好吧，我承认汉语语法比大多数欧洲语言更容易攻克。学习汉语不用掌握动词时态，

没有单数和复数的区别，也没有关系从句。（令人困惑的是，“他”和“她”的汉字发音也没有差别，对我来说，这是一个非常基本的区别，但也许是我太挑剔了。）再回到课堂上，我注意到词汇表里的词都有词性标注，名词、形容词、动词。当我查

看我的词汇笔记时，我看到有些词既可以作名词又可以作动词，而另一些词如“过”、“吧”或“了”被称作助词，没有明显的功能。它们本身有意义，而且如果没有它们的话，句子的意思就会发生改变。但似乎用分析欧洲语言的那套方法又很奇怪。这是不是使困难更加严重了呢？

我同样也想知道汉语是如何表达复杂概念的。比如一个汉字有外延意义，你通常可以

在词典中查到。把这个汉字与另一个汉字结合起来，你就创造了一个新的不同的概念。把它们与更多的汉字连用，这一概念就又得到了进一步的扩展。

这与英语大不相同吧？哦，是的，因为到这时，你就需要理解组合起来的这些汉字才

能明白其含义，而这并不是其各自孤立的外延意义的总和，而是其内涵意义（或隐含之意）的总和！

但使用汉语的所有人都需要就每个汉字的内涵意义达成一致意见，否则的话肯定会导

致意思含糊、表达不准确或语法错误。那么，汉语如何表达复杂而精确的概念呢？

虽然学习汉语有很多困难，但也有乐趣。学习汉语就像下象棋或做填字游戏。它着实

让人着迷，并且——这里我用词不准确，但我还能如何表达呢？我很享受这个过程，这不仅仅是语言习得的一个渐进过程，它也不断地激发人们去思考沟通的意义和语言的力量。汉语学习是一项极其美妙、极其激励人心和令人兴奋的挑战。旅程和终点都令我神往，使我不得不坚持下去。

但这需要多久？

有统计数据表明，一个受过教育的说英语的人需要1,300 小时才能达到一个受过教育的中国人的汉语水平，而如果学习法语或西班牙语的话，要达到同等语言水平只需大概480 小时。还有人认为1,300 小时还不够，需要差不多2,200 小时。

这可要学习不少的课程。

伟大的北京奥运会游泳冠军麦克尔·菲尔普斯也在学习汉语。2008 年在接受采访时，他说了一句名言，我永远都不会忘记，他说，“学习汉语比赢得八枚奥运金牌还难。”

他不是瞎说。他说的没错。

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—－可编辑修改，可打印—— 别找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育资料——全册教案，，试卷，教学课件，教学设计等一站式服务—— 全力满足教学需求，真实规划教学环节 最新全面教学资源，打造完美教学模式

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