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The SEC Post-Madoff Reforms

The SEC Post-Madoff Reforms
The SEC Post-Madoff Reforms

The Securities and Exchange Commission

Post-Madoff Reforms

In December 2008, Bernard L. Madoff admitted to perpetrating a massive Ponzi scheme. Shortly thereafter, the SEC began taking decisive and comprehensive steps to reduce the chances that such frauds will occur or be undetected in the future. Today, the agency is continuing to reform and improve the way it operates. Among other things, the SEC has been:

Revitalizing the Enforcement Division: Under the leadership of a new Enforcement Director, the SEC is restructuring the division to better ensure that it focuses on significant cases that will have a meaningful impact. The restructuring will reduce bureaucracy and speed up the enforcement process by removing a layer of management in the 1,100 person division. The newly structured division will include specialized units that will enable staff in those units to concentrate their expertise in focused areas and help detect patterns, links, trends and motives. In addition, the Division has streamlined internal processes to make investigative procedures more efficient.

Revamping the Handling of Complaints and Tips: Each year, the SEC receives a massive number of tips and complaints. In order to improve the way it handles them, the agency contracted with a federally funded research and development center to create a centralized system for managing this information. Already, the team has reviewed and analyzed existing intake procedures and is currently working to improve the process for collecting, recording, investigating, referring and tracking this data. As part of the process, the agency is also working on a system that will apply risk analytics, which will help to reveal links, trends, and patterns that might not be visible when each complaint is examined one at a time. Additionally, the Enforcement Division is in the process of creating a special unit to carefully screen and assign tips to the proper investigators.

Encouraging Greater Cooperation by 'Insiders': The SEC is crafting agreements to secure the cooperation of individuals who are on the "inside" of companies engaged in fraudulent activity. These cooperation agreements, similar to those used by criminal law enforcement authorities, provide that insiders who offer truthful evidence and agree to cooperate and testify would be eligible for a possible reduction in sanctions. Such cooperation agreements could produce witnesses and key information early in investigations, enabling the agency to build stronger cases more quickly.

Enhancing Safeguards for Investors' Assets: In December the SEC will consider adopting rules that would better protect clients of investment advisers from theft and abuse. The rules, proposed in May, would provide greater assurance to investors that their accounts contain the funds that their investment adviser and account statements say they contain. Among other things, the proposed rules would

encourage investment advisers to place their clients' assets in the custody of an independent firm, unlike Bernard Madoff did.

Surprise Exams: One proposal would require investment advisers who control or have custody of their clients' assets to hire an independent public accountant to conduct an annual "surprise exam" to verify those assets actually exist. This surprise examination would provide another set of eyes on the clients' assets, thereby offering additional protection against the theft or misuse of funds.

Third Party Reviews: A second proposal would apply to investment advisers who do not use independent firms to maintain their clients' assets. Such advisers would be required to obtain a third party written report assessing the safeguards that protect the clients' assets. The report — prepared by an accountant registered and inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board — would, among other things, describe the controls that are in place to protect the assets, the tests performed on the controls, and the results of those tests. Existing rules make no distinction between an investment adviser whose affiliate holds its clients' funds and an investment adviser that uses a truly independent custodian.

Improving Risk Assessment Capabilities: The SEC is improving its risk assessment procedures and techniques, agency-wide, to better identify areas of risk to investors. For instance, the agency is enhancing the information that financial firms submit and is improving techniques to better identify those particular firms that warrant a closer look. The agency is also increasing collaboration with third parties and other government agencies. Finally, the agency created a new Division of Risk, Strategy and Financial Innovation which will provide new expertise in risk assessment, financial products and financial engineering.

Conducting Risk-Based Examinations of Financial Firms: The SEC dispatched its examiners to conduct a "sweep" of firms that present certain risk characteristics to ensure, among other things, that the clients' assets in fact exist. Such risks include advisers whose clients' assets are held with an affiliate, as opposed to an independent entity; hedge funds that seem to have "smooth" or outlier returns; firms that use an unknown auditor or no auditor at all; firms with a disciplinary history; and broker-dealers that sell an affiliate's hedge fund or limited partnership.

Improving Fraud Detection Procedures for Examiners: The SEC instituted measures to improve the ability of examiners to detect fraud and other types of violations. Examiners across the country now routinely reach out to third parties such as custodians, counter-parties and customers during exams to verify the existence and integrity of client assets managed by the firm. In addition, the measures include more rigorous reviews of firms before the examiners enter the premises, and a more complete exam guide that focuses not only on obvious signs of fraud but also more subtle signals that deserve closer inspection, such as a firm using an unknown accountant. The measures also include expanded use of exams of

an entire entity when firms have joint or dual registrants such as affiliated

broker-dealers and investment advisers.

Recruiting Staff with Specialized Experience: The SEC has been bringing in new staff with diverse skill sets to expand its knowledge base and improve its ability to assess risk, conduct examinations, detect and investigate wrongdoing, and focus our priorities. Some initial examples included:

Senior Specialized Examiners: The agency has hired new staffers to the examination unit — and will bring on board more — who have specialized experience in areas such as trading, operations, portfolio management, options, compliance, valuation, new instruments and portfolio strategies, and forensic accounting.

Additional Staff with Capital Markets Expertise: The agency has been hiring additional staff with expertise in modern financial products and techniques — such as derivatives and hedge fund activities. Now, other staffers can tap into that expertise to help them identify emerging issues and understand the ways the industry is changing. Such expertise can also be helpful in efforts to improve the techniques used in examinations and the collection and analysis of data.

Expanding and Targeting Training: The SEC has provided — and will continue to provide — staff training related to hedge funds and specialized products; derivatives and options; the verification of trades and custody arrangement; and the use of databases maintained by exchanges and clearinghouses, among other things. Additionally, hundreds of staffers have been training to become Certified Fraud Examiners, and the SEC is expanding the availability of programs for staffers to become Certified Financial Analysts and Chartered Alternative Investment Analysts.

Improving Internal Controls: The examination unit and enforcement division each has implemented a quarterly review program to help ensure that important issues are resolved in a thorough and timely manner and that no exam or investigation falls through the cracks. As part of the quarterly review programs, managers will meet to review and discuss all open exams and investigations and address whether additional expertise is needed to resolve issues, finalize exams and bring investigations to conclusion.

Advocating for a Whistleblower Program: The SEC has requested expanded authority from Congress to reward whistleblowers who bring forward substantial evidence about significant federal securities violations. In proposed legislation that the Chairman sent to Congress, a fund would be established to pay whistleblowers using money collected from wrongdoers that is not otherwise distributed to investors. Variations of this legislation are being considered by both the House and Senate.

Seeking More Resources: The SEC has been seeking additional funding to hire more examiners who can go into more financial firms to see whether they are in compliance with the law, as well as for more enforcement staff who can bring more enforcement cases when fraud and other violations of the law are found. In recent years, the SEC has not had adequate resources to oversee the securities industry. For example, the SEC has just over 450 people in its exam program to examine the more than 11,000 regulated investment advisers and 8,000 mutual funds. Congress is considering legislation that would increase both the level and flexibility of funding for the SEC.

Integrating Broker-Dealer and Investment Adviser Examinations: The SEC has instituted several measures to integrate the broker-dealer and investment adviser examination programs. The New York Regional Office, for example, has adopted a protocol that will integrate examination teams to make sure people with the right skill sets are assigned to examinations. Under the new protocol, a single team of examiners, drawn from the broker-dealer and investment management units, will jointly examine selected firms to ensure that the examination team includes those most expert in the subject of the exam. In addition, the examination program has expanded opportunities for examiners to cross-train and increase coordination between broker-dealer and investment management staff on their examination plans.

Enhancing the Licensing, Education and Oversight Regime for

"Back-Office" Personnel: Working with senior SEC staff, FINRA has committed to establish a new system to enhance the oversight and professional requirements of personnel performing back-office functions at broker-dealer firms. "Back-office" personnel typically perform critical custody, accounting, transfer agency and account maintenance functions. They have an important role that must be performed with skill and integrity. Under the regime FINRA is developing, certain back-office personnel would be subject to licensing and education requirements as well as enhanced oversight. Such a regime would further promote the qualifications and professionalism of those performing back-office functions so that client accounts are better protected.

(完整word版)特殊角三角函数值表

特殊角三角函数值表: 函数名 在平面直角坐标系xOy中,从点O引出一条射线OP,设旋转角为θ,设OP=r,P点的坐标为(x,y)有 正弦函数sinθ=y/r余弦函数cosθ=x/r正切函数tanθ=y/x余切函数cotθ=x/y 正弦(sin):角α的对边比斜边余弦(cos):角α的邻边比斜边 正切(tan):角α的对边比邻边余切(cot):角α的邻边比对边 特殊函数人倒数关系: tanα ?cotα=1sinα ?cscα=1cosα ?secα=1特殊函数人商数关系:tanα=sinα/cosαcotα=cosα/sinα 特殊函数人平方关系:sinα2+cosα2=11+tanα2=secα21+cotα=cscα2 以下关系,函数名不变,符号看象限 sin(π+α)=-sinα cos(π+α)=-cosα tan(π+α)=tanα cot(π+α)=cotα sin(π-α)=sinα cos(π-α)=-cosα tan(π-α)=-tanα cot(π-α)=-cotα sin(2π-α)=-sinα cos(2π-α)=cosα tan(2π-α)=-tanα cot(2π-α)=-cotα 以下关系,奇变偶不变,符号看象限 sin(90°-α)=cosα cos(90°-α)=sinα tan(90°-α)=cotα cot(90°-α)=tanα sin(90°+α)=cosα cos(90°+α)=sinα tan(90°+α)=-cotαcot(90°+α)=-tanα 特殊三角函数人积化和差的关系: sinα ?cosβ=(1/2)*[sin(α+β)+sin(α-β)] cosα ?sinβ=(1/2)*[sin(α+β)-sin(α-β)] cosα ?cosβ=(1/2)*[cos(α+β)+cos(α-β)] sinα ?sinβ=(1/2)*[cos(α+β)-cos(α-β)] 特殊三角函数 - 和差化积公式 sinα+sinβ=2*[sin(α+β)/2]*[cos(α-β)/2] sinα-sinβ=2*[cos(α+β)/2]*[sin(α-β)/2]

(完整版)三角函数特殊角值表

角度 函数 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180 270 360 角a 的弧度 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 2π/3 3π/4 5π/6 π 3π/2 2π sin 0 1/2 √2/2 √3/2 1 √3/2 √2/2 1/2 0 -1 0 cos 1 √3/2 √2/2 1/2 0 -1/2 -√2/2 -√3/2 -1 0 1 tan √3/3 1 √3 -√3 -1 -√3/3 1、图示法:借助于下面三个图形来记忆,即使有所遗忘也可根据图形重新推出: sin30°=cos60°=2 1 ,sin45°=cos45°=22, tan30°=cot60°=33, tan 45°=cot45°=1 正弦函数 sinθ=y/r 余弦函数 cosθ=x/r 正切函数 tanθ=y/x 余切函数 cotθ=x/y 正割函数 secθ=r/x 余割函数 cscθ=r/y 2、列表法: 说明:正弦值随角度变化,即0? 30? 45? 60? 90?变化;值从0 2 1 22 23 1变化,其余类似记忆. 3、规律记忆法:观察表中的数值特征,可总结为下列记忆规律: ① 有界性:(锐角三角函数值都是正值)即当0°<α<90°时, 则0<sin α<1; 0<cos α<1 ; tan α>0 ; cot α>0。 ②增减性:(锐角的正弦、正切值随角度的增大而增大;余弦、余切值随角度的增大而减小),即当0<A <B <90°时,则sin A <sin B ;tan A <tan B ; cos A >cos B ;cot A >cot B ;特别地:若0°<α<45°,则sin A <cos A ;tan A <cot A 若45°<A <90°,则sin A >cos A ;tan A >cot A . 4、口决记忆法:观察表中的数值特征 正弦、余弦值可表示为 2m 形式,正切、余切值可表示为3 m 形式,有关m 的值可归纳成顺口溜:一、二、三;三、二、一;三九二十七. 30? 1 2 3 1 45? 1 2 1 2 60? 3

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Havex 传播途径 在被入侵厂商的主站上,向用户提供包含恶意代码的升级软件包 利用系统漏洞,直接将恶意代码植入包含恶意代码的钓鱼邮件 l有三个厂商的主站被这种方式被攻入,在网站上提供的软件安装包中包含了Havex。这三家公司都是开发面向工业的设备和软件,这些公司的总部分别位于德国、瑞士和比利时。 l其中两个供应商为ICS系统提供远程管理软件,第三个供应商为开发高精密工业摄像机及相关软件。

工业控制的应用现状和发展趋势

现代工业控制总线的发展趋势 前言 随着计算机、通信、自动控制、微电子等技术的发展,大量智能控制芯片和智能传感器的不断出现,以及在传感器、通信和计算机领域所取得的巨大成就使人们对系统综合性能尤其是安全性能提出了越来越高的要求:希望能对系统设备的工作状况进行实时监测和控制,并在此基础上实现设备的智能维护。对企业自动化设备而言,对其工作状况进行远程监测和控制,不仅可方便设备管理者随时了解设备工作状态,设备出现异常时主动报警,便于及时维修,还可拓宽设备服务范围,提高工作性能,延长使用寿命。这一目标的实现对控制网络在开放性、互连性、分散性等方面提出了更高要求。 一分散控制系统(DCS) 当前工业控制计算机的应用范围仍以大系统、分散对象、连续生产过程(如冶金、石化、电力)为主,采用分布式系统结构的分散控制系统仍在发展。由于开放结构和集成技术的发展,进一步扩展了大型分散控制系统的应用。 1. 应用现状 DCS自1975年问世以来,大约有3次比较大的变革,70年代操作站的硬件、操作系统、监视软件都是专用的,由各DCS厂家自己开发并没有动态流程图,通信网络基本上是轮询方式;80年代通信网络较多使用令牌方式;90年代操作站出现了通用系统,90年代末通信网络有的部分遵循TCP/IP协议,有的开始采用以太网。20多年来,DCS已广泛应用于各工业领域并趋于成熟,成为工业控制系统的主流。 虽以现场总线为基础的FCS发展很快,最终将取代传统DCS,但其发展仍面临一些问题,如统一标准、仪表智能化等。而传统控制系统的维护和改造还需DCS,因此FCS完全取代传统DCS尚有较长过程。现DCS的新产品的特点为:系统开放、管控一体化及带有先进控制软件,DCS生产厂家也从事FCS的研发、生产和推广应用。

三角函数特殊角值表

三角函数特殊值 1、图示法:借助于下面三个图形来记忆,即使有所遗忘也可根据图形重新推出: sin30°=cos60°= 21 sin45°=cos45°=2 2 tan30°=cot60°=3 3 tan 45°=cot45°=1 2 30? 1 2 3 1 45? 1 2 1 2 60? 3

说明:正弦值随角度变化,即0? 30? 45? 60? 90?变化;值从0 2 3 1变化,其余类似记忆. 3、规律记忆法:观察表中的数值特征,可总结为下列记忆规律: ① 有界性:(锐角三角函数值都是正值)即当0°<α<90°时, 则0<sin α<1; 0<cos α<1 ; tan α>0 ; cot α>0。 ②增减性:(锐角的正弦、正切值随角度的增大而增大;余弦、余切值随角度的增大而减小),即当0<A <B <90°时,则sin A <sin B ;tan A <tan B ; cos A >cos B ;cot A >cot B ;特别地:若0°<α<45°,则sin A <cos A ;tan A <cot A 若45°<A <90°,则sin A >cos A ;tan A >cot A . 4、口决记忆法:观察表中的数值特征 正弦、余弦值可表示为 2m 形式,正切、余切值可表示为3 m 形式,有关m 的值可归纳成顺口溜:一、二、三;三、二、一;三九二十七. 巧记特殊角的三角函数值 初学三角函数,记忆特殊角三角函数值易错易混。若在理解掌握的基础上,经过变形,使其呈现某种规律,再配以歌诀,则可浅显易记,触目成诵。 仔细观察表1,你会发现重要的规律。

特殊角三角函数值表

特殊角三角函数值表 函数名 在平面直角坐标系xOy中,从点0引出一条射线0P,设旋转角为0,设OP=r , P点的坐标为(x, y )有 正弦函数sin 0 =y/r 余弦函数cos 0 =x/r 正切函数tan 0 =y/x 余切函数cot 0 =x/y 正弦(Sin ):角a的对边比斜边余弦(COS ):角a的邻边比斜边 正切(tan ):角a的对边比邻边余切(cot ):角a的邻边比对边 特殊函数人倒数关系:tan a ?COt a =1 sin a ?CSC a =1 COS a ?SeC a =1 特殊函数人商数关系:tan a =Sin a /COS a COt a =COS a /Sin a 特殊函数人平方关系:sin a 2+COS a 2=1 1+tan a 2=sec a2 1+cot a =CSC a2 以下关系,函数名不变,符号: 看象限 sin (n + a) =-Sin a COS (n + a) =. -COS a tan (n + a) =tan a cot (n + a) =cot a sin (n — a) =sin a cos (n —-a) =-COS a tan (n — a) =-tan a cot (n —-a) =-COt a sin (2 n — a) =-Sin a COS (2 n —a )=COS a tan (2 n — a) =-tan a COt (2 n —a )=-cot 以下关系,奇变偶不变,付号看象限 sin (90° - a) =COS a COS (90°-a ) =sin a tan (90° - a) =COt a cot (90°-a ) =ta n a sin (90° + a) =COS a cos (90°+ a )=sin a tan (90° + a) =- COt a(90°+ a ) =-ta n a 特殊三角函数人积化和差的关系: sin a ?cos 3 = ( 1/2 ) *[si n (a + 3) +sin (a — 3) ] COS a ?si n 3 = ( 1/2 ) *[si n (a + 3) —sin (a — 3) ] COS a ?cos 3 = ( 1/2 ) *[cos (a + 3) +COS (a — 3) ] sin a ?si n 3 = ( 1/2 ) *[cos (a + 3) —COS (a — 3) ] 特殊三角函数-和差化积公式 sin a +sin 3 =2*[sin( a + 3 )/2]*[cos( a - 3 )/2] sin a -sin 3 =2*[cos( a + 3 )/2]*[sin( a - 3 )/2]

三角函数特殊角值表

1、图示法:借助于下面三个图形来记忆,即使有所遗忘也可根据图形重新推出: sin30°=cos60°=2 1 ,sin45°=cos45°=22,tan30°=cot60°=33,tan45°=cot45°=1 正弦函数sinθ=y/r 余弦函数cosθ=x/r 正切函数tanθ=y/x 余切函数cotθ=x/y 正割函数secθ=r/x 余割函数cscθ=r/y 2、列表法: 说明:正弦值随角度变化,即0?30?45?60?90?变化;值从0 21222 3 1变化,其余类似记忆. 3、规律记忆法:观察表中的数值特征,可总结为下列记忆规律: ① 有界性:(锐角三角函数值都是正值)即当0°<α<90°时, 则0<sin α<1;0<cos α<1;tan α>0;cot α>0。 ②增减性:(锐角的正弦、正切值随角度的增大而增大;余弦、余切值随角度的增大而减小),即当0<A <B <90°时,则sin A <sin B ;tan A <tan B ;cos A >cos B ;cot A >cot B ;特别地:若0°< α<45°,则sin A <cos A ;tan A <cot A 若45°<A <90°,则sin A >cos A ;tan A >cot A . 4、口决记忆法:观察表中的数值特征 正弦、余弦值可表示为 2m 形式,正切、余切值可表示为3 m 形式,有关m 的值可归纳成顺口溜:一、二、三;三、二、一;三九二十七. 函数名正弦余弦正切余切正割余割 符号sincostancotseccsc 正弦函数sin (A )=a/c 余弦函数cos (A )=b/c 正切函数tan (A )=a/b 余切函数cot (A )=b/a 其中a 为对边,b 为邻边,c 为斜边 三角函数对照表 30? 1 2 1 45? 1 1 2 60?

特殊三角函数数值表图文稿

特殊三角函数数值表集团文件发布号:(9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-

两角和公式 sin(A+B) = sinAcosB+cosAsinB sin(A-B) = sinAcosB-cosAsinB cos(A+B) = cosAcosB-sinAsinB cos(A-B) = cosAcosB+sinAsinB tan(A+B) = (tanA+tanB)/(1-tanAtanB) tan(A-B) = (tanA-tanB)/(1+tanAtanB) cot(A+B) = (cotAcotB-1)/(cotB+cotA) cot(A-B) = (cotAcotB+1)/(cotB-cotA) sin3A = 3sinA-4(sinA)^3; cos3A = 4(cosA)^3 -3cosA tan3a = tan a · tan(π/3+a)· tan(π/3-a) 公式 sin(A/2) = √{(1--cosA)/2} cos(A/2) = √{(1+cosA)/2} tan(A/2) = √{(1--cosA)/(1+cosA)} cot(A/2) = √{(1+cosA)/(1-cosA)} tan(A/2) = (1--cosA)/sinA=sinA/(1+cosA) sin(a)+sin(b) = 2sin[(a+b)/2]cos[(a-b)/2]

sin(a)-sin(b) = 2cos[(a+b)/2]sin[(a-b)/2] cos(a)+cos(b) = 2cos[(a+b)/2]cos[(a-b)/2] cos(a)-cos(b) = -2sin[(a+b)/2]sin[(a-b)/2] tanA+tanB=sin(A+B)/cosAcosB sin(a)sin(b) = -1/2*[cos(a+b)-cos(a-b)] cos(a)cos(b) = 1/2*[cos(a+b)+cos(a-b)] sin(a)cos(b) = 1/2*[sin(a+b)+sin(a-b)] cos(a)sin(b) = 1/2*[sin(a+b)-sin(a-b)] 诱导公式 sin(-a) = -sin(a) cos(-a) = cos(a) sin(π/2-a) = cos(a) cos(π/2-a) = sin(a) sin(π/2+a) = cos(a) cos(π/2+a) = -sin(a) sin(π-a) = sin(a) cos(π-a) = -cos(a) sin(π+a) = -sin(a) cos(π+a) = -cos(a) tgA=tanA = sinA/cosA 万能公式

特殊三角函数数值表

特殊三角函数数值表 Company number:【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】

两角和公式 sin(A+B) = sinAcosB+cosAsinB sin(A-B) = sinAcosB-cosAsinB cos(A+B) = cosAcosB-sinAsinB cos(A-B) = cosAcosB+sinAsinB tan(A+B) = (tanA+tanB)/(1-tanAtanB) tan(A-B) = (tanA-tanB)/(1+tanAtanB) cot(A+B) = (cotAcotB-1)/(cotB+cotA) cot(A-B) = (cotAcotB+1)/(cotB-cotA) sin3A = 3sinA-4(sinA)^3; cos3A = 4(cosA)^3 -3cosA tan3a = tan a · tan(π/3+a)· tan(π/3-a) 公式 sin(A/2) = √{(1--cosA)/2} cos(A/2) = √{(1+cosA)/2} tan(A/2) = √{(1--cosA)/(1+cosA)} cot(A/2) = √{(1+cosA)/(1-cosA)} tan(A/2) = (1--cosA)/sinA=sinA/(1+cosA) sin(a)+sin(b) = 2sin[(a+b)/2]cos[(a-b)/2] sin(a)-sin(b) = 2cos[(a+b)/2]sin[(a-b)/2] cos(a)+cos(b) = 2cos[(a+b)/2]cos[(a-b)/2] cos(a)-cos(b) = -2sin[(a+b)/2]sin[(a-b)/2] tanA+tanB=sin(A+B)/cosAcosB sin(a)sin(b) = -1/2*[cos(a+b)-cos(a-b)] cos(a)cos(b) = 1/2*[cos(a+b)+cos(a-b)] sin(a)cos(b) = 1/2*[sin(a+b)+sin(a-b)] cos(a)sin(b) = 1/2*[sin(a+b)-sin(a-b)] 诱导公式 sin(-a) = -sin(a) cos(-a) = cos(a) sin(π/2-a) = cos(a) cos(π/2-a) = sin(a) sin(π/2+a) = cos(a) cos(π/2+a) = -sin(a) sin(π-a) = sin(a)

特殊角三角函数值表

特殊角三角函数值表: ? 函数名 在平面直角坐标系xOy中,从点O引出一条射线OP,设旋转角为θ,设OP=r,P点的坐标为(x,y)有?正弦函数sinθ=y/r余弦函数cosθ=x/r 正切函数tanθ= y/x 余切函数cotθ=x/y?正弦(sin):角α的对边比斜边余弦(cos):角α的邻边比斜边 正切(tan):角α的对边比邻边余切(cot):角α的邻边比对边 特殊函数人倒数关系: tanα ?cotα=1sinα ?cscα=1 cosα ?secα=1 特殊函数人商数关系:tanα=sinα/cosαcotα=cosα/sinα?特殊函数人平方关系:sinα2+cosα2=1 1+tanα2=secα21+cotα=cscα2?以下关系,函数名不变,符号看象限 sin(π+α)=-sinαcos(π+α)=-cosα tan(π+α)=tanα cot(π+α)=cotα sin(π—α)=sinα cos(π—α)=—cosα tan(π—α)=-tanαcot(π—α)=—cotα sin(2π-α)=-sinα cos(2π-α)=cosα tan(2π-α)=-tanα cot(2π—α)=-cotα?以下关系,奇变偶不变,符号看象限 sin(90°-α)=cosα cos(90°-α)=sinα tan(90°-α)=cotα cot(90°—α)=tanα?sin(90°+α)=cosαco s(90°+α)=sinα tan(90°+α)=-cotαcot(90°+α)=—tanα 特殊三角函数人积化和差的关系:?sinα ?cosβ=(1/2)*[sin(α+β)+sin (α-β)] cosα ?sinβ=(1/2)*[sin(α+β)—sin(α-β)] cosα ?cosβ=(1/2)*[cos(α+β)+cos(α—β)] sinα ?sinβ=(1/2)*[cos(α+β)-cos(α—β)]?特殊三角函数 - 和差化积公式?sinα+sinβ=2*[sin(α+β)/2]*[cos(α-β)/2] sinα-sinβ=2*[cos(α+β)/2]*[sin(α—β)/2] cosα+cosβ=2*[cos(α+β)/2]*[cos(α-β)/2]cosα—cosβ=-22*[sin(α+β)/2]*[sin(α-β)/2]

三角函数值表

(1)特殊角三角函数值 sin0=0 sin30=0.5 sin45=0.7071 二分之根号2 sin60=0.8660 二分之根号3 sin90=1 cos0=1 cos30=0.866025404 二分之根号3 cos45=0.707106781 二分之根号2 cos60=0.5 cos90=0 tan0=0 tan30=0.577350269 三分之根号3 tan45=1 tan60=1.732050808 根号3 tan90=无 cot0=无 cot30=1.732050808 根号3 cot45=1 cot60=0.577350269 三分之根号3 cot90=0 (2)0°~90°的任意角的三角函数值,查三角函数表。(见下)(3)锐角三角函数值的变化情况 (i)锐角三角函数值都是正值

(ii)当角度在0°~90°间变化时, 正弦值随着角度的增大(或减小)而增大(或减小) 余弦值随着角度的增大(或减小)而减小(或增大) 正切值随着角度的增大(或减小)而增大(或减小) 余切值随着角度的增大(或减小)而减小(或增大) (iii)当角度在0°≤α≤90°间变化时, 0≤sinα≤1, 1≥cosα≥0, 当角度在0°<α<90°间变化时, tanα>0, cotα>0. “锐角三角函数”属于三角学,是《数学课程标准》中“空间与图形”领域的重要内容。从《数学课程标准》看,中学数学把三角学内容分成两个部分,第一部分放在义务教育第三学段,第二部分放在高中阶段。在义务教育第三学段,主要研究锐角三角函数和解直角三角形的内容,本套教科书安排了一章的内容,就是本章“锐角三角函数”。在高中阶段的三角内容是三角学的主体部分,包括解斜三角形、三角函数、反三角函数和简单的三角方程。无论是从内容上看,还是从思考问题的方法上看,前一部分都是后一部分的重要基础,掌握锐角三角函数的概念和解直角三角形的方法,是学习三角函数和解斜三角形的重要准备。 附:三角函数值表 sin0=0, sin15=(√6-√2)/4 , sin30=1/2, sin45=√2/2, sin60=√3/2, sin75=(√6+√2)/2 , sin90=1, sin105=√2/2*(√3/2+1/2) sin120=√3/2 sin135=√2/2 sin150=1/2 sin165=(√6-√2)/4 sin180=0 sin270=-1 sin360=0

三角函数特殊角值表

创作编号:BG7531400019813488897SX 创作者: 别如克* 只想上传这一个表 下面的都是无用的话 不用看了。 1、图示法:借助于下面三个图形来记忆,即使有所遗忘也可根据图形重新推出: sin30°=cos60°= 2 1 sin45°=cos45°=22 tan30°=cot60°=3 3 tan 45°=cot45°=1 230? 1 2 3 1 45? 1 2 1 2 60? 3

说明:正弦值随角度变化,即0? 30? 45? 60? 90?变化;值从0 23 1变化,其余类似记忆. 3、规律记忆法:观察表中的数值特征,可总结为下列记忆规律: ① 有界性:(锐角三角函数值都是正值)即当0°<α<90°时, 则0<sin α<1; 0<cos α<1 ; tan α>0 ; cot α>0。 ②增减性:(锐角的正弦、正切值随角度的增大而增大;余弦、余切值随角度的增大而减小),即当0<A <B <90°时,则sin A <sin B ;tan A <tan B ; cos A >cos B ;cot A >cot B ;特别地:若0°<α<45°,则sin A <cos A ;tan A <cot A 若45°<A <90°,则sin A >cos A ;tan A >cot A . 4、口决记忆法:观察表中的数值特征 正弦、余弦值可表示为 2m 形式,正切、余切值可表示为3 m 形式,有关m 的值可归纳成顺口溜:一、二、三;三、二、一;三九二十七. 创作编号:BG7531400019813488897SX 创作者: 别如克*

初中三角函数值表

文案大全 初中三角函数值表 特殊角三角函数值 sin0=0 sin30=0.5 sin45=0.7071=22 sin60=23=0.866 sin90=1 cos0=1 cos30=23 =0.866 cos45=22=0.70 cos60=0.5 cos90=0 tan0=0 tan30=33 =0.577 tan45=1 tan60=3=1.732 tan90=无 cot0=无cot30=3=1.732 cot45=1 cot60=33 =0.577 cot90=0 (2)0°~90°的任意角的三角函数值,查三角函数表。(见下) (3)锐角三角函数值的变化情况 (i )锐角三角函数值都是正值 (ii )当角度在0°~90°间变化时, 正弦值随着角度的增大(或减小)而增大(或减小) 余弦值随着角度的增大(或减小)而减小(或增大)

正切值随着角度的增大(或减小)而增大(或减小) 余切值随着角度的增大(或减小)而减小(或增大)(iii)当角度在0°≤α≤90°间变化时, 0≤sinα≤1, 1≥cosα≥0, 当角度在0°<α<90°间变化时, tanα>0, cotα>0. 附:三角函数值表 sin0=0, sin15=(√6-√2)/4 , sin30=1/2, sin45=√2/2, sin60=√3/2, sin75=(√6+√2)/2 , sin90=1, sin105=√2/2*(√3/2+1/2) 文案大全

sin120=√3/2 sin135=√2/2 sin150=1/2 sin165=(√6-√2)/4 sin180=0 sin270=-1 sin360=0 文案大全

三角函数特殊角值表

1、图示法:借助于下面三个图形来记忆,即使有所遗忘也可根据图形重新推出: sin30°=cos60°=2 1 ,sin45°=cos45°=22, tan30°=cot60°=33, tan 45°=cot45°=1 正弦函数 sinθ=y/r 余弦函数 cosθ=x/r 正切函数 tanθ=y/x 余切函数 cotθ=x/y 正割函数 secθ=r/x 余割函数 cscθ=r/y 2、列表法: 说明:正弦值随角度变化,即0? 30? 45? 60? 90?变化;值从0 2 1 22 23 1变化,其余类似记忆. 3、规律记忆法:观察表中的数值特征,可总结为下列记忆规律: ① 有界性:(锐角三角函数值都是正值)即当0°<α<90°时, 则0<sin α<1; 0<cos α<1 ; tan α>0 ; cot α>0。 ②增减性:(锐角的正弦、正切值随角度的增大而增大;余弦、余切值随角度的增大而减小),即当0<A <B <90°时,则sin A <sin B ;tan A <tan B ; cos A >cos B ;cot A >cot B ;特别地:若0°<α<45°,则sin A <cos A ;tan A <cot A 若45°<A <90°,则sin A >cos A ;tan A >cot A . 4、口决记忆法:观察表中的数值特征 正弦、余弦值可表示为 2m 形式,正切、余切值可表示为3 m 形式,有关m 的值可归纳成顺口溜:一、二、三;三、二、一;三九二十七. 30? 1 2 3 1 45? 1 2 1 2 60? 3

函数名正弦余弦正切余切正割余割符号sin cos tan cot sec csc 正弦函数sin(A)=a/c 余弦函数cos(A)=b/c 正切函数tan(A)=a/b 余切函数cot(A)=b/a 其中a为对边,b为邻边,c为斜边 三角函数对照表

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