就这样搞定丢分率超高的定语从句

就这样搞定丢分率超高的定语从句

英语中从句类型有很多，本期小猿主要教你如何做好定语从句。

【定义】：定语从句就是修饰名词和代词的从句，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。

【基本类型】：定语从句有两种类型：限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句相当于是先行词的定语，在意义上是不可缺少的，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句和主句关系不是很密切，只是对先行词做些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句，写时往往用逗号分开。

【特别介绍】：最后闪亮登场的是定语从句中的主角——关系词，即引导定语从句的词。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句B、代替先行词C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。在定语从句中，对于同一个先行词，有时用关系代词，有时用关系副词。判断用关系代词还是关系副词，关键要明确关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在定语从句中担任主语、宾语、表语和定语的成分，句中就用关系代词；如果关系词在定语从句中担任状语的成分，就用关系副词。关系代词that，which，who，whom，whose等；关系副词有when，where，why等。你一定在想，怎么有这么多关系词，如何正确使用它们呢？莫急莫急，且听小猿给你一一道来。

1.关系代词

1.1关系代词whom 的用法

whom在引导定语从句时，修饰表示人的先行词，是关系代词who的宾格，在从句中充当宾语。举两个例子：

【例1】If you have some difficulty in learning English, Yuantiku is the first one to whom you can turn for help.

解析：turn to sb.（for sth.）表示“（就某事或某物）求助于某人”，固定搭配。介词to必不可少，介词to后可以紧跟引导定语从句，而介词后修饰表示人的先行词person的关系代词只能是whom，所以应是to whom的形式。

【例2】Yuantiku has many friends, of whom some are students.解析：这是一个非限定性定语从句，介词of后跟宾格，所以应使用whom。

1.2 关系代词who 的用法

A．who的先行词必须是人，在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。若前面带介词，则必须用宾格的whom，即：介词+whom。

【例1】I’d love to have a friend who/that has the same hobby as me.

解析：先行词a friend在定语从句中充当主语，且先行词为“人”，所以引导词可以为who 或that，但是不能省略。

【例2】She is the girl who/whom I met at the party.

解析：先行词the girl在定语从句中作宾语，且先行词为“人”，所以引导词可以为who/whom。

【例3】She is the girl who/whom I went there with.

解析：先行词the girl在定语从句中作介词with的宾语，且先行词为“人”，所以引导词可以为who或whom。

重要的事情要说三遍：若把介词with提到从句的前面，关系代词只能用whom，而不能用who来代替。

（√）She is the girl with whom I went there.

（×）She is the girl with who I went there.

B．Who, that在许多情况下可以通用，但有时则宜用who，而不用that。

（1）先行词是one, ones, anyone时宜用who。

【例1】One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.

解析：一个无所畏惧的人敢于说出真相。先行词one在定语从句中作主语，且先行词为“人”，所以引导词宜用who，而不用that。

【例2】The ones who flatter me don’t please me.

解析：小猿不喜欢那些阿谀奉承的人。先行词ones在定语从句中作主语，且先行词为“人”，所以引导词宜用who，而不用that。

【例3】Anyone who learns English with Yuantiku can get higher marks than before.

解析：和小猿一起学英语，英语成绩提升自然不在话下啦。先行词anyone在定语从句中作主语，且先行词为“人”，所以引导词宜用who，而不用that。

（2）先行词为those时，关系代词宜用who。

【例1】Those who learn English with Yuantiku raise your hands.

解析：和小猿一起学过英语的你们在哪里？先行词those在定语从句中作主语，且先行词为“人”，所以引导词宜用who，而不用that。

（3）当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。

【例1】I met a foreigner in the street yesterday who could ask me questions in Chinese.

解析：小猿昨天在街上遇到一个会用汉语问问题的歪果仁（哇，好厉害的歪果仁）。先行词a foreigner的后置定语could ask me questions in Chinese较长，在定语从句中作主语，且先行词为“人”，所以引导词宜用who，而不用that。

（4）一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。【例1】The boy that I met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.

解析：昨晚小猿遇到的那个男生就是那个学习非常用功的组长。我们可以把这句话拆成两个定语从句The boy that I met last night以及The boy is the group leader who studies very hard，前面那个从句的关系代词是that，后一个从句的关系代词就宜用who。

（5）在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。

【例1】There are many students who learn English with Yuantiku.

解析：小猿有很多一起学习英语的小伙伴，比如你，比如他。先行词students在定语从句中作主语，且先行词为“人”，句子以there are开头，所以引导词宜用who，而不用that。

1.3 关系代词whom 的用法

whose是定语从句中一个常用的关系代词，它是关系代词who的所有格，在从句中作定语，也就是说当先行词与从句中某个名词有所属关系，表达“……的”意思时，用关系代词whose 引导定语从句，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物，既可引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。

【例1】Mr. King, whose legs were badly hurt, was taken to the hospital.

金先生腿受重伤，被送进了医院。

【例2】They live in a room whose window opens to the south.

他们住在一间窗户朝南开的房间里。

A.whose短语在定语从句中有时可作介词宾语，即构成“介词＋whose＋名词”引导定语从句并在从句中作状语。

【例1】The boss in whose department Mr. King worked had heard about the accident.

金先生所在的工作部门领导人已经听说了这一意外事故。

【例2】He is the student of whose brother we are always proud.

他就是那个我们总是为他哥哥感到骄傲的学生。

B．whose引导定语从句时，通常可与of which/of whom引导的定语从句进行转换。

【例1】I made a table, the surface of which (of which the surface) is quite smooth.

解析：我做了张桌子，桌面很光滑。相当于I made a table, whose surface is quite smooth. 【例2】The professor of whom a daughter (a daughter of whom) has gone abroad is very famous in China.

那位女儿已经出国了的教授在国内很有名。相当于The professor whose daughter has gone abroad is very famous in China.

1.4 关系代词that/which 的用法

A．在限定性定语从句中，which和that在代替物时，一般可以通用。

B．在非限定性定语从句中，只宜用which，不能用that。

C．在限定性定语从句中，只宜用that，而不宜用which的情况。

（1）先行词是形容词最高级或者先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时，只宜用that。

【例1】This is the most interesting book (that) I have ever read.

解析：这是小猿读过最有趣的书了。先行词book被形容词最高级the most interesting修饰，且为物，所以引导词宜用that，而不用which。

（2）先行词是序数词或先行词的前面有序数词修饰时，只宜用that。

【例1】The first thing that I am going to do this evening is to learn English.

解析：小猿今晚要做的第一件事就是学习英语，你是不是也有这个打算呢。先行词thing被序数词the first修饰，且为物，所以引导词宜用that，而不用which。

（3）主句中已有疑问词who或which时，而其后又有一个定语从句修饰，这时关系代词必须要用that。

【例1】Who is the man that is talking to your parents?

解析：那个和你父母说话的人是谁？主句中已有疑问词who，先行词the man被定语从句修饰，所以引导词宜用that，而不用which。

【例2】Which is the bike that you lost?

解析：哪辆自行车是你丢失的？主句中已有疑问词which，先行词the bike被定语从句修饰，所以引导词宜用that，而不用which。

（4）先行词既有人又有物，只宜用that。

【例1】The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.

解析：把老人撞倒的那个车主以及他的自行车都被带到了警察局。先行词the bike and its rider 既有人又有物，所以引导词宜用that，而不用which。

（5）先行词是all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等代词

时，宜用that。

【例1】You should hand in all that you have.

你应该上交你拥有的一切。

【例2】We haven’t got much that we can offer you.

我们提供不了那么多。

【例3】The book is the one that I bought yesterday.

这本书是小猿昨天买的。

（6）先行词前面有only, any, few, little, no, all, one of, the same, the very等词修饰时，只宜用that。

【例1】Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class.

解析：李明是我们班唯一一个考了满分的学生。先行词one被only修饰，所以引导词应用that。

【例2】Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.

李明是我们班想当老师的学生之一。先行词the students被one of修饰，所以引导词应用that。（7）有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另外一个只宜用that。

【例1】Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.

解析：爱迪生建立了一个生产前所未见的东西的工厂。我们可以把这句话拆成两个定语从句Edison built up a factory which produced things以及things that had never been seen before，前面那个定语从句的关系代词是which，后一个从句的关系代词只宜用that。

D．在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时，只宜用which，而不用that。

【例1】This is the school in which I will study. = This is the school (which/that) I will study in.

解析：这就是小猿将要就读的学校。关系代词前有介词in，所以引导词宜用which，而不用that。

2. 关系副词

普通副词：在句中担任状语、定语、表语和宾语补足语。

关系副词：

1）起代替作用——在定语从句中代替先行词。

2）在从句中担任成分——状语，即在从句中起副词和介词短语作用。

3）起连词作用——把两个句子连接为带有定语从句的主从复合句。

2.1 关系副词where 的用法where 在引导定语从句时是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，其前面有表示地点的先行词。where引导的从句修饰先行词。

【例1】The factory where Mr. Li used to work was closed last week.

解析：李先生曾经就职的那家工厂上周倒闭了。先行词为factory，为地点，在从句中作地点状语，关系副词应用where。

2.2 关系副词when 的用法

关系副词when引导定语从句（包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句）修饰表示时间的先行词，在定语从句中充当时间状语。

【例1】I still remember the day when I first met Yuantiku.

我仍然记得第一次见到小猿的那一天。（小猿也记得呢！）

【例2】Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching. 下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。

3. “介词+ 关系代词”引导定语从句

“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，是定语从句一种介词前置的定语从句句型，介词与关系代词之间存在一种介宾关系。当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，把介词置于关系代词前，即演变出“介词+关系代词”句型，关系代词只能用which（指物）或whom (指人)，即：介词+which/whom。

【例1】The man to whom you spoke is a teacher.

【例2】The city in which she lives is far away.

【例3】The little girl is reading a book, in which there are many cartoons.

注意：当介词放在关系代词的前面时，用在介词后的关系代词不能省略。关系副词when，where，why可用“介词＋which”来代替。关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词。其中when =表时间的介词（如：in，at，on，during等）+which；where=表地点的介词（如：in，at，on，under等）+ which；Why=表原因的介词（如：for+which）

〈1〉当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。例：I still remember the day when I came here.相当于I still remember the day on which I came here.

〈2〉当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。例：This is the house where I lived last year.相当于This is the house in which I lived last year.

〈3〉当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。例：There are many reasons why people like traveling.相当于There are many reasons for which people like traveling.

4. 定语从句、引导词的省略在定语从句中，引导词的省略共有两种情况。

1）在限制性定语从句中，当先行词在定语从句中充当宾语时，引导词可以省略。

【例1】He gave me a book (that/which) he bought in Beijing.

解析：他给了我一本他在北京买的书。book在定语从句中作bought的宾语，所以先行词用that或者which或者省略。

2）当先行词是the way，且在定语从句中作方式状语时，先行词可用that、in which 或者省略。其它情况则不能省略。

【例1】The way (that/in which) he looks at problems is wrong. （√）

He has given you the way that is best to solve the problem.（√）

注：第二句中the way在从句中作主语，引导词不可以省略。

定语从句语法知识点基本汇总

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定语从句选择题练习 一、定语从句 1．The movie ____ I have seen twice is The Wandering Earth. A．who B．which C．where D．when 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 句意：我看过两次的电影是《流浪地球》。A. who谁，指人的引导词；B. which哪一个，指物的引导词；C. where哪里，指地点；D. when什么时间，指时间。本题考查定语从句。先行词是The movie，因此引导词用which。故选B。 2．The teenagers like the musician ____ different kinds of music. A．who play B．which plays C．who plays D．that play 【答案】C 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】 试题分析：句意：青少年喜欢演奏不同种类音乐的音乐家。The musician是先行词，后面跟的是它的定语从句。先行词musician指人，用who、that引出定语从句，Ｂ错；关系词在定语从句中作主语，定语从句的谓语与先行词保持一致。musician是单数，谓语用单数：plays。故选C。 3． The dog _______ played with you just now is _______. A．which; mine B．which; my C．what; mine D．what; my 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 句意：刚才和你一起玩的那条狗是我的。 Which哪一个；what什么；mine名词性物主代词，我的；my形容词性物主代词，我的。形容词性物主代词在句只用作定语；名词性物主代词则不能用作定语，但可以用作主语、宾语、表语、连用of作定语。先行词dog在定语从句中作主语可用关系代词which代替。所以选A。 4．We have decided to sell five things ________ we no longer use. A．that B．where C．who

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