A New Integrated Protection Scheme for Closed loop distribution Network with Distributed Generator

Abstract --The paper proposes the protection schemes for closed loop distribution network with distributed generators. Generally, Most of distribution networks are operated in radial or open loop due to the security and protection limited. With the rapid

expansion of modern power systems and demand for high quality

of power supply, the closed loop operation is adopted gradually. Furthermore, with the increasing penetration of distributed generators, radial operation is not suit for improving stability of system and distributed generators. This paper investigates the protection requirements of closed loop network, and then analyzes the characteristics of conventional protection schemes

which are applied in closed loop distribution network. Taking

into distributed generators consideration, the paper proposes pilot wire instantaneous protection for closed loop network. What’s more, non-communication over-current protection is also investigated to be applied in closed loop network. The proposed protection schemes are able to significantly improve the reliability and security of closed loop distribution network with

distributed generators.

Index Terms --protection scheme, closed loop operation, distribution system, distributed generator

I. I NTRODUCTION

Y now most of power feeders in distribution network are operated in radial or open-loop. The character of open loop operation is that the feeder’s structure is a ring but one switch in the ring opens naturally, which is called tie switch. Open loop operation can be considered as one kind of radial operation because power flows on the feeders is in one direction only, which allows the use of protection system without directional discrimination. There are many strong points in open loop or radial operation such as increasing the system stability and simplifying protection schemes. In radial distribution network, time-graded over-current protection or inverse definite minimum time over-current protection (IDMT) is widely used to realize protection scheme with sensitivity and reliability [12, 15]. If fault occurs somewhere, the tripping can be made at one end (the source end) or two

This work was supported by the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No. 2009CB219704), National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) of China (No. 2007AA05Z241) and Nature Science

Foundation of Tianjin City (NO. 08JCYBJC13500).

Bin Li is with Key Laboratory of Power System Simulation and Control of Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China (e-mail: libin_tju@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f10359238.html,) Xuan Yu is with Tianjin University as a postgraduate, Tianjin, China (e-mail: viocy.tju@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f10359238.html,)

Zhiqian Bo is with the AREVA T&D – Automation & Information System, UK (e-mail: Zhiqian.bo@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f10359238.html,)

ends of the protected line section for radial connected line or

open-loop systems. In the case of open-loop network, the healthy feeders can be served in another route by closing the normally open tie switch with a short interval. Radial or open loop operation has been adopted in the operation of

distribution network for many decades. With the rapid expansion of modern power systems and demand for high quality of power supply, closed loop operation is becoming a subject, which is applied in distributed network in recent years, especially for the network with presence of distributed generators (DG) [1-3]. Compared with open loop, the tie

switch is closed naturally in closed loop operation, so that fault on one section can’t cause power losses in downstream feeders. Besides decreasing power losses, closed loop operation can also keep feeders’ voltage level, and has more capacity of load rising [3]. Obviously, it is desirable to realize protection for closed

loop feeders by using simple and feasible protection scheme. However, conventional over-current protection has such

shortcomings the relay near to source has longest operating tripping time is sometimes too long to prevent excessive disturbance of the power system. The rather that DGs are also involved in this network, asking for stricter operation of relays [4]. The fault clear time will determine whether DGs loss stability or not, and the adjunction of DGs also affect power flow and complicate voltage and reactive power control, so it will affect the relay action in turn. All mentioned above decide that how to design an appropriate protection scheme for closed loop network with DGs becomes a key research topic to ensure the security of power network and exert the capacity of DGs [5-7, 13]. Although closed loop operation brings lots of advantages in improving the security and continuity of power supply, it also increases the short circuit currents and increase the voltage dips frequency and severity. The closed loop operation is more vulnerable to power system oscillation and fault enlargement. Furthermore, the more complex protection scheme must be designed to satisfy the requirements of

reliability and sensitivity, etc.

Firstly, the paper presents brief introduction on protection scheme of radial or open loop network, emphases on the coordination with the time-graded over-current protection and IDMT. Secondly, the paper investigates protection schemes for closed loop feeders, and reliability and sensitivity of protection schemes are verified according to a typical closed loop network. Thirdly, by taking into account the stability of DGs in closed loop network, protection schemes are suggested Bin Li, Member, IEEE , Xuan Yu, and Zhiqian Bo, Senior Member, IEEE

Protection Schemes for Closed Loop Distribution Network with Distributed

Generator

B

based on the analysis of different protection schemes and its investment. In addition, non-communication over-current protection is adopted in the paper to realize protection scheme for closed loop network with DGs.

II. C ONVENTIONAL P ROTECTION FOR D ISTRIBUTION F EEDERS In practice, a large portion of distribution network use time-graded over-current protection or IDMT coordination. As for radial and single breaker system, because there is only one direction current flow from terminal source to downstream, the power directional relay is not necessary. Generally, relay and recloser are located in the main upstream feeder, and time-graded over-current protection or IDMT can be used to realize the main and backup protection for feeders with high sensitivity and reliability.

For the distribution feeders as shown in Fig.1 (a), the over-current protection settings are given in Fig.1, the derivation of which is given in the reference [12]. In order to ensure the protection selectivity, the tripping time-distance characteristics of the time-graded over-current protection and IDMT are

demonstrated in Fig.1(b) and Fig.1(c) respectively.

Fig.1 Relay coordination principle

(a)Distribution network with relay units

(b)Coordination of definite time delay over-current relay

(c)Coordination of IDMT relay

As is known to all, the length of the line has a direct effect

on the setting of a relay. Primarily, relays are applied to

protect a given line segment and, in addition if possible, to

back up the relay protecting adjacent line segments. However,

in industry field of distribution network, power cable is

usually short, sometimes it is only a few kilometers or

hundreds meters. So cable impedance is much less than the

source impedance. In such a case there is very little difference

in current magnitude for a fault at one end of the line

compared to a fault at the other. Therefore, only conventional

definite time-delay over-current protection or IDMT is suit to

be used in these cases, whereas instantaneous over-current

cannot be used. Therefore, the tripping time increases as the

fault moves near to power source, and maximum the tripping

time is sometimes too long to prevent excessive disturbance of

the power system, especially for distribution network with

distributed generators, because DG may lose its stability when

the fault lasts too long.

In a radial network like Fig.1, time-delay over-current

protection as main protection is applied. While fault is close to

relay Ra will operate after a definite time, and all the feeders

include downstream bus-bars and their load, will drop out. In

order to avoid fault enlarging, loop operation is put into use,

which is divided into two models, open loop operation and

closed loop operation. Open loop operation will close the

normally opened tie switch s after relay tripping fault, and

restore the healthy buses service. Therefore, relays and

breakers should be installed in both terminals of feeders and

be directional such as Fig.2. Compared with open loop, the tie

switch is closed naturally in closed loop operation. With the

rapid expansion of modern power systems and demand for

high quality of power supply, closed loop operation is

desirable in recent years. Besides decreasing power losses,

closed loop operation can also keep feeders’ voltage level, and

has more capacity of load rising, etc.

Fig.2 loop operation in distribution network

Furthermore, with the increasing penetration of distributed

generators, radial operation is not suit for distribution network

with DGs. The presence of DGs in radial feeders leads to

unnecessary DG disconnection for faults occurring upstream

the DG connection point [13]. As shown in Fig.2, if the

network is in radial or open loop operation, DG will be

disconnected when fault occurs on upstream feeder A-B.

Obviously, it is not the best choice for exerting the maximum

role of DGs. Consequently, when DG is present, closed loop

operation is adopted in distribution network.

III. P ROTECTION S CHEME FOR C LOSED L OOP F EEDERS WITH

P RESENCE OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATORS

While upgraded from open loop to closed loop operation,

the capacities of transformers and feeders should be improved

firstly, and then, protection scheme must be upgraded in order

to ensure the reliability of power supply. According to the

different requirements for reliability and sensitivity of

protection, some practical and prospective protection schemes

are proposed. Especially for closed loop network DGs, the

characteristics of protection schemes are also discussed. A

certain applied closed loop distribution network is shown in

Fig.3.

Generator

5000kVA

3500kVA

2500kVA 3000kVA

Fig.3 Simulated closed loop network

In this network, from the point of 110kV substation, the impedance p.u. value of power supply is X 1.max.pu =0.5808, X 1.min.pu =2.1924,

X 0.max.pu =1.008, X 0.min.pu =1.6117. The base capacity S=1000MVA, and base voltage U=115kV. All cables are 3×240mm 2, and its impedance is 0.087?/km. Other related parameters are shown in Fig.3.

Taken this closed loop network as an example, the paper investigates the protection schemes as follows.

A. Select a disconnection point in the closed loop operation If open loop operation needs to be updated to closed loop operation in certain distribution network, the economic protection scheme is to select one disconnected point in the

closed loop. As for this scheme, each feeder can be guaranteed by one terminal breaker and corresponding over-current relay.

Generally, the disconnected point should be selected at the

point, which is near to the middle point of load, such as S point in Fig.3.

In this case, only breakers CB 1, CB 2, CB 3

and CB 6, CB

7, CB 8 are needed, and conventional time-delay over-current protection can be used without directional element. In normal operation, all of loads are served by power sources in closed

loop operation. When a fault occurs in the ring, no matter

where the fault is, the over-current protection R

3

(or R 8

) should pick up and trip breaker CB 3 (or CB 8) without time

delay. Consequently, according to the protection coordination for radial feeders, the time delay of relay R 1, R 2, R 3 and R 6, R 7, R 8

are shown in Fig.4(a).

When the fault occurs at the left side of CB 3 (or CB 8) and then R 3 (or R 8) trips instantaneously (for example, f 1 or f 2 fault), on the one hand, R 6, R 7 will return and loads in the right

healthy routine can be served continuously without any power interrupt. On the other hand, R 1 and R 2

will isolate fault

according to its time coordination shown in Fig.4(a).

Obviously, no matter which fault point is, some loads in bus-B

or bus-C may lose power supply. Furthermore, if fault

f 1

occurs at the point which is near to bus-A, the fault current flow through the R 3 may be too small to enable relay to trip the fault. In the case of that, R 3 can only trip fault after R

1. Based on the Fig.4(a), the tripping time is so long that the

system stability decreases.

Fig.4 Time coordination of over-current protection

It can be seen this protection configuration is the least investment scheme. But above all, the disconnection operation doesn’t improve the security and reliability of the system. What’s more, if DG is put into use in this network, DG may be disconnected unintentionally for faults occurring upstream the DG connection point. Actually, it is desirable that DG can supply power continuously when main power supply is lost. In sum, this protection scheme is a compromise scheme with low

investment and comparatively high reliability. However, in the case that more reliability and security are required, some advanced protection schemes should be applied. B. Conventional Protection Scheme for closed loop network

1) Directional over-current protection Generally, in order to improve the reliability of power supply and ensure the selectivity of protection, conventional

over-current protection must be replaced by directional relay, such as directional over-current protection, distance protection, etc. Besides that, breakers and directional relay should be applied on both sides of feeders.

In this way, relay R 1, R 2, R 3, R 4 and R 5 compose one series of protections with anti-clockwise direction for one power supply routine, whereas R 6, R 7, R 8, R 9 and R 10 compose another series of protections for another routine. According to the time coordination of over-current protection, the time delay of the relays are shown in Fig.4(b). If fault occurs at f 2

point on feeder, the relays R 2 and R 9 can trip fault by disconnecting two terminal breakers CB 2 and CB 9. It can be seen that all of loads distributed on bus-bars will not lose its power supply in this case. Even if fault occurs at f 3 point on bus-D, the relays R 3 and R 7 will trip breakers CB 3 and CB 7 so that the faulty bus-bar is isolated. Only loads on faulty bus-bar disconnected from power supply.

In this scheme, the number of loads influenced by a fault

can be minimized. From the view of protection selectivity, this scheme is superior to scheme A described above. However, from the view of fault clearing time, this scheme has a longer tripping time for each protection, which can be derived from the comparison between Fig.4 (a) and (b). Generally, the time step coordination between two sequent relay is with 0.3, so if fault occurs at f1 point, the fault clearing time of relay R1 reaches 1.2 seconds. Obviously, the over-current based time-graded protection has such shortcomings the relay near to source has longest operating time setting, where the fault level is the highest.

Furthermore, in radial network with time-graded over-current relays, the sensitivity of sequence time-graded over-current protections is generally satisfied because the fault current increases with the fault length decreases. But it is not true for closed loop operation. For example, if f1 point is very close to bus-A, the fault current flow through relay R10 may be so small that R10 may not pick up and trip fault with zero time delay (because pick up value of R10 must be greater than the minimum distinguishable value of protection device). In this case, flowing through great fault current, it is ensured that R1 will trip fault with longest time delay (1.2s), and then R6~R10 operate in radial operation, so R10 can trip fault consequently. Obviously, the fault f1 will be cleared by two terminal circuit breakers with a long time delay, which must be longer than 1.2s. It indicates that the clearing time is too long when closed loop has more feeder sections.

However, fault clearing time is critical for stability of power system, especially for distributed generators. As analysis mentioned in section II, no matter what kind of distributed generators are, long fault clearing time may leads to prompt disconnection of inverter-based power source and synchronized generator lose its stability. Therefore, instantaneous or short time delay protections should be considered as beneficial compensation for integrated protection scheme.

2) Distance protection

Distance protection can trip fault with comparatively short time, and less affected by the operation mode. At the same time, the better coordination among different distance protections is realized. However, the length of feeders in distributed network may be very short in real power distribution system so that the sensitivity of distance protection may not be satisfied.

3) Pilot current differential protection

Since closed loop operation increases the fault current and voltage dip, instantaneous protection is desirable to ensure reliable operation. Undoubtedly, pilot current differential relay provides instantaneous protection for feeders with the highest sensitivity, reliability and selectivity. With this scheme, the protection can trip feeder fault instantaneously and loads restore from fault condition quickly. The advantages of pilot current differential protection is well known, therefore it will not be described here.

Compared to conventional over-current or distance protection, pilot current differential protection improve the distribution system reliability with the expense that communication channel and its facilities are needed.

Besides those considerations, pilot current differential relay cannot provide protection for bus-bar, with which loads and DGs are connected. And that directional over-current relay can only trip bus-bar fault with some definite time delay. Generally, the bus-bar in distribution network isn’t configured with special current differential protection. However, the fault in bus-bar is more serious than that in feeders. It leads to sharp voltage drop and huge short-circuit current. Therefore bus-bar fault clearing time cannot be longer than several hundred milliseconds if DGs are taken into consideration.

C. Proposed Novel Protection for closed loop network

1) Pilot wire instantaneous over-current protection Generally differential protection is not provided for bus-bars in distribution network. But in order to realize instantaneous protection for important bus-bar with DGs, special bus-bar differential protection can be given. Besides that, the paper propose another choice of protection scheme for bus-bar, that is, a novel pilot wire instantaneous over-current protection, which is able to trip both feeder and bus-bar faults with minimum time delay.

The principle of this pilot wire Instantaneous over-current protection is shown in Fig.5.

A B C D

(a)

(b)

E

Fig .5 Schematics of pilot wire instantaneous over-current protection

(a) Over-current protection coordination

(b) Pilot wire instantaneous protection for bus-bar and feeder

In closed loop network shown in Fig.3, all of directional protections with same protective direction can be considered as one group, such as relay R1~R5. In order to illustrate the theory of pilot wire instantaneous over-current protection, the protection coordination of relay R1~R5 can be analyzed in a simplified radial operation system, as shown in Fig.5(a). And the principle of this pilot wire Instantaneous over-current protection is shown in Fig.5(b), in which the coordination of

R3~R5 is taken as an example to illustrate the protection principle.

Except over-current protection R5 on the end feeder, the other protections operate in two executive routines after pick up. For one executive routine, each feeder protection will send trip signal with its corresponding time delay t Rn after pick up. This routine is here called routine-1. For another executive routine, the trip signal is decided by pick up condition of local protection and the blocking signal, which is sent by downstream protection based on its pick up condition. This routine is here called routine-2.

For example, if fault f5 occurs on the end section of power supply feeder, all relay R1~R5 can detect the fault and pick up. However, R5 will trip the fault f5 instantaneously. At the same time, as a blocking signal, the pick up signal of relay R5 is sent through a wire cable to the upstream protection R4. Obviously, the executive routine-2 of protection R4 is blocked, and R4 can only trip fault with definite time delay t R4. However, after R5 trips and then CB5 disconnection, fault f5 will be isolated and all other over-current relays R1~R4 will return. Of course, if relay R5 refuse to trip fault f5 because some unexpected reasons, relay R4 can trip the fault by executive routine-1 with time delay t R4. It can be noticed that the coordination of relay R4 and R5 is ensured with high reliability.

If fault f4 occurs on the DE feeder or bus-E, R1~R4 detect fault and pick up, but relay R5 will not pick up because fault is located in the reverse direction. Therefore, the blocking signal from R5 is zero, so the executive routine-2 of relay R4 is enabled. R4 pick up signal can be passed through “AND” gate. After a short time delay tε, the tripping signal will be sent to CB4 directly. It should be noted that tε is only a fixed short time delay, which is used to ensure the transferring time delay of blocking signal from downstream relay. Obviously, in this way, relay R4 can clear faults of DE feeder or bus-E with a very short time delay tε, not comparatively long time delay t R4. Of course, if relay R4 refuse to clear faults of DE feeder or bus-E, relay R3 will operate as a backup protection with original time of R3 and R4.

With same operation logic, the relay R1~R3 can also clear faults of local feeder and remote bus-bar with a short time delay tε. Therefore, the continuity of power supply, stability of distribution system and DGs are all improved with high reliability. At present, this blocking function in conventional over-current or IDMT protection has been developed. What’s more, the pilot wire instantaneous over-current protection has been applied successfully on providing instantaneous protection for feeder and bus-bar.

In this protection scheme, wire cable act as a type of communication channel, but sometimes it cannot be supplied. Therefore, it would be beneficial if the speed of response of the over-current based protection scheme could be substantially increased without the need for communication link.

2) Non-communication directional over-current protection Recently, the concept of non-communication protection has attracted the interests of both academics and manufactures. Based on the concept, a number new protection schemes for distribution systems have been proposed to accelerate the speed of response of the over-current protection [8-11, 14]. Here non-communication over-current protection is considered to be applied in closed loop network shown in Fig.3. The relays are arranged into two groups. The conventional time setting over-current protection group includes R4, R5 and R9, R10. Obviously, It is easily noticed from Fig.4(b) that these relays are set faster operating time. The accelerated operation group consists of the relays R1, R2, R6 and R7 which are set slower operating time in the conventional scheme. The target of the protection technique is to improve the respond speed of the accelerated operation group.

With reference to Fig.3, for a fault f1 occurring on cable section AB, the directional relays R1 and R6~R10 may detect the fault since the fault is in the forward direction to these relays. The relay R10 that has the fastest time setting will operate first to open its associated circuit breaker CB10. After the opening of the circuit breaker CB10, the fault is isolated from cable section BC, CD, DE and EA, and their associated relay R6~R9 will restrain from operation. However, the opening of the circuit breaker CB10 does not clear the fault on the section AB. As long as R1 detect the opening of the circuit breaker CB10, it means that the fault is on the protected cable section AB, and then relay R1 will accelerated trip breaker CB1. The detection of the circuit breaker operation takes only a few power frequency cycles; therefore, the operation speed of the relay R1 can be significantly accelerated. In this way, relay R2, R6 and R7 can be accelerated when fault occurs on its associated feeder.

In sum, the relay makes tripping decision based on detecting the breaker operation to determine whether the system is in a balanced operation or not. The system unbalance ratio and the super-imposed signals are used to detect the remote breaker operation, from which whether an unbalanced fault is on the protected section can be derived [14]. However, these proposed methods can only be used to determine whether remote breaker opens or not when an unbalanced fault occurs. Particularly, as for closed loop operation, the fault current flowing through local relay will increase when the remote breaker of the line is disconnected. For example, after R10 trips fault f1, the fault current flowing through R1 will increase definitely. Therefore, by detecting the variation of fault current, no matter what kind of fault is, remote breaker operation can be estimated.

Therefore, it is feasible and economic for closed loop network to use non-communication over-current protection to ensure the stability of system and distributed generators.

IV. C ONCLUSION

This paper proposes a series of protection schemes for closed loop distribution network based on the different protection requirements. These protection schemes vary from fault clear effect, investment to impact on distributed generators. Considering the continuity of power supply and stability of system and distributed generators, a novel pilot wire instantaneous protection is implemented in this paper.

Besides that, the paper also discusses the application and its improvement of non-communication over-current protection in closed loop network with distributed generators.

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VI. B IOGRAPHIES

Bin Li obtained the B.Sc, M.Sc and Ph.D degrees from Tianjin University in 1999, 2002 and 2005 respectively. He was academic visitor of the University of Manchester, U.K. in 2006. And he worked in the design and application of protection relays and phasor measurement unit as a research fellow, in AREVA Company U.K. from 2008 to 2009. Now he is associated professor of the School of Electrical Engineering and its Automation, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China. His main research field is involved in the protection and control of distributed generation.Xuan Yu obtained her B.Sc degree from Tianjin University in 2008. Now she is the postgraduate in Tianjin University.

Zhiqian Bo received his BSc degree from the Northeastern University, China in 1982 and PhD degree from the Queen’s University of Belfast, UK in 1988 respectively. From 1989 to 1997, he worked at the Power System Group at the University of Bath. Presently, he is with AREVA T&D and responsible for new technology developments. His main research interests are power system protection and control.

高中语文说课稿子实用模板(共5篇)

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华为 华为技术有限公司 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 公司 类型 民营企业 成立1987年 代表人物总裁：任正非董事长：孙亚芳 总部中国深圳市龙岗区坂田华为基地 邮政 编码 518129 电话 号码 +86 755 2878-0808 标语口号丰富人们的沟通与生活（Enrich life through communication） 业务 地区 全球 产业无线电，微电子，通讯 产品接入设备，骨干路由器，无线基站和交换设备，语音视频设备 服务企业网，国家级骨干网，光纤网络设计，建设 年营 业额 ▲284亿美元（2010年）

税后 盈余 ▲36.8亿美元（2010年） 员工 人数 110,000（2010年12月） 主要部门移动、宽带、IP、光网络、电信增值业务和终端 网址https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f10359238.html,

华为研发大楼（深圳）

大学里的H3C无线网络硬件

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{4x +6y +3z =132x +3y +4z =9 解答： 在matlab 上的程序如下： >> A=[4,2;6,3;3,4]; >> A=A'; >> B=[13;9]; >> x=A\B x = 0 1.6667 1.0000 3、使用spdinag(B,d,m,n)命令创建4阶稀疏矩阵A,求其秩，并将A 转换为全矩阵C （其中矩阵B=[1;2;3;4],d=1）。 解答： 在matlab 上的程序如下： >> B=[1;2;3;4]; >> A=spdiags(B,1,4,4) A = (1,2) 2 (2,3) 3 (3,4) 4 >> sprank(A) ans = 3 >> full(A) ans = 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 4、求函数f (t )=1?12.5e ?t sin(2t +3.4)在t>0区间内的所有零点。 解答： 在matlab 上的程序如下： >> f=@(t)(1-12.5*exp(-t)*sin(2*t+3.4)); >> fplot(f,[0,10]); >> a=fzero(f,1) a = 1.6583 >> b=fzero(f,2) b = 1.6583 >> c=fzero(f,3) c =

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2、友谊桥 一、基础擂台赛 1、填空 傲慢的近义词是（）它的反义词是（） 他傲慢地说：“（）。” 2、短文共有（）个自然段。从第一自然段至第六自然段描写蜡笔娃娃的________，第7、8自然段描写蜡笔娃娃共同。 3、短文说蜡笔娃娃画的彩虹是他们架起的友谊桥，为什么？选择正确的答案打“√”。 （1）彩虹像一座弯弯的小桥，太美丽。（） （2）彩虹是蜡笔娃娃团结协作，共同画的，彩虹的样子也像桥，表现了他们之间的友谊。（） 二、读下面一段话，完成练习。 看，蓝蓝的天上挂着红太阳，阳光下的青山格外美丽；小溪像白色的飘带，溪边花红柳绿；山下是一望无际的麦田，麦田里翻滚着金色的麦浪…… 1、找出这段话中描写颜色的词语，用“△”做上记号。 2、背诵这段话，看谁背得又快又准确。 3、“一望无际”是说麦田，跟“格外”意思相近的词语有、。 4、你见过小溪吗？学着课文中的方法写一写，它还像什么？ 5、（选做题）认真读上面一段文字，边读边想，把想到的画面画下来。