长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
长期整理的英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上：
差别
gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference
No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.
Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.
存在，出现
occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present
多数，少数
the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful
方法
approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools
发生率
Incidence, frequency, prevalence
In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.
发现，阐明，报道，证实
verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
改变
change, alteration,
高，增加
high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced
各种，多种
in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors
关系，相关，参与
closely involved in, associated,
广泛的
in an extensive survey
进行
conducte，perform, carry out,
降，少，缺
decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable, no expression was found,
角色，起作用
role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functions
可能性
feasibility
密切地
intimately
难理解的，似谜的
enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
潜在假定的
potential, candidate, putative,
缩写
abbreviations
识别，辨别
discernment
事件
Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.
a putative tumor initiating event
a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,
a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processes
a common event associated with the mechanisms of
a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapy a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicants a common event （that occurs）during apoptosis is……
a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways
a common event through which
a common event in vivo
a rather common event of unknown biological significance
a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrations
a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significance
a common event contributing to
a rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early,
earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent event
提供，帮助
provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in
调节（失调，上调，下调）
dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,
推测
presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)
无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)
ubiquitously
显著,优先的
prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,
相关性
related, more relevant with ，the relevance of
no intergroup difference，irrespective of
There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.
Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.
No correlations were found between bFGF and age, menopausal status, TNM or pTNM, histology, SBR grading or steroid receptors. we did not find any correlation between bax expression and any clinicopathologic parameters (sex, age, TNM status, tumor grade, histological type).
相同，同等并列
The coordinated induction of all three FOXO3a targets prompted us to examine the status of FOXO3a itself
with a similar pattern to
协同，加强
synergize with
研究
analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,
一致
which is in accord with the results
which corroborated the results
which supported the results
优缺点
merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental
异常
aberration, abnormality
重要
crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance
相反
On the contrary,
In contrary,
but quite on the contrary
in sharp contrast,
contrary to what would be expected
Contrary to the expectation that
Contrary to previous beliefs,
Contrary to the hypothesis,
Contrary to current popular truisms
Contrary to current cognitive theories,
However, contrary to e xpectation,…….
Contrary to predictions,…
in contrast to previous observations…
Contrary to prediction,……
Contrary to most previous claims,
与一起
in combination with, coupled with
由于、鉴于
In light of
In view that
1.增补(Addition)
inaddition另外,furthermore此外,again, also, besides, moreover此外 , similarly, finally最后
2.比较(Comparison)
inthe same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地
3.对照(Contrast)
whereas然而, incontrast与此相反,on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless然而, unlike,even though即使,on the contrary, while
4.因果(Cause and effect)
because,for,since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, thus
5.强调(Emphasis)
certainly,above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly,especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant
6.让步(Concession)
although,though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it istrue....
7.例证(Exemplification)
for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case,by way of illustration.
8.总结(Conclusion)
tosum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to putit in a nutshell, in summary
9.推断(Inference)
therefore,as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 10.时间和空间(Time and space)
afterward,after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on theright(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of
11.启承转合
1)、启
Aproverb says...... At present.......
As the proverb says.... Currently.....
Generally speaking, .... Now,....
In general, ..... On the Whole....
It is clear that.... Recently.....
It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......
2)、承
First(ofall), ...... Moreover, .........
Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....
In the first place, .........
To begin with, ......... Of course, .........
Also, ....... Similarly,.........
At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that..... Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......
In addition,..... What`s more, ..........
In fact........ It can be easily proved that... Meanwhile......
3)、转
But...Still, ......
But the problem is not so simple...
There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem withregard to.......
However,
....... To our surprise,..........
Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......
On the other hand, .......
Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........
Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....
4)、合
Aboveall, In brief, ........
Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........
All in all, .......
In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........
As a consequence, ......... In short, .........
As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........
In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....
Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....
On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........
Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........
To conclude, ...... Finally, ........
To sum up, ..... In a word, ......
To summarize, .....
====================================
当年为了凑字数发现的高端大气上档次的词和短语= =
1.individuals,characters替换(people ,persons)
2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good
3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor,adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad 做表语，可以有be less impressive替换
eg： An army of college studentsindulge themselves in playing
games, enjoying romance with girls/boys orkilling time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation ,as aresult, they find their academic records are less impressive.
4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if notmost)替换many.
注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
eg: Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all ,替换most.
5.a slice of, quite a few , several替换some
6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it iswidely shared that,
it is universally acknowledged that替换think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)
7.affair ,business ,matter替换thing
8.shared替换common
9.reap huge fruits替换get many benefits )
10.for my part ,from my own perspective替换inmy opinion
11.Increasing(ly),growing替换more and more( 注意没有growingly 这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用
increasingly.
eg：sth has gained growingpopularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.
12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly
13.beneficial, rewarding替换helpful,
14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer
15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely替换very
16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable ... 替换unnecessary,
avoidable
17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on
sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in
18.capture one’s attention替换attract one’s attention.
19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect
20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear
21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 考试大替换cause.
22. There are several reasons behind sth替换..reasonsfor sth
23.desire替换want.
24.pour attention into替换pay attention to
25.bear in mind that替换remember
26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思)
27. interaction 替换communication
28.frown on sth替换be against , disagree with sth
29.to name only a few, as an example替换for example, for instance
30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly/ almost impossible 最后转po一下, 谢谢当年@万能大人的秘籍!希望可以帮助更多的盆友.
英语学术论文常用句型
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which
a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to
construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...
This Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52. []'s model requires consideration of...
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54. []'s model focuses on...
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
英语作文万能句子
英语作文万能句子 开头常用万能句子 1.Depending on personal experience personal type and emotion concern we find that some people hold the idea of... while others prefer... 基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人持……的观点，而另外一些人则更喜欢…… 例句：Depending on personal experience personal type and emotion concern we find that some people hold the idea of living in the small town while others prefer the big city. 基于个人经历、个性类型和情感关注的不同，我们发现有人喜欢生活在小 城镇，而另外一些人则更喜欢大城市。 2.When asked about... the vast/ overwhelming majority of/ most/ many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that... But... 当被问及……时，多数（大多数、许多）人认为（回答）……但是…… 例句：When asked about choosing living place the vast people think that living in the big city is perfect. But I think living in the small town is the better choice. 当被问及在选择居住地方时，多数人认为居住在城市是很棒的。但是我觉 得住在小城镇更好。 3.When it comes to ... some think/ hold/ believe... 当提及……时，有人认为…… 例句：When it comes to sports some believe basketball is the most popular one. 当提到运动时，有人认为篮球是最受欢迎的。 4.It has become apparent to us that... 对我们来说，……已经变得很明显了
英语论文写作方法
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