美国文学期末考试重点
名词解释：
Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.
Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.”
二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson:
Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism.
The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.
2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden
3. Nathaniel Hawthorne:
The Scarlet Letter:
主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.
4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick
A. 作品分析：
（1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great.
(2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.”
(3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing.
(4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.
B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so?
For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.”
C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics.
D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth.
The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.
5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic.
主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory.
写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is,
poetry without a fixed beat or regular
rhyme scheme.
(2) There is a strong sense of the poems
being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic
recurrence at the beginning of the lines
contribute to the musicality of his poems.
(3) Most of the pictures he painted with
words are honest, undistorted images of
different aspects of America of the day.
(4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple
and even rather crude. Another
characteristic in Whitman’s language is his
strong tendency to use oral English.
Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He
would use powerful, colorful, as well as
rarely-used words.
Leaves of Grass的分析：
(1). Grass, the most common thing with the
greatest vitality, is an image of the poet
himself, a symbol of the then rising
American nation and an embodiment of his
ideals about democracy and freedom.
(2). In this giant work, openness, freedom,
and above all, individualism are all that
concerned him.
(3). In this book he also praises nature,
democracy, labor and creation, and sings of
man’s dignity and equality, and of th e
brightest future of mankind. Most of the
poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the
“en-masse” and self as well.
6. Emily Dickinson:
诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and
immortality.
7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。
Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism
and the father of detective story.
主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great
intelligence and beauty. He also writes
about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and
insanity.
8. Henry James: The turn of the screw
The founder of psychological realism.
He was the first American writer to
conceive his artistic work in international
themes.
9. Mark Twain:The adventures of
Huckleberry Finn
Hemingway described it as the book from
which “all modern American literature
comes”.
The style of this book is quite simple.
The book is written in the colloquial style.
Though a local book, it touches upon the
human situation in a general, indeed
universal way: humanitarianism ultimately
triumphs.
It tells a story about the United States
before the Civil War, around 1850, when
the great Mississippi Valley was still being
settled. Here lies an America, wit its great
national faults, full of violence and even
cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of
“some simplicity, some innocence, some
peace.”
10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore
Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。
11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby
迷惘一代的代表人物
12. Ernest Hemingway:
A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell
Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea
The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes
from John Donne’s Meditation.
13. William Faulkner: stream of
consciousness的写作手法
14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。
意象派基本主张：
(1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether
subjective or objective.
(2) To use absolutely no word that does not
contribute to the presentation
(3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the
sequence of the musical phrase, not in the
sequence of a metronome.
15. Robert Frost: natural poet.
16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire
Under the Elms
Long Days Journey into Night:
Mark Twain
H. L. Mencken considered "the true father
of our national literatu re” Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on
the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the
world's view of American and made a more
extensive combination of American folk
humor and serious literature than previous
writers had ever done.
Mark Twain’s sty le
1) Twain is also known as a local colorist,
who preferred to present social life through
portraits of the local characters of his
regions
2) Another fact that made Twain unique is
his magic power with language, his use of
vernacular. His words are colloquial,
concrete and direct in effect, and his
sentence structures are simple, even
ungrammatical, which is typical of the
spoken language
3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too.
Most of his works tend to be funny,
containing some practical jokes, comic
details, witty remarks.
4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the
Americans, Concerned with the life of a
small, well-defined region and the
lower-class people
5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and
recorders of a present that faded before
their eyes
Adventures of Huckleberry Fin
The character analysis and social meaning
of Huck Finn
Huck is a typical American boy with “a
sound heart and a deformed conscience”.
He appears to be vulgar in language and
in manner, but he is honest and decent in
es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey
down on the Mississippi river can be
regarded as his process of education and
his way to grow up.
Huck is the son of nature and a symbol
for freedom and earthly pragmatism.
Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and
reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War
American society fully exposed. Twain
contrasts the life on the river and the life on
the banks, the innocence and the
experience, the nature and the culture, the
wilderness and the civilization.
Ernest Hemingway
A Nobel Prize winner for literature
His style, the particular type of hero in
his novels, and his life attitudes have been
widely recognized, not only in
English-speaking countries but all over the
world Hemingway shot himself with a
hunting gun
In Our Time (1925)is the first book to
present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams
The Sun Also Rises(1926) is
Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid
portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a
group of young Americans who left their
native land and fought in the war and later
engaged themselves in writing in a new
way about their own experiences.
Hemingway's second big success is A
Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about
the tragic love affair of a wounded
American soldier with a British nurse --
emphasizes his belief that man is trapped
both physically and mentally, but goes to
some lengths to refute the idea of nature,
man is doomed to be entrapped
For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly
represents a new beginning in
Hemingway's career as a writer, which
concerns a volunteer American guerrilla
Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish
Civil War, this work Caps his career and
leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize
The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without
Women(1927), Death in the
Afternoon(1932), The Snows of
Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not
(1937)
Hemingway develops the style of
colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain
Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his
powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction.
Indian Camp
The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent,
representative of the early twentieth-century experience
A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common
Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic
because there is no peace at all in the stories
In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his
childhood to adolescence and manhood
Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by
Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia.
This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is
perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain
and violence of birth and death.
Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick
Adams stories in In Our Time
The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure
They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and
courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his
optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with
grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never
be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their
indestructible spirit and courage.
The iceberg technique
Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every
detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest
all other meaningful dimensions of the story.
Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.
外国文学期末重点
小知识点： 1、古希腊—罗马文学和希伯来—基督教文学是欧洲文学的两大源头。 2、赫西俄德 《工作与时日》（又译《农作与日子》）。第一部以现实生活为题材的教诲诗。 《神谱》是最早关于宇宙起源和神的谱系的系统描述。 3、柏拉图称萨福为“第十位文艺女神”。 4、贺拉斯《诗艺》，继承亚里士多德模仿说，提出“寓教于乐”的原则，被视为经典。 5、维吉尔的史诗《埃涅阿斯记》模仿赫西俄得《工作与时日》，是欧洲文学史上第一部文人史诗。 6、《伊利昂记》题名原意是“伊利昂的故事”，描写的是希腊人围攻特洛伊城的故事，整个诗篇围绕着阿基琉斯的两次愤怒而展开； 《奥得修记》题名原意是“奥得修斯的战争”，描述的是希腊英雄奥得修斯在特洛伊战争后还乡的故事。 7、埃斯库罗斯“悲剧之父” 恩格斯称他为“有强烈倾向的诗人” 悲剧7部：《波斯人》《七将攻忒拜》《祈援人》《俄瑞斯忒亚》（包括《阿家门农》《奠酒人》《报仇神》）和《被缚的普罗米修斯》（和《带火的普罗米修斯》《被释的普罗米修斯》统称为“普罗米修斯三部曲”） 8、索福克乐斯写作了被亚里士多德称为悲剧典范的《俄底浦斯王》。 9、欧里庇得斯《特洛伊妇女》《美狄亚》（家庭悲剧，弃妇形象，为妇女鸣不平） 10、《列那狐传奇》是欧洲城市文学的最重要作品，它是在民间创作动物故事的基础上发展起来的，约形成于12世纪后半期到13世纪中叶。 11、但丁被恩格斯称为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时期的最初一位诗人”。12，《新生》是但丁作为温柔的新体诗人的主要作品，也是他抒写对贝娅特丽丝爱情的作品。 13、《论俗语》是最早一部关于语言和格律的专著，为意大利民族语言和文学语言的发展奠定了基础。 14、古罗马文学发展的三个阶段：共和时期、黄金时期、白银时期。
美国文学重点的名词解释
New England Transcendentalism: Philosophically, Transcendentalism means the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses. New England Transcendentalism stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant. The leading figure of New England Transcendentalism is Emerson and Thoreau. American Romanticism: It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Being a period of the great flowering of American literat ure, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others. Free Verse: Poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme American Puritanism: The first settlers who came to America wer e called “Puritans”, so named after because they wished to “purify” the religious practice in the church. They established their own religious and moral principles as American Puritanism, which stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and li mited atonement from God’s grace. American Puritanism is one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism was greatly influenced by Calvinism. Symbolism: Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. American Literature: Literature refers to body of work which for whatever reason deserves to be preserved as part of the reproduction of meaning within a given culture. It mainly includes novel, drama, poetry, short stories, biography and some other forms. American Literature refers to literature written by Americans in English. Epic A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Analysis "To a Waterfowl" is written in iambic trimeter and iambic pentameter, consisting of eight stanzas of four lines. The poem represents early stages of American Romanticism through celebration of Nature and God's presence within Nature. Bryant is acknowledged as skillful at depicting American scenery but his natural details are often combined with a universal moral, as in "To a Waterfowl" Figures of speech alliteration metaphor anaphora personification:
美国文学史-知识点梳理
Part I The Literature of Colonial America I．Historical Introduction The colonial period stretched roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th. The first permanent settlement in America was established by English in 1607. ( A group of people was sent by the English King James I to hunt for gold. They arrived at Virginia in 1607. They named the James River and build the James town.) II．The pre-revolutionary writing in the colonies was essentially of two kinds: 1) Practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people "at home" what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration 2) Highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions. III．The First American Writer The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of these settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, their lives in the new land, their dealings with Indians. Captain John Smith is the first American writer. A True Relation of such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (1608) A Map of Virginia: A Description of the Country (1612) General History of Virgini a (1624): the Indian princess Pocahontas Captain John Smith was one of the first early 17th-century British settlers in North America. He was one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia. His writings about North America became the source of information about the New World for later settlers. One of the things he wrote about that has become an American legend was his capture by the Indians and his rescue by the famous Indian Princess, Pocahontas. IV．Early New England Literature William Bradford and John Winthrop John Cotton and Roger Williams Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor V．Puritan Thoughts 1. The origin of puritan In the mediaeval Europe, there was widespread religious revolution. In the 16th Century, the English King Henry VIII (At that time, the Catholics were not allowed to divorce unless they have the Pope's permission. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife because she couldn't bear him a son. But the Pope didn't allow him to divorce, so he) broke away from the Roman Catholic Church & established the Church of
《美国文学》期末考试试卷(A卷)答案
湖州师范学院外国语学院2008— 2009学年第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A卷）答案暨评分标准 I. Write the names of the authors. (10%) ①Walt Whitman ②Edgar Allen Poe ③Wallace Stevens ④Franklin Norris ⑤Stephen Crane ⑥William Faulkner ⑦Sinclair Lewis ⑧John Steinbeck ⑨Langston Hughes ⑩Tennessee Williams II. Fill in the following blanks with appropriate information.（10%） ①New England ②Regionalism or Local color writing ③semi-autobiographical ④anti-realism ⑤Imagist ⑥Santiago ⑦multiple narrations or points of view ⑧1930 ⑨Harlem Renaissance ⑩Eugene O’Neill III. Choose only one answer form the four choices as the most appropriate answer. （20%） 1－5. A D C B B 6－10. D B E B A IV. Identify the author and the title of the work from which each of the following excerpts is taken. And then answer the question after each excerpt. (20%) Passage 1 the author: Walt Whitman (1%) the title of the work : Songs of Myself (1%) Question: What is the poet celebrating? (2%) The poet is celebrating individualism and nationalism, singing of all those people who form the American nationality.
外国文学史(外国文学编写组)聂珍钊-考试重点部分
阿基一踵：指再强大的英雄，也有他致命的弱点，要害。荷马史诗中的英雄阿卡琉斯，传说她的母亲曾把他浸在冥河里使其能刀枪不入。但因冥河水流湍急，母亲捏着他的脚后跟不敢松手，所以脚踵是最脆弱的地方，因此埋下祸跟。长大后，阿卡琉斯作战英勇无比，但终于给人发现了弱点，一箭射在脚后跟而身亡。 特洛伊木马：木马计──战史中著名的智慧故事。希腊联军久攻特洛亚10年不下，奥德修斯遂设计假意退兵，藏伏兵于巨大的木马之内。特洛亚人将木马作为战利品推进城里。当夜，希腊联军回兵，与木马中的伏兵里应外合，攻陷了特洛亚城。 物哀：（美学特征）通过宫廷男女的恋情悲剧，表达作家对人生的悲苦体验，从而激起令人兴叹、使人哀伤的情怀，以便让内心情感超越卑污烦恼的俗世，将人情欲望升华为审美对象。 骑士文学：骑士文学盛行于11至13世纪西欧封建制度巩固繁荣的时期，基本内容是描写骑士爱情和他们的冒险，宣扬和美化骑士精神。有骑士抒情诗和骑士叙事诗两种。骑士抒情诗的中心是法国南部的普罗旺斯。最常见的形式有牧歌、破晓歌、夜歌、怨歌等。骑士叙事诗又称骑士传奇，其中心在法国北部。重要作品有《特里斯丹和伊瑟》等。 人文主义：文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建反教会斗争中形成的思想体系、世界观或思想武器，也是这一时期资产阶级进步文学的中心思想。主张一切以人为本、反对神的权威。主要内容（特征）：(1) 用人权反对神权。(2) 用个性解放反对禁欲主义。(3) 用理性反对蒙昧主义。(4) 拥护中央集权、反对封建割据。 三一律：“三一律”是古典主义戏剧重要的创作规则。他要求一个剧本只能有一个情节线索，剧情只能发生在同一地点，时间不准超过一昼夜，即24小时。三一律使法国古典主义戏剧具有了明晰、精炼、紧凑的优点，但对戏剧创作也构成一种束缚，使得古典主义戏剧
常耀信美国文学知识点
Introduction 1. The Youngest National Literature 1781 (Independence War) --- 2012= about 200 years 2. Great achievement: 1930-1980, nine American writers won the Nobel Prize The Periods of American Literature 1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765) 2. The period of enlightenment and Independence War (1765-1800) 3. The romantic period (1800 - 1865) 4. The realistic period (1865 - 1914) 5. The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 6. The Contemporary Literature (1945 -) Chapter I Colonial America American Puritanism 1. The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans(most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) 2. Strictness and austerity in conduct and religion Puritans‘ religio us belief: Calvinism ◆John Calvin, the great French theologian. The principal concepts: 1) Original sin and total depravity. 2) Predestination 3) Salvation of selected few ◆ The Puritans carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New world and became what is known as American Puritanism. (p11) The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature 1) Idealism（optimism） 2) Symbolism 3) Simplicity in writing Significance of Puritanism With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets. Time: From the arrival of the first settlers in the early 17th century to the end of the 18th century Literary Features 1. Forms Personal literature in various forms --- diaries, histories, common books (札记)，journals, letters, travel books, sermons etc. 2. Content 1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people ―at home‖ what life was like in the new world 2) highly theoretical discussions of religious questions. 3. Style In Style, English literary traditions were imitated and transplanted. Early writers in the colonial period John Smith, a captain, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia; the writer of A Description of New England. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation, his writing: Of Plymouth Plantation (P16) John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity ,he states that there was a agreement between God and his people of building a new Garden of Eden in the new world. (P17) Therefore let us choose life, 所以，让我们选择生活， that we and our seed 这样，我们和我们的后代， may live by obeying His 可以听从上帝的声音， voice and cleaving to Him, 须臾不离上帝， for He is our life and 因为，上帝是我们的生命， our prosperity. 我们的兴旺 1
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题
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一、名词解释 1.感伤主义：18世纪中后期产生于英国并扩展到欧洲其他国家的文学流派。得名 于劳伦斯·斯特恩的小说《感伤旅行》，它是对理性主义的反驳，并认为人性的核心是情感，人类的天性是慈悲，即与人为善，形成了感伤的社会风潮。 2.多余人： 出现在俄国文学中的一种艺术形象。沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西欧启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺无奈的伤感情绪中不可自拔，成为社会的“多余人”。著名的形象有奥涅金、毕巧林等。 是十九世纪俄国文学中一部分贵族知识分子的典型。他们受到启蒙思想的影响，具有人道和民主的倾向，厌倦上流社会的生活，不甘沉沦，渴望有所作为；但贵族生活方式又使他们灵魂空虚，找不到明确的生活目标，缺乏行动的能力与勇气，终于一事无成。普希金在《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》中塑造了俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”形象，后来一些作家又塑造了一系列这类形象。 3. 英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义诗派，包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞，他们都喜欢歌颂大自然，描写淳朴的乡村生活，厌恶城市工业文明和冷酷的金钱关系。由于他们曾经隐居远离城市的昆布兰湖区，由此人称“湖畔派”三诗人。 指十九世纪开创浪漫主义的一个流派，主要代表有华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北湖区，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人"之称。湖畔派诗人起初同情法国革命进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。华兹华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》为浪漫主义奠基之作。华兹华斯为诗集再版时撰写的《序言》，成为英国浪漫主义宣言。 4.启蒙文学18世纪在欧洲出现的启蒙运动是西方资产阶级第二次反封建反教会
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学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考 1. 2. 6.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. .Symbolism象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. It's a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, particularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. It's one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation. 8.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At th century，the end of the 19this pessimistic form of realism appeared in america. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well
美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style