数控机床刀具设计论文中英文资料外文翻译文献综述

数控机床刀具设计

中英文资料

英语原文：

Design Of Tool Machine Prop

Research significance

The original knife machine control procedures are designed individually, not used tool management system, features a single comparison, the knife only has to find the tool knife, knife positioning the shortest path, axis tool change, but does not support large-scale tool.

Automatic knife in the knife election, in the computer memory knife-election on the basis of using the Siemens 840 D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its other machine. Automatic tool change systems will be faster growth, reduced tool change time, increase the positioning accuracy tool is an important means to help NC technology development.

Tool and inventory components of modern production is an important link in the management, especially for large workshop D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its oth management. The traditional way of account management, and low efficiency, high error rate, and not sharing information and data, tools and the use of state can not track the life cycle, are unable to meet the current information management needs. With actual production, we have to establish a workshop tool for the three-dimensional tool storage system to meet the knife workshop with auxiliary storage and management needs.

The system uses optimization technology, a large number of computer storage inventory information, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical functions.

1.System components and control structure

The entire system, including the structure and electrical machinery control systems.

1.1.1Mechanical structure and working principle

Tool from the stent, drive, drive system, Turret, shielding, control system, and electrical components. Support from the column, beam, the upper and lower guide Central track, and track support component.

1) Drive for the system chosen VVVF method. Cone used brake motors, with VVVF by Cycloid reducer through sprocket drive.

2) Drag a variable frequency drive system and control technology. VVVF adopted, will speed drive shaft in the normal range adjustment to control the speed rotary turret to 5 ~ 30mm in, the drive shaft into two, two under through sprocket, the two profiled rollers Chain driven rotating shelves. Expansion chain adopted by the thread tight regulation swelling, swelling the regular way. - Conditi D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its at six other Des V oeux a knife, can be categorized with some of knife auxiliary equipment, such as bits, such as turning tools.

1.1.

2.Electrical Control System

This tool storage systems is the main electrical control their shelves for operational control and position control. Operational control equipment, including operation of the start of braking control. Position Control is the main location and address of the shelves for testing.

1) Electric Transmission horizontal rotary tool storage systems are the mechanical movements are repeated short-term work system. And the run-time system needs some speed, speed transmission needs, the system will use VVVF method can be used simple structure, reliable operation of the motor and frequency inverter.

2) Control of the system is divided into two kinds of manual control and automatic control, manual control as a general reserve and debugging methods of work; ways to the system control computer (IPC) and the control unit (inverter contactor , etc.) consisting of a control system.

3) location and positioning accuracy of the system automatically identify the site and location using a detection device tion, timely, accurate, and comprehensive tool to reflect the inventory situation. The entire system uses a graphical interface, man-machine dialogue tips from the Chinese menu, select various functions can be realized and the importation of all kinds of information. Management system using online help function. Through the workshop management, network management and sharing of information. Have automated inventory management, warehousing management tool, a tool for the management and statistical fu as proximity switches, relays through the plate-point isolation and the number plate recorded close to the switching signal acquisition and operation of Hutchison with a Optimal Path addressable identify the current location and shelves of the purpose of the shelf location. In order to enable a more accurate positioning system, adopted two photoelectric switches, to detect the two shelves of the two films.

1.2.The functions of the knife

knife The is the role of reserves a certain number of tools, machine tool spindle in hand to achieve the fungibility a disc sc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very beneficial, it is easy to use its. If the knife cutter knife is the type of library, the chain knives, and other means, in the form of the knife

and capacity according to the Machine Tool to determine the scope of the process.s, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c). D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and com https://www.wendangku.net/doc/1f8272708.html,mon types

The knife is a tool storage devices, the common knife mainly in the following forms:

(1) the turret knife

Including the first level turret vertical turret and the first two, see Figure 2.6 a) and b):

(2) the disc cutter

Disc knife in the library with discoid knife, cutting tool along See how vertical arrangement (including

radial and axial from knife from knife), along See how radial array into acute or arranged in the form of the

knife. Simple, compact, more applications, but are ring-cutter, low utilization of space. Figure 2.7 a) to c).

D features, and the election procedures knife more concise, and complete the space Daotao View. ATC use the

knife rapid completion of STEP-7 programming, and have been tested in practice. In the positioning of the

knife, PLC controlled modular design method, which future production of similar machines will be very

beneficial, it is easy to use its. If the knife storage capacity must be increased to increase the diameter of the

knife, then the moment of inertia also increased correspondingly, the election campaign long knife. Tool

number not more than 32 general. Cutter was multi-loop order of the space utilization knife, but inevitably

given the knife from complex institutions, applicable to the restricted space Machine Tool storage capacity and

more occasions. Two-disc structure is two smaller capacity knife on both sides of the sub-spindle place, more

compact layout, the number of

apply to small and medium-sized

processing center.

(3) the chain knife Including

single-and multi-ring chain ring

chain, chain link can take many forms change, see Figure 2.8 a) to c), the basic structure shown in Figure 2. 8 do

Features: knife apply to the larger capacity of the occasion, the space of the small number of generally applicable to the tool in the 30-120. Only increase the length of the chain tool will increase the number should not be increased circumferential speed of its moment of inertia of the knife does not increase the disc as large.

(4) linear combination knife and the knife library

The linear knife simple structure in Figure 2.9, tool single order, the capacity of small knife, used for CNC lathe and drill press on. Because the location of fixed knife, ATC completed action by the spindle without manipulator. The cutter knife is generally the turret combination turret with a combination of the disc cutter knife and the chain combination. Every single knife the knife certificates of smaller, faster tool change. There are also some intensive drum wheel, and the lattice-type magazine for the knife, the knife-intensive though.

Small footprint, but because of structural constraints, basically not used for single processing center, the concentration used for FMS for the knife system.

1.4 Tool storage capacity

Tool storage capacity of the first to consider the needs of processing, from the use of point of view,

generally 10 to 40 knives, knife will be the utilization of the high, and the structure is compact.

1.5 Tool options

(1) choose to order processing tool according to the order, followed Add to the knife every knife in the Block. Each tool change, the order of rotation of a cutter knife on location, and remove the need knives, has been used by the cutter knife can be returned to the original Block, can also order Add Block, a knife. However, as the knife in the tool in different processes can not be repeated use of the knife must increase the capacity and lower utilization rate.

(2) most of the arbitrary choice of the current system of using arbitrary NC election knives, divided into Daotao coding, coding and memory-cutter, three. Daotao coding tool code or knives or Daotao need to install the code used to identify, in accordance with the general principle of binary coding coding. Tool knife election coding method uses a special knife handle structure, and each of the coding tool. Each of the tool has its own code, thereby cutting tool can be in different processes repeatedly used, not to replace the tool back at the original knife, the knife capacity can be reduced accordingly. Memory-election this paper knife, in this way can knives and knife in the position corresponding to the Daotao memory of the PLC in the NC system, no matter which tool on the Inner knife, tool information is always there in mind, PLC . On the knife with position detection devices, will be the location of each Daotao. This tool can be removed and sent back to arbitrary. On the knife is also a mechanical origin, every election, the nearest knife selection.

1.6.Control of the knife

(1) the knife as a system to control the positioning axis. In the ladder diagram in accordance with the instructions for computing T code comparison of the output angle and speed of instructions to the knife the knife servo drive servo motor. Tool storage capacity, rotation speed, and / deceleration time, and other system parameters can be set in such a manner free from any outside influence positioning accurate and reliable but the cost is higher.

(2) knife from the hydraulic motor drives, fast / slow the points, with proximity switches count and positioning. In comparison ladder diagram of the current storage system knife (knife spindle) and goals knife (pre-knife) and computing, then output rotation instructions, judging by the shortest path rotation in place. This approach requires sufficient hydraulic power and electromagnetic valve knife the rotational speed can be adjusted through the throttle. But over time may be oily hydraulic, oil temperature and environmental factors impact the change in velocity and accuracy. Not generally used in large and medium-sized machine tool change frequently.

(3) the knife from AC asynchronous motor driven cam mechanism (Markov institutions), with proximity switches count, which means stable operation, and generally accurate and reliable positioning cam used in conjunction with a mechanical hand, ATC fast-positioning.

2. ATC, the main types, characteristics, and the scope of application

2.1 Auto Rotary Tool

Rotary Tool automatically on the use of CNC machine tool is a simple

installation of automatic tool change, the Quartet and 47.60 Turret Tool various forms, such as rotary turret were installed on four, six or more of the Tool , NC

instructions by ATC. Rotary Tool has two vertical and horizontal, relatively simple structure, applicable to economic CNC lathe.

Rotary Tool in the structure must have good strength and stiffness, resistance to bear rough Cutting Tool in the cutting force and reduce the role of deformation and improve processing accuracy. Rotating Tool to choose reliable positioning programme structure and reasonable position, in order to ensure that each rotary turret to a higher position after repeated positioning accuracy (typically 0.001 to 0.005mm). Figure 2.1 shows the spiral movements of the Quartet Turret.

Auto Rotary Tool in the simplest of ATC, is 180 o rotary ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.2 ATC instructions received, the machine control system put ATC spindle control to the designated location at the same time, the tool movement to the appropriate location, ATC, with the rotary axis and at the same time, the knives matching tool; drawbars from Spindle Cutting Tools rip, ATC, will be the tool from their position removed; ATC, 180 o rotary tool spindle and the tool and tool away; ATC, the Rotary At the same time, the

tool refocusing its position to accept Spindle removed from the cutting tool; Next, ATC, will be replaced with the cutter knives were unloaded into the spindle and tool: Finally, back to the original ATC, "standby" position. At this point, ATC completed procedures to continue to run. This ATC, the main advantage of simple structure,

the less movement, fast tool change. The main disadvantage is that knives must be kept in parallel with the axis of the plane, and after the home side compared to the tool, chip and liquid-cutting knife into the folder, it is necessary to the tool plus protection. Cone knife folder on the chip will cause ATC error, or even damage knife folders, and the possibility of spindle. Some processing centre at the transfer, and the tool side. When the ATC command is called, the transfer-cutter knives will be removed, the machine go forward, and positioning with the ATC, in line with the position. 180 o "Rotary ATC devices can be used horizontal machine, can also be used for vertical machining centers.

2. 2 ATC head-turret installed

With rotating CNC machine tool often used such ATC devices, with a few turret head spindle, each with a spindle on both knives, the first tower interim process can be automatic tool change-realization. The advantage is simple structure, tool change time is short, only about 2 s. However, due to spatial constraints, the number of spindle can not be too much, usually only apply to processes less, not to high precision machine tools, such as the NC drill, such as CNC milling machine. In recent years there has been a mechanical hand and the turret head with a knife for the automatic tool change ATC devices, as shown in Figure 2.3. It is in fact a turret head ATC, and the knife-ATC device combination. The principle is as follows:

5 turret on the first two tool spindle 3 and 4, when using the tool spindle 4 processing tool, the manipulator 2 will be the next step to the need for the tool does not work on the tool spindle 3 until after the completion of this process , the first rotary turret 180 o, ATC completed. ATC most of their time and processing time coincidence, the only real tool change time turret transposition of the first time, this approach mainly used for ATC and NC NC drilling file bed.

2. 3.Daidao system for the automatic tool change

Figure 2.4 shows the knife and the whole machine tool CNC machine tools for the appearance of Fig. Figure 2.5 shows the knife and split-type machine to the appearance of CNC machine tool plans.

At this point, knife storage capacity, a heavier tool can, and often additional transport unit to complete the knife between the spindle and cutting tool transport.

Daidao the knife from the ATC, the election knives, automatic loading and unloading machine tool and tool exchange institutions (manipulator), composed of four parts, used widely.

Tool Automatic Tool Change When CNC tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.

1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end

packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two,

respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the the manipulator system, the whole process more complicated ATC. We must first used in the processing of all installed in the standard tool on the knife handle in the machine outside the pre-size, according to a certain way Add to the knife. ATC, selected first in the knife knife, and then from ATC, from the knife from the knife or spindle, exchange, the new knife into the spindle, the old knife back into the knife.

ATC, as the former two knives to accommodate a limited number can not be too many, can not meet the needs of complex parts machining, CNC machine tool Automatic Tool Change Daidao the use of the automatic tool change devices. The knife has more capacity, both installed in the spindle box side or above. As for the automatic tool change Daidao device CNC machine tool spindle box only a spindle, spindle components to high stiffness to meet the machining requirements. The number of establishments in larger knife, which can meet the more complex parts of the machining processes, significantly improving productivity. Daidao system for the automatic tool change applied to drilling centres and CNC machining centers. The comparison drawn Daidao automatic tool change system is the most promising.

3.PLC control of the knife random mode of election

3. 1Common methods of automatic election knife

Automatic control of the knife CNC refers to the system after the implementation of user instructions on

the knife library automation process, including the process to find knives and automatic tool change [(63,71]. CNC Machining Center device (CNC) directive issued by the election knife , a knife, the tool required to take the knife position, said the election automatic knife. automatically elected knife There are two ways: random

sequence election knives and knife election method.

3.1.1 order election knife

Tool Selection order is the process tool according to the sequence of the insert knife, the use of knives in order to take place, used knives back at the original knife, can also order Add Block, a knife. In this way, no need Tool identification devices, and drive control is a relatively simple, reliable and can be used directly from the points of the knife machinery to achieve. But the knives in each of the tool in different processes can not be reused, if the tool is installed in accordance with the order of the knife, there will be serious consequences. The

need to increase the number of knives and knife the capacity of the tool and reduce the utilization of the knife.

3.1.2Random election knife

Random election under the knife is arbitrary instructions to select the required tools, then there must be tool identification devices. Tool knife in the library do not have the processing in accordance with the order of the workpiece can be arbitrary storage. Each of the tool (or knife blocks) are for a code, automatic tool change, the rotary cutter, every tool have been the "tool identification device" acceptable identification. When CNC

tool code and the code in line with directives of the tool selected, the rotary cutter knives will be sent to the ATC position, waiting to grab manipulator. Random knife election is the advantage of the cutter knife in the order has nothing to do with the processing sequence, the same tool can be used repeatedly. Therefore, the relatively small number of knives, knife the corresponding smaller. Random elections knife on the tool must be coded to identify. There are three main coding.

1. Tool coding. Adopt special knife handle structure coding, the drawbars on the knife handle back-end packages such as spacing of the coding part of the lock-nut fixed. Coding diameter ring diameter of a size two, respectively, said that binary "1" and "0" to the two rings are different, can be a series of code. For example, there are six small diameter of the ring can be made to distinguish between 63 (26-1 = 63) of the coding tool. All of 0 normally not allowed to use the code, to avoid the cutter knife Block did not confuse the situation.

2. Knife Block coding. On the knife Block coding, coding tool, and tool into line with the number of knives in the Block. ATC knife when the rotation, so that each knife seats followed through knowledge knife, knife found blocks, knives stopped the rotation. At this time there is no knife handle encoding part of the knife handle simplified.

3. Annex coding methods. This style of coding keys, coded cards, coding and coding-disc, which is the most widely used coding keys. First to knives are attached to a tool of the show wrapped coding keys, and when the cutter knife to the store at knife in, so put the number of keys to remember knife Block Road, will be inserted into key to the coding Block next to the key hole in the seat for the knife to the numbers. Conclusion

Focused on in today's manufacturing environment tool storage and management of new models and methods, practical application of good results in systems integration and optimization, and other aspects of operations will be further explored, so that it has a higher theoretical and practical level.

译文：

机床刀具设计

课题研究意义

机床原来的刀库控制程序是单独设计的，没有采用刀具管理系统，功能也比较单一，只实现了刀库刀具的找刀、刀库最短路径定位、主轴换刀，而且不支持大型刀具。

在刀库自动选刀方面，在计算机记忆式选刀的基础上采用了西门子840D特色功能，使选刀程序更简洁，并完成空刀套的查找。刀库快速换刀利用STEP-7完成编程，并在实际中得到验证。在刀库定位问题上，PLC程序控制采用模块化设计方法，这对今后生产类似机床将十分有利，很容易将其利用到其他机床上。自动换刀系统将以较快的速度增长，缩短换刀时间，提高刀具的定位精度是重要的手段，有利于数控技术的发展。

刀具及其元件库存是现代生产管理中的重要环节, 特别是大型车间管理。传统的人工记帐管理方式, 效率低下, 错误率高, 且信息数据不能共享, 刀具的使用状态和寿命周期无法跟踪, 不能适应当前信息化管理需要。结合生产实际, 我们在车间刀具准备间建立刀具贮存立体库系统, 以满足车间刀辅具储存与管理的需要。

该系统采用最优化技术, 利用计算机存储的大量库存信息, 能及时、准确、全面地反映刀具库的库存情况。整个系统采用图形界面, 人机对话由中文菜单提示, 可实现各种功能选择和各种信息的输入。管理系统采用在线帮助功能。可通过车间管理层、网络系统实现信息管理和共享。具有自动库存管理、刀具入库管理、刀具出库管理和统计查询功能。

1.系统组成及其控制结构

整个系统包括机械结构及电气控制系统。

1.1.1 机械结构及工作原理

刀具库由支架、驱动机构、传动系统、刀架、护罩、电气控制系统等部分组成。支架由立柱、横梁、上下导向环轨、支撑地轨组成。

1)驱动机构该系统选用了变频调速的方法。采用锥形制动电机, 带变频调速, 经摆线针轮减速器, 通过链轮传动。

2)拖动与传动系统采用变频控制技术。通过变频调速, 可使传动轴转速在正常范围内调节使刀架回转速度控制到5～30mm in, 2 个传动轴各带上、下2 个链轮通过上、下2 条异形滚子链带动货架转动。链条胀紧机构采用螺纹调节胀紧, 为定期胀紧方式。调节时上、下链条松度调节一致, 使链条受力均匀。

3)刀架与防护罩整库共有14 列独立刀架。其中13 列为插座式刀架, 1 列为抽屉式刀架, 每个刀架背部通过销轴与上、下输送链链板联接, 底部安装滚轮, 链条转动带动刀架沿地轨转动。插座式刀架分BT40 刀架和BT50 刀架 2 种形式。为加强管理, 保证安全, 美化造型, 货架外围加防护罩。抽屉式刀架分 6 个抽屉放置其他刀辅具, 可分类装存一些刀辅具, 如钻头、车刀等。

1.1.

2. 电气控制系统

本刀具储存系统的电气控制主要是对其货架进行运行控制和位置控制。运行控制包括运行设备的启动、制动控制。位置控制主要是对货架位置和地址进行检测。控制系统框图如图 1 所示。

图1刀具库控制系统图

1)电气传动水平旋转刀具储存系统各机械的动作都属于反复短时工作制。而且系统在运行时需要几种速度, 因此传动系统需要调速, 所以该系统选用了变频调速的方法, 可以采用结构简单、运行可靠的变频器和变频电动机。

2)控制方式该系统分为手动和自动控制2 种控制方式, 手动控制一般作为调试用和备用的工作方式; 自动控制方式为本系统计算机(IPC)和控制单元(变频器、接触器等)组成的一个自动控制系统。

3)位置及定位精度检测本系统中自动认址和位置检测采用了接近开关作为检测元器件, 通过光点隔离继电器板和记数板对接近开关采集的信号进行记数和运算处理, 采用最优路径寻址方式确定货架的当前位置和货架的目的位置。为了使系统定位更准确, 采用了 2 只光电开关, 分别检测 2 个货架的2 只检测片。

1.2.刀库的功能

刀库的作用是储备一定数量的刀具，机械手实现主轴上刀具的互换}zs}a刀具的类型有盘式刀库、链式刀库等多种形式，刀库的形式和容量要根据机床的工艺范围来确定。

1.3.常见类型

刀库是存储刀具的装置，常见的刀库主要有以下几种形式:

(1)转塔式刀库

包括水平转塔头和垂直转塔头两种，见图2.6a)与b):

(2)盘式刀库

盘式刀库中刀库呈盘状,刀具沿盘面垂直排列(包括径向取刀和轴向取刀),沿盘面径向排列或成锐角排列的形式的刀库。结构简单、紧凑,应用较多,但刀具单环排列,空间利用率低。见图2.7a)~c)。若增加刀库容量必须使刀库的外径增大,那么转动惯量也相应增大,选刀运动时间长。刀具数量一般不多于32把。刀具呈多环排列的刀库的空间利用率高,但必然使得取刀机构复杂,适用于机床空间受限制而刀库容量又较大的场合。双盘式结构是两个较小容量的刀库分置于主轴两侧,布局较紧凑,储刀数量也相应增大,适用于中小型加工中心。

(3)链式刀库

包括单环链和多环链，链环形式可有多种变化，见图2.8a)~c)，基本结构见图2. 8do

特点:适用于刀库容量较大的场合，所占的空间小，一般适用于刀具数在30-120把。仅增加链条长度即可增加刀具数，可以不增加圆周速度其转动惯量不像盘式刀库增加的那样大。

(4)直线式刀库和组合刀库

直线式刀库结构简单如图2. 9，刀具单行排列，刀库容量小，多用于数控车床和钻床上。由于刀库位置固定，换刀动作由主轴完成，无需机械手。组合刀库一般是转塔式刀库的组合、转塔式与盘式刀库的组合及链式刀库的组合。每单个刀库的储刀量较小，换刀速度快。另外还有一些密集型的鼓轮式、弹匣式和格子式刀库，这些密集型刀库虽.占地面积小，但由于结构限制，基本上不用于单机加工中心，多用于FMS的集中供刀系统。

1.4.刀库的容量

刀库的容量首先要考虑加工工艺的需要，从使用角度出发，一般为10~40把刀，刀库的利用率会高，

而结构比较紧凑。

1.5.刀具的选择方式

(1)顺序选择将刀具按加工工序的顺序，依次放入刀库的每一个刀座内。每次换刀时，刀库顺序转动一个刀座位置，并取出所需要的刀具，己经使用过的刀具可以放回原来的刀座内，也可以顺序放入下一个刀座内。但由于刀库中刀具在不同的工序中不能重复使用，必须增加刀库的容量，降低了利用率。

(2)任意选择目前大多数的数控系统都采用任意选刀的方式，其分为刀套编码、刀具编码和记忆式等三种。刀具编码或刀套编码需要在刀具或刀套上安装用于识别的编码条，一般都是根据二进制编码的原理进行编码。刀具编码选刀方式采用了一种特殊的刀柄结构，并对每把刀具编码。每把刀具都具有自己的代码，因而刀具可在不同的工序中多次重复使用，换下的刀具不用放回原刀座，刀库的容量也可相应减少。本文采用记忆式选刀，这种方式能将刀具号和刀库中的刀套位置对应地记忆在数控系统的PLC

中，无论刀具放在哪个刀套内，刀具信息都始终记存在PLC内。刀库上装有位置检测装置，可获得每

个刀套的位置。这样刀具就可以任意取出并送回。刀库上还设有机械原点，使每次选刀时就近选取。

1.6.刀库的控制方式

(1)刀库作为系统的定位轴来控制。在梯形图中根据指令的T码进行运算比较后输出角度和速度指令到刀库伺服驱动刀库伺服电机。刀库的容量、旋转速度、加/减速时间等均可在系统参数中设定，此种方式不受外界因素影响定位准确、可靠但成本较高。

(2)刀库由液压马达驱动，有快/慢速之分，用接近开关计数并定位。在梯形图中比较系统存储的当前刀号(主轴上的刀)和目标刀号(预选刀)并运算，再输出旋转指令，同时判断按最短路径旋转到位。这种方式需要足够的液压动力和电磁阀刀库旋转速度可通过节流阀调整。但使用一段时间后可能会因为油质、油压、油温及环境因素的变化而影响运动速度和准确性。一般用于不需频繁换刀的大中型机床。

(3)刀库由交流异步电动机驱动凸轮机构(马氏机构)，用接近开关计数，这种方式运行稳定，定位准确可靠一般与凸轮机械手配合使用，换刀速度快，定位准。

2.换刀装置的主要类型,特点和适用范围

2.1.自动回转刀架

自动回转刀架是数控机床上使用的一种简单的自动换刀装置，有四方刀架和六角刀架等多种形式，回转刀架上分别安装有四把、六把或更多的刀具，并按数控指令进行换刀。回转刀架又有立式和卧式两种，结构比较简单，适用于经济数控车床。

回转刀架在结构上必须具有良好的强度和刚度，以承受粗加工时切削抗力和减少刀架在切削力作用下的变形，提高加工精度。回转刀架还要选择可靠的定位方案和合理的定位结构，以保证回转刀架在每次转位之后具有较高的重复定位精度(一般为0.001 ~0.005mm )。图2.1所示为螺旋升降式四方刀架。

在自动回转刀架中最简单的换刀装置是180o回转式换刀装置，如图2.2所示。接到换刀指令后，机床控制系统便将主轴控制到指定换刀位置;与此同时，刀具库运动到适当位置，换刀装置回转并同时与主轴、刀具库的刀具相配合;拉杆从主轴刀具上卸掉，换刀装置将刀具从各自的位置上取下;换刀装置回转180o并将主轴刀具与刀具库刀具带走;换刀装置回转的同时，刀具库重新调整其位置，以接受从主轴取下的刀具;接下来，换刀装置将要换上的刀具与卸下的刀具分别装入主轴和刀具库:最后，换刀装置转回原“待命”位置。至此，换刀完成，程序继续运行。这种换刀装置的主要优点是结构简单、涉及的运动少、换刀快。主要缺点是刀具必须存放在与主轴平行的平面内，与侧置后置刀具库相比，切屑及切削液易进入刀夹，因此必须对刀具另加防护。刀夹锥面上有切屑会造成换刀误差，甚至有损坏刀夹与主轴的可能。有些加工中心使用了传递杆，并将刀具库侧置。当换刀指令被调用时，传递杆将刀具库的刀具

取下，转到机床前方，并定位于与换刀装置配合的位置。180o“回转式换刀装置既可用于卧式机床，也

可用于立式机床。

2. 2.转塔头式换刀装

带有旋转刀具的数控机床常采用此种换刀装置，转塔头上装有几个主轴，每个主轴上均装一把刀具，加工过程中转塔头可自动转位实现换刀。其优点是结构简单，换刀时间短，仅为2s左右。但由于受空间位置的限制，主轴数目不能太多，通常只适用于工序较少、精度要就不高的机床，如数控钻床、数控铣床等。近年来出现了一种用机械手和转塔头配合刀库进行换刀的自动换刀装置，如图2.3所示。它实际上是转塔头换刀装置和刀库式换刀装置的结合。其原理如下:

转塔头5上有两个刀具主轴3和4，当用刀具主轴4上的刀具进行加工时，可由机械手2将下一步需要的刀具换至不工作的刀具主轴3上，待本工序完成后，转塔头回转180o，完成换刀。因其换刀时间大部分和加工时间重合，真正换刀时间只需转塔头转位的时间，这种换刀方式主要用于数控钻床和数控锉床等。

2. 3.带刀库的自动换刀系统

图2.4所示为刀库与机床为整体式数控机床的外观图。

图2.5所示为刀库与机床为分体式数控机床的外观图。

此时，刀库容量大，刀具可以较重，常常附加运输装置来完成刀库与主轴之间刀具的运输。

带刀库的换刀装置由刀库、选刀机构、刀具自动装卸机械及刀具交换机构(机械手)等四部分组成，应用广泛。

刀库机械手自动换刀系统，整个换刀过程比较复杂。首先要把加工过程中使用的全部刀具安装在标准刀柄上，在机外进行尺寸预调后，按一定的方式放入刀库。换刀时，先在刀库中选刀，再由换刀装置从刀库或主轴上取刀，进行交换，将新刀装入主轴，旧刀放回刀库。

由于前两种换刀装置容纳的刀具数量有限不能太多，不能满足复杂零件的加工需要，所以自动换刀数控机床多采用带刀库的自动换刀装置。刀库具有较大容量，既可安装在主轴箱的侧面或上方。由于带刀库的自动换刀装置的数控机床的主轴箱内只有一根主轴，主轴部件的刚度要高，以满足精密加工要求。刀库内数量较大，因而能满足复杂零件的多工序加工，大大提高生产率。带刀库的自动换刀系统适

用于数控钻削中心和加工中心。进行比较得出带刀库的自动换刀系统是最有发展前景的。

3.PLC控制的随机选刀方式的研究

3. 1常见的自动选刀方式

刀库的自动控制指CNC执行用户指令后系统对刀库的自动控制过程，包括程序找刀和自动换刀[(63,71]。加工中心的计算机数控装置(CNC)发出的选刀指令，将刀库转到所需刀具号的取刀位置，称自动选刀。自动选刀有两种方法:顺序选刀和随机选刀方法。

3.1.1顺序选刀

顺序选刀方法是刀具按预定工序的先后顺序插入刀库中，使用时按顺序转到取刀位置，用过的刀具放回原来的刀座内，也可以顺序放入下一个刀座内。采用这种方式，不需要刀具识别装置，而且驱动装置控制也比较简单，工作可靠，可以直接由刀库的分度机械来实现。但刀库中每把刀具在不同的工序中不能重复使用，如果刀具不按顺序装在刀库中，将会产生严重的后果。必须增加刀具的数量和刀库的容量，降低了刀具和刀库的利用率。

3.1.2随机选刀

随机选刀方法是根据指令要求任意选择所需要的刀具，这时必须有刀具识别装置。刀具在刀库中不必按照工件的加工顺序排列，可任意存放的。每把刀具(或刀座)均编上代码，自动换刀时，刀库旋转，每把刀具都经过“刀具识别器”接受识别。当刀具代码与CNC指令代码相符时该刀具被选中刀库旋转将刀具送到换刀位置，等待机械手来抓取。随机选刀的优点是刀库中刀具的排列顺序与加工顺序无关，相同的刀具可以重复使用。因此，刀具数量比较少，刀库也相应的较小。随机选刀必须对刀具编码，以便识别。编码主要有以下三种。

1.刀具编码方式。采用特殊的刀柄结构进行编码，刀柄后端的拉杆上套装着等间距的编码环，由锁进螺母固定。编码环直径有大小直径两种，分别表示二进制的“1”和“0"，通过这两个圆环的不同排列，可以得到一系列代码。例如有六个大小直径的圆环便可组成能区别63 ( 26-1=63)种刀具的编码。通常全为0的代码不许使用，以避免与刀座中没有刀具的状况混淆。

2.刀座编码方式。对刀座编码，刀具编码，并将刀具放到与其号码相符的刀座中。换刀时刀库旋转，使每个刀座位依次经过识刀器，找到刀座，刀库便停止旋转。这时刀柄上没有了编码环，使刀柄简化。

3.编码附件方式。这种方式有编码钥匙、编码卡片、编码杆和编码盘等，其中应用最多的是编码钥匙。先给刀具都附上一把裹示该刀具号的编码钥匙，当把各刀具存放到刀库的刀座中时，这样就把钥匙的号码转记道刀座中，将编码钥匙插进到座旁边的钥匙孔中给刀座编上了号码。

结语

重点讨论了在当今制造环境下刀具存储与管理新的模式和方法, 实际应用效果良好, 在系统集成和优化运行等方面将进一步探讨, 使之具有更高理论和实际水平。

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直

英文文献翻译

中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。

现代酒包装设计的发展与创新 文献综述

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文献综述,外文翻译,论文网站

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工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：

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